Vocabulary words for Georgia History crct

*GA is in the Northern and Western Hemispheres; GA is also in the southeastern section of the U.S.

*barrier islands *Fall Line

*GA’s climate is mild and humid *droughts

1. Appalachian Plateau 2. Piedmont Plateau 3. Coastal Plain

4. Blue Ridge Region 5. Ridge and Valley Region

Blue Ridge has most rain, Piedmont has most population, Coastal Plain is largest and AP is smallest

Interstate Highway System; Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport; deepwater seaports of Savannah and Brunswick;

Railroads (Four systems create jobs, provide businesses with new markets across the nation and internationally; and provide consumers with more variety in products to buy)
SS8H1

Know the proper order and significance of each Native American culture: PAWM

1^st Paleo (oldest, Ice Age, nomads, mammoths) 2^nd Archaic (nomads, start of pottery and bow and arrows)

3^rd Woodland (tribes, villages, horticulture or farming) 4^th Mississippian (Temple Mounds, social classes, maize)

*Desoto was first European to explore GA, gold *Spanish missions on barrier islands

*French, Spanish and British all competed for control of southeastern part of North America

*Europe develop system of mercantilism to obtain natural resources from colonies for their industry at home
SS8H2

*Reasons for establishing GA colony (fresh start for debtors; buffer zone against Spanish; religious freedom; obtain WRIST—wine, rice, indigo, silk and timber)

*James Oglethorpe *Chief Tomochichi *Mary Musgrove *Savannah

*Trustees restrictions (no slaves, rum, Catholic or large landownership) *Salzburgers *Highland Scots

*malcontents *Battle of Bloody Marsh (victory for GA)

*Royal Colony established in 1754 allowed slavery, unlimited landownership, alcohol, right to vote and elect an assembly (James Wright most popular royal governor)

*Causes of the American Revolution (French and Indian War created huge debt, Proclamation Line of 1763; Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts caused by Boston Tea Party; Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson)

*GA was split evenly between Loyalists (Tories) and Patriots (Liberty Boys) why? GA relatively a young colony and still depended on England for economic support.

*Elijah Clarke *Austin Dabney *Nancy Hart *Battle of Kettle Creek *siege of Savannah

*Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton were GA who signed Declaration of independence (July 4, 1776)
SS8H4

See chart on GA Constitution of 1777 and its weaknesses, also classroom activity on weak Articles of Confederation

*Constitutional Convention intended to revise the articles and improve trade

*Abraham Baldwin (helped with Great Compromise and founder of UGA) and William Few were GA who signed the U.S. Constitution in 1787.

*GA quickly ratified the constitution since it needed a strong national gov. to protect them from Creek Indians
SS8H5

*UGA first public university in nation * Baptist and Methodist churches (circuit riders)

*SALMA (order of GA capitals—Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta)

*Head right system, Yazoo Land Fraud (GA loses lands in Miss. And Alabama), land lotteries

*Cotton gin and railroads contributed to the increasing demand for land and slaves

*Alexander McGillivray (fought against GA); William McIntosh (murdered for selling last Creeks land)

*Sequoyah (Cherokee alphabet); John Ross; Worcester v. Georgia; Dahlonega Gold Rush; Andrew Jackson; John Marshall, and Trail of Tears
SS8H6

*Causes and events leading up to Civil War (slavery; states rights—states interest rules over national interests; nullification—refuse to follow national law; Missouri Compromise; Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform; Kansas-Nebraska Act—lead to Bleeding Kansas; Dred Scot case—Supreme Court denied blacks freedom and citizenship; election of 1860—no votes in most southerner states for Lincoln; the debate over Secession in Georgia—Secessionists, Unionists, and Cooperationists debates whether GA should leave the Union or not;

*Battle of Antietam (Union victory in Maryland, allowed Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation)

*Battle of Gettysburg (Union victory in PA in 1863; turning point of war; Meade defeats Lee)

*Battle of Chickamauga (Confederate victory in northern GA; south loses opportunity to win war)

*Union Blockade of Georgia’s coast (blockade runners, prices rise and supplies decrease in the South)

*Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign (South loses important railroad and industrial center; Lincoln wins re-election)

*Sherman’s March to the Sea (Atl to Sav.; meant to demoralize southern population and end war quickly)

*Andersonville Prison (thousands of Union prisoners die in GA camp)

*Reconstruction terms (Freeman’s Bureau—assisted newly freed slaves; Radical Republicans—wanted to punish the South; Presidential Reconstruction—wanted to forgive the South; 13^th Amendment—abolished slavery; 14^th Amendment—gave all men citizenship; 15^th Amendment—gave all men right to vote; Henry McNeal Turner and other black legislators were voted to GA legislator during Reconstruction; KKK terrorized blacks and northerners;

Sharecropping and tenant farming—system used for landowners in employing blacks and poor whites
SS8H7

*Bourbon Triumvirate *International Cotton Expositions (attract business to GA)

*Henry Grady coined the phrase “New South,” and wanted to industrialize the South

*Tom Watson and Populist (joined white and black farmers, RFD Bill) * Rebecca Latimer Felton (women’s suffrage, temperance movement and prison reform)

*1906 Atlanta Riot (black and whites compete for jobs) *Leo Frank Case (Jew lynched by mob)

*Jim Crow Laws (enforce segregation) *Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal)

*disenfranchisement (deny right to vote—poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause, white primaries)

*Booker T. Washington (blacks need to accept segregation until they are economically independent)

*W.E.B. Dubois (demanded immediate social and political equality, Niagara Movement)

*John and Lugenia Hope (advocates for black education, Niagara Movement)

*Alonzo Herndon (slave to successful businessman, barbershops, Niagara Movement)

*The Niagara Movement was the foundation of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

*Causes of WWI (Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Secret Military Alliances)

*GA contributed by to war effort with textile mills, military bases, Liberty Bonds, Victory Gardens)

*Boll weevil and drought in the 1920s destroyed cotton and other crops—farms lost/Depression

*Great Migration--mass migration of blacks escaping segregation and finding new jobs in North

*Causes of Great Depression—stock market crash, over debt, over borrowing, over production, and lack of government regulations

*New Deal (FDR’s recovery plan to create jobs, provide aid to needy, and reform banking system)

* CCC (jobs for young men in forests) * AAA (adjust farming prices)

*REA (brought electricity to farms) *Social Security (retirement income, disability)

*Governors of GA during presidency of FDR

Richard Russell (reduced size of state government, brought federal govt. defense contract to GA)

Eugene Talmadge (white supremacist, elected governor four times, opponent of New Deal)

Ellis Arnall (18 year olds allowed to vote; abolished white primaries and poll tax)

*U.S. had a policy of isolationism (stay out) during first three years of WWII

*Before entering WWII, the U.S. were involved in the war by lending Great Britain war supplies called Lend-Lease

*Carl Vinson was called the “Father of the Two Ocean Navy”

*Bell Aircraft made B-29 Bombers; Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards built Liberty “Cargo” Ships;

*Military bases throughout the state of GA, such as Fort Benning and Robbins Air field, trained soldiers and airmen for combat.

*Hitler’s and the Nazis’ plan to exterminate the Jews was called the Holocaust—Americans became more synthetic to the suffering of blacks caused by segregation and anti-Semitism towards Jews.

*FDR visited GA 41 times during his lifetime, his visits help him understand the troubles of people in the South, so he helped them with the New Deal.

*GA moved from a rural farming state after WWII to an urbanized industrial one due to

Lower demand of cotton, machine decreased demand of farm labor, new aviation and lumber industries, GI Bill for veterans, air conditioning and lower taxes attracted new businesses and corporations

*William B. Hartsfield was Atlanta’s mayor, responsible for Atlanta’s airport, maintaining peace and calm during Civil Rights Movement, “City Too Busy to Hate!”

*Ivan Allen Jr. was another mayor who desegregated most of the city and brought Braves, Hawks and Falcons to city (making ATL a “major league city”), and started construction of MARTA.
SS8H11

See timeline sheet done during class

*the end of county unit system and reapportionment of GA districts shifted power from rural (country) to the cities and gave blacks a larger political voice in elections

*Two-Party system emerged in GA during the 1980s and 1990s and ended the one-party Solid Democratic South—this was evident by Republican Party gaining control of General Assembly and Sonny Perdue becoming governor in 2002.

*Jimmy Carter was only GA to become U.S. President—he was governor from 1970 to 1974.

*1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta created jobs, international recognition, and brought over 5 billion dollars into the state.
SS8CG1

*see chart on GA and US Constitutions

*checks and balances prevents one branch of govt. from becoming too powerful (Governor’s veto, Senate confirms governor appointments, Supreme Court declares law unconstitutional)

*separation of powers intended to divide up power and responsibilities within govt.

*Georgia citizens had to be 18 years old to vote in primaries (open to all) and general elections in November

GA has a two-party system currently, political parties’ nominate presidential candidates

See chart from class on structure of General Assembly

*How a bill become a law

1. Bill introduce in House 2. Reviewed in committee 3. voted out of committee

4. debated on House floor 5. approved by House 6. introduced to the Seanate

7. reviewed in committee 8. voted out of committee 9. debated on Senate floor

10. approved by Senate 11. sent to Governor 12. if signed—bill becomes a law

13.. if vetoes bill still had chance to pass if 2/3 of both houses approve bill.

See chart on executive branch

*criminal courts hear case where someone violated the law (guilty or not guilty)

*Civil court deal with issue and arguments between two people.

*Trial courts hear case for the first time—appellate courts review or take appeals from decisions made from trial courts

*grand juries indict or acquit the accused (is there enough evidence to take to trial) while a trial jury finds if someone is guilty or not

*all State Supreme Court judges are elected, as well as judges of Court of Appeals and Superior Courts

*felonies are serious crimes (punishment is more than one year in prison while misdemeanors are less serious and carry punishment of less than a year in prison and/or just a fine

State Supreme Court is top court in state (an appellate court) Decides if law is constitutional or not; automatically reviews death penalty cases

State Court of Appeals hears cases from civil or criminal courts (an appellate court)

Superior Courts (top trail courts in counties) hear felony cases and major civil cases

State Court (trail court; traffic tickets, misdemeanors) Juvenile Court (criminal court, cases involving youths) Probate Court (civil court; wills and guardian cases) Magistrate Court (civil case, under $1,500 in argument)

SS8CG5

*county govt. run by an elected Board of Commissioners (other elected officials are the sheriff; tax assessors, etc.)

*counties get most of their revenue from property taxes

City governments—see chart given in class

Know difference between Unruly and delinquent acts; know the consequences of the Seven Deadly Sins

3. Adjudication hearing (trial) 4. Disposition hearing (sentencing)

*remember juveniles do not have the right of trial by jury
SS8E3

*entrepreneurs are people who risk their money and investments for the search of making a profit

*Coca-Cola became popular due to advertising, use of bottles and patent bottles, and supplying GI during WWII

*Home Depot (started by Arthur Blanks) made home repair and hardware convenient shopping at low prices; owner of Atlanta Falcons, gives to charities

*Ted Turner started CNN (world’s first cable new network, owner of the Atlanta Braves)

*Delta Airlines and Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport grew together dramatically

Most of state revenue (money taken in) comes from Personal Income taxes and Sales taxes

Most of states expenditures (money spent) goes towards Education

Balanced Budget Amendment in state constitution

Executive Branch develops and proposes annual budget and Legislative Brach amends and approves

SS8E5

Expenditures (money you spend) Investing (using money to make more money)

Credit (using someone else’s money and promising to pay it back—credit cards, car loan, etc.)

(it is wise to get loans, use credit cards when interest rates are LOW)