Vojenské rozhledy 1/2000, Czech Military Review [vr no 1/2000] English Annotation The Alliance Dimension of Conceptual Frame of Security And Defence Policy of the Czech Republic
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- What is Asymmetric Warfare
- VOJENSKÉ ROZHLEDY 1/2002, Czech Military Review [VR No 1/2002] English Annotation Internal and External Security of our Country
- Crisis Management during Implementation of State Security Provisions
- The Place and Role of Crisis Economy Measures in the Process of Security Building of the Czech Republic
- Military: An Eminent Phenomenon of the 21st Century
- MILITARY ART Operations Variants of the Army of the Czech Republic
- The Assessment of Enemy’s Weapon Systems Potential
- Mobilization Preparations
- Operation Capabilities of the ACR
- OPINIONS, CONTROVERSY Informatisation, Science and Education: Strategical Keys to Success
- Tree of Significance Method Used in Crisis Situation Management
- What Type of Army Are We Concerned In
- INFORMATION PAGES Ultraterrorisms: Nuclear, Radiological, Chemical and Biological Terrorism
- Several Glances at Goings-on in Islamic Word
- Civil Management and Democratic Control of Armed Forces
- Which Management Strategy for Defence Department is Best
INFORMATION PAGESRisks Connected with the Acquisition and Performance of Military Materiel and Vehicles by Prof. Ing. Miloš Štěpánek, Dr.Sc., Doc. Ing. Milan Šebesta, CSc. This article is pursuing risk problems that are present very often during the life cycle of military materiel and vehicles. The authors describe risk management used for the identification of factors indicating risk occurrences, and methodology used for exploring their sprinkle. Risk management is explained with the use of several examples. Typical risk abatement (reduction) is not new--the prevention. We must implement prospective risks into decision-making process, in plans, directions, and rules, with the aim to reduce them. We have to prescribe criteria of optimisation that enable to quantitative evaluation of approved decisions and further the comparison of all variants. The effectivity is rated by relative congruence with given criteria. We compare permanent and accidental factors. This branch of expert evaluation is rapidly developing, with the use of computers, and computer simulations. E. g. ”fuzzy” aggregates rate risks from non-traditional point of view. In the field of logistics such methods lead into the so-called integrated logistics support. The purpose of this integration is balanced dissemination of risks, into acceptable percentage of losses, which is a method of their minimisation. Important part of this process is also ”identification and analysis of risks”. For systematical verification of basic components is used traditional old good brainstorming. Effectivity of moderate strategies is realised at various levels o f risk management. The risk manager sets down an overall risk strategy and the succession of risk priorities, because only when are risks recognised and identified, they can be avoided. This covers all activities tied with the regulation and risk reduction. They are divided into: planning, monitoring, concentrating strength, and appointing right men into right places. From gathered data we can calculate a mean value of risks and thus establish their overall probability. [VR No 4/2001] What is Asymmetric Warfare? Throughout history, nations in conflicts have attempted to take advantage of the weakness of their adversaries while maximising their own strengths to achieve a disproportionate effect--one of the characteristics of what we now call asymmetric warfare. This article, however, recognises a new aspect of the asymmetric dimension of war; that the incontestable global conventional weapons of mass destruction and the death of strategic distance that has made the armed forces uniquely vulnerable to asymmetric threats. We are going to establish a working definition of asymmetric warfare by examining current definitions, then proposing a variant that will be applied. Five recurring characteristics that are useful in analysing asymmetric approaches also are introduced as themes, highlighting different aspects of both successful and unsuccessful asymmetric approaches. The analysis adopts a three-part approach to analysing asymmetric threats: What is asymmetric warfare? What are the asymmetric threats we face? What can we do to counter asymmetric threats? LTC Kenneth F. McKenzie (USMC) solves those answers in his book ”The Revenge of the Melinas”. He is a senior military fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defence University, Washington, D.C. The book is in fact a product of this institute. It was a project sponsored by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. One of the group’s initial tasks was to assess the future security environment to the year 2025. This was pursued by surveying the available literature to identify areas of consensus and debate and by deepening knowledge of asymmetric threats both home and abroad. The study was aimed to frame issues, develop opinions, and provide insights for the Chairman, the services, and the next administration in three areas: defence strategy, criteria for sizing conventional forces, and force structure for 2005-2010. It is a unique contribution to the growing literature on asymmetric threats by providing a conceptual framework for military thinking. [VR No 4/2001] VOJENSKÉ ROZHLEDY 1/2002, Czech Military Review [VR No 1/2002] English Annotation Internal and External Security of our Country by PhDr. Antonín Rašek. Security is a vital interest of every man, from all social layers. History of mankind is therefore closely tied with a quest for methods and forms of state’s security and defence. International security is defined as a complex of international relations, securing a similar degree of national security to all participants. Such type of international relations is still desirable, even after the cold war. Although the Czech Republic has not met any terrorist attack, nowadays we must underline also the overall preparedness against international terrorism, as a necessary prerequisite of internal security. As a NATO member we are going to restructure our forces (including new forms of the so-called civil control), so that the Czech Army could be a valid member of the Alliance. [VR No 1/2002] Crisis Management during Implementation of State Security Provisions by Lt.Col. Ing. Lubomír Spáčil, CSc. This article describes activities of central crisis organs. They are ordered to guarantee everyday control of crisis situations. Among those bodies are: Parliament, Government, and Security Council of the State, Central Crisis Staff, ministries and other central agencies, institutions with national responsibilities. The scope and structure of proposed regional plans for crisis situations would be derived from the National Crisis Plan that is continually revisited and updated. Its scheme is again specified and adjusted to the character of crisis situations, and available sources. In case the planes for crisis situations are not prepared, or are prepared for quite different situations, the Central Crisis Staff will bring this plane up to date. [VR No 1/2002] The Place and Role of Crisis Economy Measures in the Process of Security Building of the Czech Republic by Col. Ing. Peter Bysterský. The core of security legislative support was inherited from the former CSFR. Emergency supplies are maintained by a system called the System of Economic Measures for Crisis Situations. It is not projected to cover all demands of civil population, armed forces, security corps, fire brigades, services and state administration, but only for necessary needs, indispensable for their activities. It has four parts: emergency economies, economy mobilization, state material reserves, supporting infrastructure and regulative arrangements. Although there is a certain disproportion between basic systems for military and non-military crisis situations, we have succeeded in laying down foundations for creating a single system of crisis management. [VR No 1/2002] Military: An Eminent Phenomenon of the 21st Century by Doc. PhDr. Miroslav Krč, CSc. There is enough evidence that armed forces will be a key element of 21st century state security structures, because wars will be waged even in the future. But its picture could be foretold only by approximation, by extrapolation of overall trends. The author uses the term ”military” for all activities connected with security, done by military and para-military forces. It is a complex term that covers also military science, training forces and preparation for military and non-military risks. It includes all spheres that are necessary for a proper functioning of the state in time of crisis. The author expects further new missions of the military in the 21st century, e.g. police functions in troubled regions and summarises arguments in favour of all-volunteers armies. [VR No 1/2002] MILITARY ART Operations Variants of the Army of the Czech Republic by Doc. Petr Němec, CSc. After 1990 our armed forces went through many changes. One of the largest one was reduction in numbers by nearly one quarter of manpower in 1989 that was reflected by changes in their organizational structures. The chain of command consists of three levels: strategical (general defence staff), operational (main operation commands: ground, air, territorial and logistics), tactical (large units, units and troops). Even their roles changed. Backed by comparison of German, Polish, Slovak and Austrian armed forces, the author sets priorities for the Czech armed forces. They are: operation mobility, mobile logistics, based upon modular battalion type structure. Modern elements of future operations are e.g. Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTFs) and Interim Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs). [VR No 1/2002] The Assessment of Enemy’s Weapon Systems Potential by Doc. Ing. Oldřich Horák, CSc., Ing. Jiří Janoušek. The intelligence assessment of collected information about opposing forces is a key task of military intelligence. Collected data cover: organisation structure of the forces, mobilisation and recruiting systems, training, combat capabilities, modernisation of vehicles, ammunition, industrial capacities, command and control systems. Special part of this assessment is the evaluation of weapons systems used in battlefields. The number of electronic means is still increasing. They gradually become the most used appliances, because they form inseparable part of all weapon systems. While assessing the enemy, we must not forget that all things ought to be rated together (synergy effect), because qualitative indicators are more important than a primitive quantitative look. [VR No 1/2002] Mobilization Preparations by Col. Ing. Josef Koudelka. According to crisis law there can be announced four states of crisis in the CR. The lowest is the state of emergency and the highest is the state of war. Mobilization can be declared in the state of endanger or in the state of war. The author explains duties that each person can have in mobilization and during the war. Each citizen has conscription duty, but females during the war only. Each person has working obligation and working aid in all states of crisis. These duties can be ordered for disaster relief or in similar situation by public administration authorities. Not only persons but also private property can be mobilized in case of crisis. [VR No 1/2002] Operation Capabilities of the ACR by Col. GSO Ing. Milan Kubeša, CSc. The idea that the only purpose of armies is to wage wars does not stand grounds nowadays. We could not afford to spend money merely on war conflicts. The situation has changed. Today’s armies are being prepared for a wide spectrum of various missions: humanitarian, stabilization, peacekeeping and many other operations other than war. But in spite of those facts, the primary mission of our forces is a common action both in the frame of Article 5 of the NATO treaty and—probably more often—even beyond this Article 5. And therefore the basic division of Czech forces is between (i) expedition or mobile forces, (ii) territorial forces. Among others tasks, they are to be prepared for antiterrorist campaigns. [VR No 1/2002] OPINIONS, CONTROVERSY Informatisation, Science and Education: Strategical Keys to Success by Ing. Václav Svoboda. The author of this article (colonel, ret.) works at a Defence Planning Division, Ministry of Defence, Prague. He has a lot of experience with the development of Czech armed forces and therefore in his article he concentrates on issues that are rather neglected, judging by flurry reorganizations, and hasty restructuralisation. The three elements mentioned in the title form together the so-called synergy effect, because defence is not only the question of preparation, training and force deployment, even though those activities are of crucial importance. Nowadays those are qualitative indices that have priority (e.g. NATO Concept Development and Experimentation). And especially during defence planning we must make use of all those intellectual components. [VR No 1/2002] Tree of Significance Method Used in Crisis Situation Management by Col. Ing. Rudolf Horák, CSc., Ing. Lenka Danielová, Ph.D. In their publications both authors deal with the rationalization of decision-making process, using methods suitable for preparing the bases for taking a decision in crisis situation. In this very article, the authors explain the application of the mathematical method of the so-called Tree of Significance, which consists in ordering the events (phenomena, partial targets and the like) hierarchically in harmony with their relevance in the form of a ramifying tree of significance. The authors have formulated the theoretical principles of the method application into mathematical formulas that enable the use of personal computers with emphasizing, in addition, the trustworthiness, timeliness, and attainability of information. [VR No 1/2002] What Type of Army Are We Concerned In? (A Contribution to the Discussion) by Ing. František Grainer, Mgr. Stanislav Thurnvald. The authors react to Defence Minister Tvrdík and Gen. Pezl’s statements that appeared recently both in Czech civilian and military press. They fully agree with them, but they have several amendments. The authors are strong supporters of alliance (i.e. the Washington Treaty Alliance) defence. This fact must be underlined in all military documents. In this connection they remind that Alliance representatives did not recommend to buy very expensive supersonics for the Czech Army but to concentrate more on the development of infrastructure. As far as military schools and academies are concerned, they recommend to establish staff courses outside the university system, under the influence of the General Staff of the ACR. [VR No 1/2002] INFORMATION PAGES Ultraterrorisms: Nuclear, Radiological, Chemical and Biological Terrorism by Ing. Ladislav Středa, CSc., Prof. Ing. Jiří Matoušek, DrSc. Ultraterrorisms—the terrorism using nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological agents is defined (contrary to a term WMD terrorism, i.e. terrorism using weapons of mass destruction)—as encompassing not only types of weaponry understood under the WMD, but also making use of industrial chemicals, radiochemicals and civilian pathogens, as well as secondary effects of terrorist strikes against infrastructures of civilized societies, with the releases of such materials. In this study, individual classes of ultraterrorism are thoroughly explained, measures for prevention and the liquidation of consequences of terrorist attacks are suggested, international aspects of combating international organised crime and terrorism are reviewed. [VR No 1/2002] Several Glances at Goings-on in Islamic Word by Ing. Irena Blehová, Ph.D. During the past two centuries of rapid world change, hundreds of years of cultural unity have been disrupted, and the Arabs have moved more and more into separate national traditions, even if the Islamic religion predominates. Almost everywhere, nationalism is an important force. But nationalists sometimes use the Islamic religious tradition as an ideological tool to justify the power of the ruling class. The famous Iranian professor Daryush Shayegan labelled this phenomenon as ”a cultural schizophrenia”. This article is a shortened and adapted doctoral thesis ”The Role of Culture in Gulf States’ Foreign Policy” by the same author. In her paper, she deals with Islamic politics and faith, as she believes that the first step to a solution to Islam problem is mutual understanding. [VR No 1/2002] Civil Management and Democratic Control of Armed Forces (Basic Models and Starting Points) by Mgr. Zdeněk Kříž, Ph.D. In all mature democracies armed forces are controlled. The author of his study (shortened and abridged by the editorials) takes an example of the United States as a model for the democratic control of the forces. He underlines that it is not a ”check”, or ”inspection” of the forces, as this term is sometimes translated into Czech. It is a sort of management, setting up objectives and goals, and only subsequently it is ”control”. In everyday activities civilian authorities usually do not mix in the life of the army. The defence minister is a person whose primary occupation is civil or non-military, because he deals mostly with political affairs and it would be intolerable supposing this defence minister would be a career soldier. [VR No 1/2002] Which Management Strategy for Defence Department is Best? (Expert Problem in Civil-Military Relations). Samuel Huntington once defined the modern problem of civil-military relations as managing the relationship between military experts and civilian ministers. The expert/minister problem arises not simply because senior military officers and defence officials hold a monopoly on technical and operational expertise, but also because they are charged by governments to execute policy, a duty that invites their interpretation of those policies. This article (by Douglas Bland, translated and adapted from European Security, Autumn 1999) seeks to examine two critical questions: what kind of continuing relationship between experts and ministers best serves liberal democracies and what strategies and instruments best allow to control defence policy outcomes and the activities of armed forces. 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