What are mhk technologies?

A2: CPs

A2: Military CP

CP links to politics - 98.7 % of republicans absolutely hate the idea of the military acting on anything tangentially related to climate change

Kate Writer, Huffpost, House Directs Pentagon To Ignore Climate Change

Posted: 05/23/2014 6:37 pm EDT http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/23/pentagon-climate-change_n_5382067.html

WASHINGTON -- The House passed an amendment to the National Defense Authorization bill on Thursday that would bar the Department of Defense from using funds to assess climate change and its implications for national security.¶ The amendment, from Rep. David McKinley (R-W.Va.), passed in what was nearly a party-line vote. Four Democrats voted for the amendment, and three Republicans voted against it. The bill aims to block the DOD from taking any significant action related to climate change or its potential consequences. It reads:¶ None of the funds authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act may be used to implement the U.S. Global Change Research Program National Climate Assessment, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report, the United Nation's Agenda 21 sustainable development plan, or the May 2013 Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866.¶ "This amendment will prohibit the costs of the President's climate change policies being forced on the Department of Defense by the Obama Administration," wrote McKinley in a memo to House colleagues on Thursday that was obtained by The Huffington Post. "The climate is obviously changing; it has always been changing. With all the unrest around the [world], why should Congress divert funds from the mission of our military and national security to support a political ideology?"¶ Research suggests, however, that the Department of Defense has a number of reasons to be worried about climate change. The department said in its own evaluation last year that climate change presents infrastructure challenges at home and abroad. Meanwhile, a March Pentagon report found that climate change impacts are "threat multipliers," and that the rapid rise of global temperatures and associated extreme weather events could exacerbate issues like "poverty, environmental degradation, political instability and social tensions -- conditions that can enable terrorist activity and other forms of violence."¶ Nor is climate change a threat that the Obama administration dreamed up to distract the DOD. A National Intelligence Assessment issued during the George W. Bush administration concluded that climate change poses a significant threat to national security. And just this week, Tom Ridge, who served as homeland security secretary under Bush, said that climate change is "a real serious problem," one that "would bring destruction and economic damage" if we ignore it.

It’s normal means

“U.S. Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Roadmap “, Ocean Renewable, http://www.oceanrenewable.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/MHK-Roadmap-Executive-Summary-Final-November-2011.pdf November 2011

The DOE and navy are cooperating on MHK tech now through the Water power program

The U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. “Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) Demonstrations at the Navy’s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS).” April 25, 2014. Date accessed: June 28, 2014. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/financing/solicitations_detail.html?sol_id=813

DOE and Navy are testing new tech at the navy’s wave energy test site

Michael Harris is the online editor at HydroWorld.com. “DOE announces notices of intent for MHK, conventional hydroelectric power technology.” March 25, 2014. http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/03/doe-announces-notices-of-intent-for-mhk-conventional-hydroelectric-power-technology.html

DOE working with navy on wave energy technology

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Energy.gov: Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. “Upcoming Funding Opportunity for Competitive Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) Demonstrations at the Navy’s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS).” March 24, 2014. Date accessed: June 28, 2014. http://energy.gov/eere/water/articles/upcoming-funding-opportunity-competitive-marine-and-hydrokinetic-mhk

On March 24, 2014, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced a Notice of Intent to issue a funding opportunity titled “Competitive Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) Demonstrations at the Navy’s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS).” The goal of this funding opportunity is to collect important performance and cost data, while supporting the Department of Defense’s renewable energy goals. DOE anticipates deployment of two full-scale Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) systems for a period of one year at Navy’s WETS. This funding opportunity will be conducted in two phases and is designed for WEC technology developers that are in the late stages of technology development, prepared to build and test technology at close to full-scale in the ocean environment. • Phase I: Funding will be used for the optimization, designs, and planning for deployment and testing of a full-scale WEC system followed by a stage-gate review (Go/No-Go). • Phase II: Funding will be used to obtain final permitting approvals, fabrication, deployment, and retrieval and decommissioning of the system after 12 months of testing and data collection.

The Navy is working with the DOE on transitioning to biofuels

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Jim Lane in the editor and publisher of Biofuels Digest, the most widely-read biofuels daily newsletter. “USDA, US Navy Unveil Farm to Fleet Program: Navy ‘Open for Business’ as Shift to Biofuels Begins.” Renewablenergyworld.com. December 16, 2013. Date accessed: June 28, 2014. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/12/usda-us-navy-unveil-farm-to-fleet-program-navy-open-for-business-as-shift-to-biofuels-blends-begins?page=all

The Navy began testing aviation biofuels and marine biofuels on a ship-by-ship and jet-by-jet basis several years ago. Last summer, the Navy demonstrated a Green Strike Group operating on biofuels during the 2012 RIMPAC exercises.[RIMPAC is the world's largest international maritime warfare exercise, held every two years out of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, hosted by the US Pacific Fleet and featuring 22 nations and 42 ships in 2012, enhancing interoperability between Pacific Rim armed forces]. “It was at RIMPAC,” McGinn observed, “that we really got an end-to-end view on all the supply chain issues. Now, we are ready to deploy quickly. Now, it’s down to business. The intention now is to alert industry that we are open for business and that we are starting this program in a very realistic way.” Alongside the testing and certification efforts, the Navy, USDA and DOE had announced a program in 2012 to directly invest up to $510 million, through the DPA Title III office and Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), in order to assure that capital would be available to build production capacity and offset feedstock costs for drop-in biofuels that would meet the Navy’s needs, timelines and cost goals. The Defense Production Act was passed during the Truman Administration to permit the Department of Defense to invest in building production capacity for a wide range of military materials. The Act was passed in recognition that the military, given the nature of its missions, is often the first large customer for a technology. Chicken-and-egg situations can arise where production capacity (for economies of scale) proves impossible to finance for first-of-kind technologies developed by young technology firms. Currently, the DoD supports the development of two dozen technologies through DPA. Though the bulk of the DOE’s share of funds have yet to materialize the Navy has established a two-track investment program in building capacity. In May and June 2013, the DoD announced that it would award four contracts totaling $20.1 million to Emerald Biofuels, Natures BioReserve, Fulcrum Biofuels, and Red Rock Biofuels forPhase 1 of the DPA Title III Avanced Drop-in Biofuels Production Project, which includes front end engineering and designing, permitting, and development of detailed business cases. In an innovative program, the USDA will make available up to $161 million in Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) funds — in support for the Navy’s fuel program. The USDA’s support was originally announced by the Administration in 2012. The CCC is a wholly-owned government corporation created in 1933 to “stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices”. Under the USDA component of the program, for fuel solicitations in coming years the Navy will be able to access the CCC funds to buy down the cost of the biofuels component of any fuel purchase (using CCC-qualified, domestic US feedstocks), that is above the current price of fuel paid by the Navy. For example, if the DLA receives a bid for 50 million gallons of military spec (JP-5) jet fuel with a 20 percent biofuels component, in a qualifying year and using CCC-qualified feedstocks, that is 10 cents per gallon above the price that the Navy pays for conventional fuels, then the CCC funds can be “tapped” by the Navy to make up the difference of $5 million in the cost difference between a conventional fuel buy and the green fuels buy. In this way, the Navy is assured of paying only the going rate for conventional fuels as it makes its transition to a more energy-secure, diversified fuel base.

The DOE is investing $170 million for the production of biofuels for the Navy

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Brian Dumaine is the senior editor at large at Fortune Magazine. “Can the Navy really go green?” Fortune Magazine. August 28, 2012. Date accessed: June 28, 2014. http://fortune.com/2012/08/28/can-the-navy-really-go-green/

To achieve its 50% renewables goal by 2020, the Navy is taking a two-pronged approach. First it plans to invest heavily in the advanced biofuel industry and help drive down the price of next-generation biofuel until it becomes competitive with oil. Next, it is making its planes, ships, bases, and equipment as energy efficient as possible. The Navy secretary’s quest to use biofuel has drawn heavy fire from Congress. At a time when the Defense Department faces as much as $1 trillion in cuts over the next decade, some in Congress question why the Navy is spending money on biofuels that cost more than oil. Congressman J. Randy Forbes (R-Va.), who chairs the House Armed Services Readiness Subcommittee, is one of those skeptics. “We need some analysis before the Navy spends millions on biofuels, and they have zero analysis,” says Forbes. Even if he does lose that battle in Congress, Mabus still plans to put money into biofuels. Over the next few years the Navy will invest $170 million in private-sector companies that are building advanced biofuel refineries and will receive equity in return. (The Department of Energy and the Department of Agriculture are contributing another $170 million each.) To justify this venture capital-like approach, Mabus cites a 1950s law called the Defense Production Act, which allows the Defense Department to back nascent industries important to national security. The government has played this role before, investing in and helping to develop technologies such as microchips, radar, and GPS until the price came down enough for those products to take off in the private sector. In the 1960s, for instance, the law allowed the DoD to invest in the embryonic semiconductor industry until prices fell enough for them to become affordable. (See chart below.)

A2: Reg-Neg CP

Permutation-Do Both. Congressional action can incorporate regulatory streamlining that solves the net-benefit

Todd J. Griset, ‘11, “Attorney with Preti Flaherty’s Energy and Telecommunications Group, Harnessing the Ocean's Power: Opportunities in Renewable Ocean Energy Resources,” Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 395, pp. 151-190.

Congressional action could further streamline the regulatory framework applicable to renewable ocean energy projects. Providing a stable structure for the development of the oceans’ renewable energy potential would reduce the capital cost required to develop a given project. By providing a clear and consistent legal path for project developers to follow, such legislation would enable the best ocean energy projects to become more cost-competitive. This in turn could provide benefits along the lines of those cited by the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities in approving the Cape Wind power purchase agreement: economic development, a diversified energy policy, greater energy independence, and reduced carbon emissions. The states’ role in such a regulatory framework should be respected. While renewable power benefits the region, the nation, and the world at large, most of the negative impacts of a given project are felt locally. Establishing a clear regulatory framework including appropriate federal agencies as well as state authority could empower greater development of ocean energy resources without sacrificing values such as navigational rights, fisheries and wildlife, aesthetic considerations, and states’ rights. Our oceans hold vast promise. The opportunity to transform that potential into usable energy is significant. Whether developing that potential into commercial-scale energy production is a reasonable choice remains to be seen. If renewable ocean energy resources are to be developed, promoting regulatory certainty would do much to promote their cost-effective development.

A2: States CP/Federalism

Federal funding and technical assistance to state and regional cooperatives is normal means and essential to success

Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, June ‘13, “Charting the Course: Securing the Future of America’s Oceans. Ocean priorities for the Obama administration and congress,” http://www.virginia.edu/colp/pdf/joint-ocean-commission-initiative-2013.pdf, Accessed 4/9/2014

For many years, multi-state regional ocean partnerships in the Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico, Mid-Atlantic, Northeast, South Atlantic, West Coast, Caribbean, and Pacific Island regions have worked to address ocean issues across state boundaries, with some focusing on planning for the expansion and development of new and traditional ocean activities. These regional partnerships often work closely with federal agencies and tribal governments to improve communication and coordination, leading to enhanced scientific understanding and improved resource management. In short, multi-state, regional efforts are essential to successful ocean management, because ocean ecosystems—including the marine species and ocean currents that help define their boundaries—span jurisdictional lines. At the same time, these state and regional efforts are under-resourced. For them to continue to succeed, additional federal funding and technical assistance are necessary. In addition, federal support of state and regional efforts should include high-level participation by all relevant agencies, a willingness to think creatively to leverage resources, and a dedication to improving the way decisions are made.

The plan would provide a structure to work with states for responsible siting decisions

Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, June ‘13, “Charting the Course: Securing the Future of America’s Oceans. Ocean priorities for the Obama administration and congress,” http://www.virginia.edu/colp/pdf/joint-ocean-commission-initiative-2013.pdf, Accessed 4/9/2014

The Administration and Congress should accelerate ocean renewable energy development by providing adequate and stable financial and tax incentives, and a fair and efficient regulatory structure. As part of providing this structure, they should support state- and region-led efforts to coordinate data and decision making, engage stakeholders, and bring competing interests together. This can facilitate efficient siting of projects that meet our energy objectives while protecting existing uses of the ocean and important ecosystem features.

Inter-governmental cooperation on ocean management is normal means

Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, June ‘13, “Charting the Course: Securing the Future of America’s Oceans. Ocean priorities for the Obama administration and congress,” http://www.virginia.edu/colp/pdf/joint-ocean-commission-initiative-2013.pdf, Accessed 4/9/2014

Coastal states and regions play an essential role in fostering durable ocean policy solutions that lead to both healthier ocean ecosystems and stronger coastal economies. In fact, states and regions often play a leadership role, developing and implementing innovative approaches that can serve as models for national efforts. It is widely understood that decision-making approaches led by states and regions, with strong federal support in the form of technical resources and engaged commitment, are more effective and durable than those driven exclusively from the federal level. The fact is that decades of insufficiently coordinated, sector-based management of ocean and coastal resources at the federal level have taken their toll on the health of our ocean and coastal ecosystems. Fortunately, federal agencies are now working to create a more efficient, integrated approach to management by setting up mechanisms to increase coordination and reduce duplication of federal agency policies and activities. This should lead to increased transparency, support predictable and efficient decision making, and be undertaken in close collaboration with regional, state, and tribal entities. Such a coordinated approach will help to reduce conflicts, redundancies, and inefficiencies that waste time and money, and will also result in better resource management. Federal agencies must also make efforts to think beyond their specific missions and collaborate across jurisdictional boundaries to address the priorities of each region in which they operate in ways that are appropriate for states in the region.

A2: Studies CP

Permutation: Do both. Deployment is essential to research. They have to be deployed to study the effects

Schaumberg and Grace-Tardy ’10 Peter J. Schaumberg, counsel and Ami M. Grace-Tardy, Winter 2010, associate, both with Beveridge & Diamond, P.C., “The Dawn of Federal Marine Renewable Energy Development,” Natural Resources & Environment, Vol. 24, No. 3, http://www.bdlaw.com/assets/htmldocuments/2010%20The%20Dawn%20of%20Federal%20Marine%20 Renewable%20Energy%20Development%20NRE%20P%20Schaumberg%20and%20A.%20Grace-Tardy.pdf, Accessed 4/28/2014

Analyzing the environmental impacts of this new technology is challenging because each type of marine renewable energy device will have different effects. A submerged turbine anchored to the seabed will have different effects than a floating wave device. The precise effects of any one device, or the cumulative effects of multiple projects, on a given area cannot be accurately understood until these devices are placed in the water and tested under a multitude of conditions, thus the commonly heard refrain that what this new industry needs most to understand its impacts is to “get devices in the water.”

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