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Kritik AnswersOcean Policy Discussions KeyOcean policy research and education is key to protect the oceans which we need for survivalConsortium for Ocean Leadership ‘9 “An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century”, 2009 http://oceanleadership.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Ocean_blueprint.pdf Accessed 6/22 Testing results suggest that, after getting off to a good start in elementary school, by the¶ time U.S. students graduate from high school their achievement in math and science falls¶ well below the international average (Figure ES.6). More specifically, a 1999 study¶ revealed that just 32 percent of the nations adults grasp simple environmental concepts¶ and even fewer understand more complex issues, such as ecosystem decline, loss of biodiversity, or watershed degradation. It is not widely understood that nonpoint source pollution threatens the health of coastal waters, or that mercury in fish comes from human¶ activities via the atmosphere. From excess application of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbi-¶ cides on lawns, to the trash washed off city streets into rivers and coastal waters, ordinary¶ activities contribute significantly to the degradation of the marine environment, but with-¶ out an informed and educated citizenry, it will be difficult to acheive a collective commitment to stewardship, sustained investment, and more effective policies.¶ A new national ocean policy should include a¶ strong commitment to education to reverse scientific¶ and environmental illiteracy, create a strong, diverse¶ workforce, produce informed decision makers, and¶ develop a national stewardship ethic for the oceans,¶ coasts, and Great Likes. The Commission recommends that all ocean-related agencies take responsibility for promoting education and outreach as an¶ integral part of their missions. Ocean education at¶ all levels, both formal and informal, should be enhanced with targeted projects and continual assessments and improvement.¶ A national ocean education office, Ocean.ED, should be created under the National Ocean Council¶ to promote nationwide improvements in ocean education. As an interagency office, Ocean.ED should¶ develop a coordinated national strategy and work in partnership with state and local governments and¶ with K-12, university level, and informal educators. The National Science Foundation Centers for Ocean¶ Science Education Excellence provide one outstanding model that should be expanded. Other recommendations include increased funding for training and fellowships, targeted efforts to increase participation by under-represented groups, and closer interaction between scientists and educators. All ocean-related agencies must explore innovative ways to engage people of all ages in learning and stewardship, using the excitement of ocean science and exploration as a catalyst. Extinction Rhetoric GoodWe must talk about extinction to avoid itRichard J. Epstein and Y. Zhao, winter ‘9, Laboratory of Computational Oncology,Department of Medicine,University of Hong Kong, Professorial Block,Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, “The Threat That Dare Not Speak Its Name: human extinction,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 52:1: 116–25, JT Final ends for all species are the same, but the journeys will be different. If we cannot influence the end of our species, can we influence the journey? To do so—even in a small way—would be a crowning achievement for human evolution and give new meaning to the term civilization. Only by elevating the topic of human extinction to the level of serious professional discourse can we begin to prepare ourselves for the challenges that lie ahead. The difficulty of the required transition should not be underestimated. This is depicted in Table 3 as a painful multistep progression from the 20th-century philosophical norm of Ego-Think—defined therein as a short-term state of mind valuing individual material self-interest above all other considerations—to Eco-Think, in which humans come to adopt a broader Gaia-like outlook on themselves as but one part of an infinitely larger reality. Making this change must involve communicating the non-sensationalist message to all global citizens that “things are serious” and “we are in this together”—or, in blunter language, that the road to extinction and its related agonies does indeed lie ahead. Consistent with this prospect, the risks of human extinction—and the cost-benefit of attempting to reduce these risks—have been quantified in a recent sobering analysis (Matheny 2007).
FEAR CLAIMS ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING ARE ESENTIAL TO MOTIVATING ACTION. THE ALTERNATIVE IS UNINFORMED DECISIONS THAT REMAIN IN THE HANDS OF ELITES. OUR DISCUSSION CAN MOTIVATE POSITIVE PUBIC DELIBERATIONMichael Pfau, ‘7 Professor Communication – U Minnesota-Duluth, ‘7 (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 40(2), pp. 223-224) A fear appeal possessing each of these characteristics is not only relatively ethically unproblematic, but is a potentially valuable tool capable of enhancing public deliberations about some issues. "Civic fear" as developed by Aristotle and explicated within this essay is an emotional disposition with the potential to help the body of deliberators (whether legislators or citizens) to enhance their collective perception of the events threatening the republic. It is the potential of "civic fear" to enhance collective perception of events that allows this emotional state to incline audiences toward deliberation. Once decision makers apprehend the potential dangers posed by events more clearly, they are in a much better position to begin formulating potential courses of action, and weighing which of these actions is likely to preserve the republic from danger. "Civic fear," in other words, is an emotional state that, at its best, opens up deliberative possibilities. This type of fear appeal is to be contrasted with the traditional "dichotomous" fear appeal that is depressingly common in contemporary political discourse, and remains a lightning rod for ongoing humanist suspicions of fear and fear appeals in politics. Such fear appeals, in fact, are often used as strategies to bypass deliberation and scare audiences into adopting a rhetor's preferred alternative (as in the case of the passage of the USA-PATRIOT Act). While this essay falls short of endorsing standard "dichotomous" fear appeals, and even remains skeptical of many of the baser fear appeals populating U.S. political discourse, this is not to suggest that all "dichotomous" fear appeals are inherently irrational or manipulative. Walton's work has established the appropriateness and rationality of some of these traditional fear appeals, and provided some relatively clear rules from traditional argument theory and pragmadialectics in order to assist citizens and critics in their attempt to evaluate them.70 But the cognitive character of this emotion also allows the possibility that the fear appeal can be used in a specifically civic and deliberative mode, as a means to enable citizens and policy makers to better recognize the nature of the problems facing the political community, and to begin thinking about potential solutions. In some respects, appeals to "civic fear" are especially necessary now at a time when many leaders, policy makers, and citizens—due to self-interest, unwarranted confidence, or excessive fear—have turned a blind eye to the very real dangers posed by global warming, fossil fuel dependence, resource depletion, income polarization, increasing corporate control of politics, failing health care systems, record budget deficits, record trade deficits, and the long list of other problems that remain relatively unrecognized by a regime that seems focused solely on an object of fear that is already clearly recognized by all. Under such circumstances, one can only hope that legislators and citizens will possess the courage, as well as the foresight, to face these underappreciated objects of fear, and commence open and vigorous discussions about potential solutions. Perhaps the ongoing abuse of fear appeals by the powerful may eventually itself become an object of "civic fear," and inspire academics, political leaders, and citizens to even more fundamental deliberations regarding the character of U.S. political discourse, and the fate of the United States itself. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 0.89 Mb. Share with your friends:
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