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2 Congress, House Armed Services Committee, Statement of General Tommy R. Franks, 107 Cong., 27 February 2002, 7-8.
3 Stephen Biddle, Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2002), 13. 4 “Taliban.” Jane’s World Insurgency and Terrorism, 20 December 2005, 2. http://www8.janes.com/. 5 Ali A. Jalali, “Afghanistan: The Anatomy of an Ongoing Conflict,” Parameters (Spring 2001), 92-93; Biddle, 22, implies that as much as ninety percent of Afghanistan was controlled by the Taliban in 2001. 6 Ibid., 92-94. 7 Biddle, 12. 8 B. Muralidhar Reddy, “The Northern Players,” Frontline 18, no. 24 (November 24 – December 7, 2001): 2, http://www.hinduonnet.com (accessed 8 February 2007). The UF was also known as the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (UIF). 9 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, “Country Profile Afghanistan,” May 2006, 3, http://lcweb2.loc.gov (accessed 6 February 2007). 10 Fiona Symon, “Afghanistan’s Northern Alliance,” BBC News Online (19 September 2001), 3, http://news.bbc.uk (accessed 31 January 2007). 11 “Analysis: Masood’s Regional Allies,” BBC News Online (11 September 2001), 1-3, http://news.bbc.uk (accessed 7 February 2007). 12 Fiona Symon, 2. 13 Rory McCarthy, “Warlords Bury their Differences in Readiness for Long and Bloody Battles,” Guardian (7 November 2001), 1, http://www.guardian.co.uk (accessed 9 February 2007). 14 Jalali, 92-95. 15 George W. Bush, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People,” 20 September 2001, 1-5, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases. 16 George W. Bush, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People,” 20 September 2001, 1-5, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases. 17 James Risen and David Johnston, “Bush Has Widened Authority of C.I.A. to Kill Terrorists,” The New York Times, 15 December 2002, sec. 1, p. 1. 18 Ambassador J. Cofer Black, interview by Dr. Peter Connors, 14 December 2006, McLean, VA, 3; George Tenet, interview by Scott Pelley, CBS News 60 Minutes, 25 April 2007, Washington, D.C., aired 29 April 2007, accessed 30 April 2007, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/25/60minutes/main2728375.shtml 19 Gary C. Schroen, First In (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005), 15-16, 67-78. 20 Congress, Joint Resolution, Authorization for Use of Military Force, 107 Cong., S.J. Res. 23, Congressional Record , Vol. 147 (18 September 2001), http://www.usconstitution.net/newsarch_01.html, accessed 20 February 2007. 21 “Bush Calls on U.S. to Defend Freedom: Authorizes Guard and Reserve Call-ups,” TALON, 7, no. 38 (22 September 2001): 4. 22 Stephan Baker and Emily Clark, “Forces in Play,” Center for Defense Information Bulletin (26 October 2001): 4, http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm, accessed 12 February 2001. 23 John D. Gresham, “Forces Fighting for Enduring Freedom,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings, 127, no. 11 (November 2001): 45-48. 24 Stephan Baker and Emily Clark, “Forces in Play,” 3. 25 General Bryan “Doug” Brown, interview by Dr. Peter Connors, 11 January 2007, Tampa, FL, 3. 26 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), “Fact Sheets,” http://www.campbell.army.mil, accessed 16 February 2007. 27 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), “Fact Sheets,” http://www.campbell.army.mil, accessed 16 February 2007. 28 Air Force Special Operations Command, “Fact Sheets,” http://www.af.mil/factsheets, accessed 14 February 2007. 29 Air Force Special Operations Command, “Fact Sheets,” http://www.af.mil/factsheets, accessed 14 February 2007. 30 Michael Smith, “Donald Rumsfeld’s New Killer Elite,” Timesonline (12 February 2006): 3, https://timesonline.typepad.com/mick_smith/2006/02/donnald_rumsfeld.html, accessed 23 April 2007; Richard Stewart, Operation Enduring Freedom: The United States Army in Afghanistan October 2001 – March 2002 (Washington, DC: US Army Center for Military History, 2004), 20. 31 David Ben-Aryeah, “British Troops Face the Reality That is Afghanistan,” Asia Times Online (16 November 2001), 1-3, http://www.atimes.com, accessed 16 February 2007. 32 Stephan Baker and Emily Clark, “Forces in Play,” 4-5. 33 The White House, “Operation Enduring Freedom: One Year of Accomplishments,” (7 October 2002), 1-6, http://www.whitehouse.gov, accessed 14 February 2007; Nora Bansahel, The Counterterror Coalitions: Cooperation with Europe, NATO, and the European Union (Santa Monica: RAND, 2003), 10, 55. 34 Gary C. Schroen, First In, 99. 35 Ibid., 125. 36 Esther Schrader, “Response to Terror; War, on Advice of Counsel,” Los Angeles Times, 15 February 2002, sec. A, p. 1. 37 General Tommy Franks, American Soldier (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 295. 38 Benjamin S. Lambeth, Airpower Against Terror (Santa Monica: RAND, 2005), 83. 39 Patrick Tyler, “U.S. and Britain Strike Afghanistan, Aiming at Bases and Terrorist Camps; Bush Warns ‘Taliban Will Pay a Price,” The New York Times, 8 October 2001, sec. A, p. 1. 40 U.S. Agency for International Development, “USAID Fact Sheet on Humanitarian Aid for Afghanistan,” (26 April 2002), 1-12, http://geneva.usmission.gov/press2002, accesses 23 January 2007. 41 Gerry J. Gilmore, “Air Force fliers Continue Afghan Food Drop Operations,” American Forces Press Service, 12 October 2001, 1-2, http://www.defenselink.mil, accessed 17 January 2007. 42 U.S. Agency for International Development, “USAID Fact Sheet on Humaintarian Aid for Afghanistan,” (26 April 2002), 4, http://geneva.usmission.gov/press2002, accessed 23 January 2007. 43 Douglas W. Jaquish, “Uninhabited Air Vehicles for Psychological Operations-Leveraging Technology for PSYOPS Beyond 2010,” Air & Space Power Journal-Chronicles Online (6 April 2004): 2, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles, accessed 14 March 2007. 44 Christopher J. Lamb and Paris Genalis, Review of Psychological Operations Lessons learned from Recent Operational Experience (Washington: National Defense University Press, 2005), 45-46, 172. 45 COL (Ret) James Treadwell, interview by Lynne Chandler Garcia, 8 January 2007, Tampa, FL, 5. 46 Herbert A. Friedman, “Psychological Operations in Afghanistan,” Perspectives, the Journal of the Psychological Operations Association, 14, no. 4 (2002), 1-4. 47 Benjamin S. Lambeth, Airpower Against Terror, 79-102. 48 Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, interview by FRONTLINE, 7, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/interviews/wolfowitz.html. accessed 23 January 2007 49 U.S. Department of Defense, “DOD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen Myers,” DefenseLink News Transcript, 18 October 2001, 8, http://www.defenselink.mil, accessed 21 February 2007. 50 Andrew Birtle, Afghan War Chronology (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History Information Paper, 2002), 3; Gary Berntsen, Jawbreaker (New York: Crown Publishers, 2005), 109, 136, 142. 51 Robin Moore, The Hunt for Bin Laden, 40-42. 52 “The Liberation of Mazar-e Sharif: 5th SF Group Conducts UW in Afghanistan,” Special Warfare,15, no. 2 (June 2002): 39. 53 Max Boot, “Special Forces and Horses,” Armed Forces Journal (November 2006): 18-25. 54 Max Boot, “Special Forces and Horses,” Armed Forces Journal (November 2006): 18-25. 55 The White House, “Remarks by the President Upon arrival at Barksdale Air Force Base,” (11 September 2001), 1, http://www.whitehouse.gov, accessed 26 February 2007. 56 Kyra Phillips, “Where and What is Mazar-e Sharif?” CNN.com Transcripts (9 November 2001), 1-3, http://www.transcripts.cnn.com, accessed 24 February 2007. 57 “The Heartbreak of Mazar-e Sharif,” CBC News Online (27 January 2004) 1-2, http://www.cbc.ca/news, accessed 23 February 2007. 58 Thomas E. Ricks and Alan Sipress, “Attacks Restrained by Political Goals,” The Washington Post, 23 October 2001, sec. A, p. 1. 59 Alan Sipress and Vernon Loeb, “U.S. Uncouples Military, Political Efforts; Officials Decide to Step Up Bombing Without a Postwar Government Arranged,” The Washington Post, 1 November 2001, sec. A, p. 18. 60 Dale Andrade, The Battle of Mazar-e Sharif, October-November 2001 (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History Information Paper, 2002), 2. 61 Max Boot, “Special Forces and Horses,” Armed Forces Journal (November 2006): 18-25. 62 Thom Shanker and Steven Lee Myers, “U.S. Special Forces Step up Campaign in Afghan Areas,” The New York Times, 19 October 2001, sec. A, p. 1. 63“The Liberation of Mazar-e Sharif: 5th SF Group Conducts UW in Afghanistan,” Special Warfare,15, no. 2 (June 2002): 37. 64Dale Andrade, The Battle of Mazar-e Sharif, October-November 2001, 2. 65Stephen Biddle, Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2002), 10. 66Dale Andrade, The Battle of Mazar-e Sharif, October-November 2001, 2. 67 Carlotta Gall, “A Deadly Siege At Last Won Mazar-e Sharif,” The New York Times, 19 November 2001, sec. B, p. 1. 68Andrew Birtle, Afghan War Chronology (Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History Information Paper, 2002), 4. 69Dexter Filkins and Thom Shanker, “Afghan Rebels Report Capture of Major City from the Taliban,” The New York Times, 10 November 2001, sec. A, p. 1. 70 Ibid., sec. A, p. 1. 71 Robin Moore, The Hunt for Bin Laden, 112. 72 Andrew Birtle, Afghan War Chronology, 5. 73 Jon Lee Anderson, “The Surrender,” New Yorker, 77, no. 39 (10 December 2001): 70. 74 Satinder Bindra, “Northern Alliance Takes Khanabad,” interview by Catherine Callaway, CNN.com Transcripts (25 November 2001): 1, http://transcripts.cnn.com, accessed 19 January 2007. 75 Johanna McGeary, Massimo Calabresi, Mark Thompson, et al., “Shell Game,” Time, 158, no. 24 (3 December 2001): 26. 76 Eric Schmitt and James Dao, “Use of Pinpoint Airpower Comes of Age in New War,” The New York Times, 24 December 2001, sec. A, p. 1. 77 U.S. Department of Defense, “DOD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” DefenseLink News Transcript, 26 November 2001, 6, http://www.defenselink.mil, accessed 2 March 2007. 78 Seymour M. Hersh, “The Getaway,” The New Yorker, 77, no. 45 (28 January 2002): 36-41. 79 Jennifer Whittle and Steve Alvarez, “Special Forces Officer Honored for Heroism in Mazar-e Sharif Prison Battle,” DefendAmerica News, 14 November 2003, 1-2, http://www.defendamerica.mil, accessed 23 January 2007; Carlotta Gall, “In Tunnels Full of Bodies, One of Them Kept Firing,” The New York Times, 30 November 2001, sec. B, p. 3. 81 Bay Fang, “They Were All fighting to Die,” U.S. News & World Report, 131, no. 24 (10 December 2001): 18-21. 82 Christopher Marquis, “Before He Died, C.I.A. Man Interrogated U.S. Captive,” The New York Times, 7 December 2001, sec. B, p. 4. 83 Bay Fang, 18-21. 84 Carlotta Gall, “U.S. Bomb Wounds G.I.’s as Battle Rages at Fort,” The New York Times, 27 November 2001, sec. A, p. 1. 85 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Press Release, 28 November 2001, George J. Tenet, Director of CIA, “Statement on the Death of A CIA Officer in Afghanistan.” 86 Kalev Sepp, “Uprising at Qala-i Jangi: the Staff of the 3/5th SF Group,” Special Warfare, 15, no. 3 (September 2002): 17. 87 Carlotta Gall, “In Tunnels Full of Bodies, One of Them Kept Firing,” sec. B, p. 3. 88 Cable News Network, “CNN Presents House of War: “The Uprising at Mazar-e Sharif,” air date 3 August 2002, transcript at http:// www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/presents/shows/house.of.war/interactive/interactive/house.of.swf, accessed 3 March 2007; Jeff Gerth, “U.S. Detainee is Questioned, But His Fate is Still Unclear,” The New York Times, 10 December 2001, sec. B, p. 3; Daniel Klaidman and Michael Isikoff, “Walker’s Brush with bin Laden,” Newsweek, 139, no. 1(7 January 2002): 20-21. 89 U.S. Department of Defense, “Rumsfeld Visits, Thanks U.S. Troops at Camp X-Ray in Cuba,” DefenseLink NewsTtranscripts, 27 January 2002, 1, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jan2002/n01272002_200201271.html, accessed 3 March 2007. 90 Bay Fang, 18-21; Alex Perry, 51. 91 William Arkin, “Response to Terror; Military Memo; Old-Timers Prove Invaluable in Afghanistan Air Campaign,” Los Angeles Times, 10 February 2002, sec. A, p. 12. 92 John Mazach, “The 21st Century Triad,” Sea Power, 45, no.3 (March 2002): 51-55; Benjamin S. Lambeth, Air Power Against Terror, 248-249. 93 Anthony H. Cordesman, The Ongoing Lessons of Afghanistan: Warfighting, Intelligence, Force Transformation, and Nation Building (Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2004), 26-33. 94 William Arkin, sec. A, p. 12. 96 Ibid., 251. 97 Christopher J. Bowie, Robert P. Haffa, Jr., and Robert E. Mullins, Future War: What Trends in America’s Post-Cold War Military Conflicts Tell Us About Early 21st Century Warfare (Arlington, VA: Northrop Grumman Analysis Center, 2003), 46-47. 98 Jorge E. Rodriguez, “What’s Missing in ARSOF Logistics?” Army Logistician, 36, no. 1 (January/February 2004): 7-9. 99 Richard L. Kiper, “We Support to the Utmost: the 528th Special Operations Support Battalion,” Special Warfare, 15, no. 3 (September 2002): 13-15. 100 Dennis Steele, “Unconventional Logistics,” Army, 52, no. 11 (November 2002): 58. 101 Ibid., 58-59. 102 Olga Oliker, Richard Kauzlarich, James Dobbins, et al., Aid During Conflict (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2004), 47. 103 Daniel L. Haulman, Intertheater Airlift Challenges of Operation Enduring Freedom (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Force Historical Research Agency, 2002), 1-12. 104 Olga Oliker, et al., 43-50. 105 William Flavin, Civil Military Operations: Afghanistan (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, 2004), 17-48, 91. 106 Jim Garamone, “Humanitarian Success Story in Afghanistan,” Armed Forces Press Service, 18 January 2002, 1-2, http://www.defenselink.mil, accessed 18 January 2007; Kathleen T. Rhem, “Officials Laud Rebuilding of Afghan Girls School,” Armed Forces Press Service, 31 October 2002, 1-2, http://www.defenselink.mil, accessed 18 January 2007. 107 Stephen Biddle, Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy, 26. 108 Michael Noonan and Mark Lewis, “Conquering the Elements: Thoughts on Joint Force (Re)Organization,” Parameters (Autumn 2003), 38. 109 Mike Findley, Robert Green, and Eric Braganca, “SOF on the Contemporary Battlefield,” Military Review (May/June 2003), 11. 110 See for example - Anthony H. Cordesman, The Ongoing Lessons of Afghanistan: Warfighting, Intelligence, Force Transformation, and Nation Building (Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2004), 16-23. 111 Defense News, 3 January 2002, 1. 112 Benjamin Lambeth, Air Power Against Terror, 280-284. 113 See for example - LTG (Ret) Paul T. Mikolashek, interview by Dr. Peter Connors, 13 December 2006, Arlington, VA, 9. 114 Benjamin Lambeth, Air Power Against Terror, 353. 115 Mike Findley, Robert Green, and Eric Braganca, 12-13. 116 Anthony Cordesman, The Ongoing Lessons of Afghanistan: Warfighting, Intelligence, Force Transformation, and Nation Building (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2004), 43. 117 Conrad Crane, Final Report: The U.S. Army’s Initial Impressions of Operation Enduring Freedom and Noble Eagle (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2002), 4. 118 Robin Moore, 64. 119 Mark D. Nutsch, interview FRONTLINE, “Campaign Against Terror,” 8 September 2002, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/campaign/interviews/595.html 120 LTG (Ret) Paul T. Mikolashek, interview by Dr. Peter Connors, 13 December 2006, Arlington, VA, 11; Richard Stewart, 20. 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