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The phonological rule
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Examples:
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1. Nasalization of vowels
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[+vowel] [+nasal] before [+nasal]
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and, man, ram, camp, sang, tank
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2. Fronting of velars
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[+velar] more front before front vowels
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geese, get, keg
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3. Dentalisation of alveolars
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[+alveoral] [+dental] before [+dental]
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tenth [ten̪θ], in theory [ɪn̪θɪǝrɪ], one thing [wʌn̪θɪŋ]
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4. Unreleased oral stops
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[+stops] unreleased in the word final position or before other oral stops
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cap, hat, black, cab, good
captain, hatpin, blackboard, obtain, good dog
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5. Aspiration of stops
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[–voiced] [+aspirated] when syllable initial
[+stop]
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pit [phit], tie [thaɪ], come [khʌm];
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6. Lack of aspiration after /s/
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[–voiced] [– aspirated] after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable
[+stop]
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spit [spɪt], sty [staɪ], scum [skʌm]);
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7. Devoicing of approimants
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[+approximant] [-voiced] after [+aspirated, +stop]]
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pray [pr̊eɪ], play [pl̊eɪ], crew kr̊u:], clue [kl̊u:], try [tr̊aɪ], twig [tẘɪg], tune [tj̊u:n])
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8. Glottal stop suport
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[–voiced] [+glottal stop] + [–voiced] when after a vowel and
[+stop] [+stop] at the end of a syllable
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cup [kʰʌʔp], heap [hi:ʔp], bit [bɪʔt], beat [bi:ʔt], buck [bʌʔk], oak [ǝʊʔk], felt [feɫʔt])
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9. /t/ glottal stop
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[–voiced]
[+alveolar] [+glottal stop]
[+stop]
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pit [pɪʔ], belt [beɫʔ], atlas [æʔlǝs], lightning [laɪʔnɪŋ], pity [pɪʔɪ], bottom [bɒʔǝm]
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10. /t/ tap
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[–voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between
[+alveolar] [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is
[+stop] unstressed
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later [leɪɾr], writing [raɪɾɪŋ], waiter [weɪɾr], divinity [dɪvɪnɪɾɪ], startle [sta:rɾɫ]
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11. /d/ tap
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[+voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between
[+alveolar] [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is
[+stop] unstressed
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ladder [leɪɾr], riding [raɪɾɪŋ], wader [weɪɾr]
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12. Devoicing of consonants
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[+voiced] partially voiced when syllable initial except
[+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound
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buy, die, guy, zoo, veal, they
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13. Devoicing of consonants
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[+voiced] partially voiced when syllable final except
[+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound
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rib, rid, rig, rise, drive, writhe
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14. Shortening of vowels
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[+vowel] shorter before voiceless sounds in the same syllable
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cap, back
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15. Syllabicity of nasals
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[+nasal] [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately
after [+obstruent]
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leaden [ledn̦], chasm [kæsm̦]
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16. Syllabicity of laterals
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[+lateral] [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately
after another consonant
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kiln [kɪln], film [fɪlm], bottle [bɒtl]
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