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Allophones of the English phonemes
5.3.1 Allophones of /p/
1. Aspirated [pʰ]. /p/ is aspirated when it occurs initially in an accented syllable as in pot, pull, apart, apply, play, and prove, pure. In all such cases, the consonant that immediately follows /p/ becomes devoiced.
2. Unaspirated [p]. /p/ is unaspirated when
(a) it occurs in unaccented syllable as in prevent, leper, taper;
(b) it is preceded by /s/ as spot, spool, spy, sporadic; and it occurs medially in a syllable as in apt, lapse, helped.
3. Inaudibly released (or unexploded) [p̚̚̚]. / p / is released inaudibly without an explosion when
(a) it occurs finally, i.e. before silence, as in cup, sleep, type;
(b) it occurs before plosive or affricate as in wept, captain, stop cheating
(c) it occurs between vowels as in upper,
4. Nasally released [pn ]. /p/ is released through the nose when it is followed by /m/ or /n/ as in happen, help me, cheap meal.
5.3.2 Allophones of / b /
1. Partially devoiced [b̥]. /b/is partially devoiced when it occurs initially in a word as in boy, boat, blade, bring. The vocal vibration in such words may start only during the release stage of the articulation of /b/
2. Voiceless [b̥]. /b/ is voiceless when it occurs finally in a word as in club, mob, robe
3. Fully voiced [b]. /b/ is voiced through all the three stages of its articulation, occurs only intervocalically, or between voiced sounds, as in about, rebound, labour, husband, ambush.
4. Inaudibly release
d (or unexploded) [
]. /b/ is released without an explosion when it occurs finally, i.e. before silence as in rob, tub; and it is followed by another plosive or affricate as in rubbed, subcontinent, subject, object.
5. Nasally released [bⁿ]. / b/ is released through the nose when it is followed by /m/ or /n/ as in sub-marine, submit, ribbon.
5.3.3. Allophones of /t/
1. Aspirated [tʰ]. / t/ is aspirated when it occurs initially in an accented syllable as in tin, tear, obtain, attire, try, twice, tune. In all such cases, the vowel or consonant that immediately follows /t/ becomes devoiced.
2. Unaspirated [t]. / t/ is unaspirated when
(a) it occurs in unaccented syllable as in today, filter, later;
(b) it is preceded by /s/ as stain, stray, stupendous; and
(c) it occurs medially in a syllable as in hats, bits.
3. Inaudibly released (or unexploded) [t̚]. / t/ is released inaudibly without an explosion, when
(a) it occurs finally, i.e. before silence, as in hot, wet, late; and
(b) it is followed by another plosive or affricate as in hotbed, white dog, fat child, that jug.
4. Nasally released [tⁿ]. / t/ is released through the nose when it is followed by /n/ as in button, mutton, cotton.
5. Laterally released [t׀]. / t/ is released laterally when it is followed by / l / as in settle, metal, cattle.
6. Dental [ t̻ ] /t/ becomes dental plosive if it is followed by the dental fricatives /ð/ and /Ɵ/ as in eighth, sit three.
7. Post-alveolar [tʃ]. / t / is realized as a post-alveolar plosive if it is followed by / r / as in trick, true, betray.
5.3.4. Allophones of / d /
1. Partially devoiced [d]. / d / is partially devoiced when it occurs initially in a word as in dig, do, dry dew. The vocal vibration in such words may start only during the release stage of the articulation of / d /.
2. Voiceless [d°]. / d / is voiceless when it occurs finally in a word as in bid, said, shoved, roused.
3. Fully voiced /d/. The fully voiced /d/, that is voiced through all the three stages of its articulation, occurs only intervocalically, or between voiced sounds, as in ado, render, model, roadway.
4. Inaudibly released (or unexploded) [d ̚ ]. / d / is released without an explosion when it occurs finally, i.e. before silence as in head, road, pleased; and it is followed by another plosive or affricate as in headgear, bad times, good day, good judge.
5. Nasally released [dⁿ ]. / d / is released through the nose when it is followed by /n/ as in sadden, bad name, good night.
6. Laterally released [dˡ ]. / d / is released laterally when it is followed by / l / as in saddle, middle, bad light.
7. Dental [d̻]. [d] becomes dental plosive if it is followed by the dental fricatives /ð/ and /Ɵ/ as in sad thought, add this.
8. Post-alveolar /dʃ/. /d/ is realized as a post-alveolar plosive if it is followed by /r/ as in dry,
5.3.4.1. Pronunciation of the past tense marker –d or –ed
The past tense marker –d or –ed is pronounced in three different ways:
1. It is pronounced /t/ after voiceless consonants other than /t/.
EXAMPLES:
heaped /hi:pt/ passed /pa:st/
looked /lukt/ rushed /rʌʃt/
laughed /la:ft/ reached /ri:ʃt/
2. It is pronounced / d / after voiced sounds other than /d/. (Voiced sounds mean all vowels and voiced consonants.)
EXAMPLES:
clubbed /klʌbd/ hinged /hɪnʤ/
tagged /tægd/ prayed /preId/
lived /lɪvd/ tried /traɪd/
praised /preIzd/ sued /su:d/
bowed /baud/
(3) It is pronounced /ɪd/ after / t, d /.
EXAMPLES:
hated /heɪtId/ headed /hedɪd/
batted /bætɪd/ raided /reɪdId/
5.3.5. Allophones of /k/
1. Aspirated [kʰ]. / k / like /p/ and /t/, is aspirated when it occurs initially in an accented syllable as in king, cat, account, clay, cry, queue, quite. In all such cases, the vowel or consonant that immediately follows /k/ becomes devoiced.
2. Unaspirated / k /. / k / is unaspirated when it occurs in unaccented syllable as in contain, basking, bouquet, marker;
it is preceded by / s / as in sky, school, square; and it occurs medially in a syllable as in act, checked, packs.
3. Inaudibly released (or unexploded) /k/. [k̚] is released inaudibly, that is without an explosion, when it occurs finally, i.e. before silence, as in lack, cheque, take; and it is followed by another plosive or affricate as in backed, back door, blackboard, deckchairs.
4. Advanced variety of /k/. [k₊] is articulated nearer the palate if it is followed by a front vowel as in keen, kit, cat.
5. Retracted variety of /k/. [k₋] is articulated further back in the mouth if it is followed by a back vowel as in cool, caught, cart.
5.3.6. Allophones of /g/
1. Partially devoiced [ɡ]. / ɡ / is partially devoiced when it occurs initially in a word as in girl, gate, good. The vocal cord vibration in such words may start only during the release stage of the articulation of / ɡ /.
2. Voiceless [ɡ]. / ɡ / is voiceless when it occurs finally in a word as in bag, smog, tug.
3. Fully voiced / ɡ /. The fully voiced / ɡ /, that is voiced through all the three stages of its articulation, occurs only intervocalically, or between voiced sounds, as in ago, against, begin, tiger.
4. Inaudibly released (or unexploded) [ɡ̚]. / ɡ / is released without an explosion when it occurs finally, i.e. before silence as in tag, drug, fog; and it is followed by another plosive or affricate as in bagpipe, eggcup, big chin, big jacket.
5. Advanced variety of / ɡ /. [ɡ₊] is articulated nearer the palate if it is followed by a front vowel as in get, geese, gander.
6. Retracted variety of / ɡ₋ /. [ɡ] is articulated further back in the mouth if it is followed by a back vowel as in goose, good, gone
5.3.7. Allophones of /ʧ/
No important variants of /ʧ/ occur, except in the matter of the degree of lip-protrusion and rounding. Such lip-protrusion and rounding is greater when /ʧ/ is followed by a rounded vowel such as choose than when it is followed by an unrounded vowel such as cheese.
5.3.8. Allophones of /ʤ/
1. Partially devoiced [ʤ]. /ʤ/ is partially devoiced when it occurs initially in a word as in jam, gin, joke. The vocal cord vibration in such words may start only during the release stage of the articulation of /ʤ/.
2. Voiceless [ʤ]. / ʤ / is voiceless when it occurs finally in a word as in large, age, huge.
3. Fully voiced /ʤ/. The fully voiced /ʤ/, i.e. voiced through all the three stages of its articulation, occurs only intervocalically, or between voiced sounds, as in adjust, margin, major.
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