Lecture 3 + Phonemes + Allophones + Symbols Phonemic symbols Phonetic symbols + Transcriptions Broad/Phonemic transcription Narrow/ Phonetic transcription + Rules for English allophones Phonemes
Download 17.82 Kb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Phonemic/ Broad transcription
- Phonetic/Narrow transcription
- Rules for English consonant allophones 1. Initial voiceless stops are aspirated. [ h ]
- 3. Stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop. [ o ]
- 5. Voiceless stops become glottal stop plus voiceless stops when they are syllable final and after a vowel.
- 7. Voiced stops and affricate /b, d, g, d ʒ/ are voiceless when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound. [ o ]
- 9. The lateral /l/ becomes syllabic [.] at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant.
- 11. Velar stops become more front as the following vowel in the same syllable becomes more front. [
- 13.Vowels become shorter before voiceless consonants in the same syllable.
- 2. Nasal explosion /t,d/ + /n/
- 3. Lateral explosion /t,d/ + /l/
| Lecture 3
+ Phonemes + Allophones + Symbols
+ Transcriptions
+ Rules for English allophones Phonemes
Minimal pairs
Phonemes
Allophones
[th] 
tea /
stay t/
get there Phonemes and Allophones The crucial distinction between phonemes and allophones is that substituting one phoneme for another will result in a word with a different meaning (that’s why phonemes can be defined as meaning-distinguishing sounds) as well as a different pronunciation, but substituting allophones only results in a different pronunciation of the same words. Symbols
Phonemic/ Broad transcription
Phonetic/Narrow transcription - A phonetic transcription is a transcription which contains a lot of information about the exact quality of the sounds. It shows more phonetic detail such as aspiration, length, nasalization…., by using a wide variety of symbols and in many case diacritics. - In a phonetic transcription, the symbols are used to represent precise phonetic values, not just to represent phonemes. - A phonetic transcription is usually put between square brackets. Rules for English consonant allophones 1. Initial voiceless stops are aspirated. [h] e.g. pie [phai] tea [thi:] key [khi:] 2. Voiceless stops are unaspirated after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable. [o] e.g. stay [st˚ei] sky [sk˚ai] speak [sp˚i:k] 3. Stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop. [o] e.g. apt [æp ˚t] rubbed [rʌb˚d] looked [luk˚t] stopped [stɔp˚t] 4. Approximants /w, r, j/ and the lateral /l/ are devoiced when they occur after initial /p, t, k/. [o] e.g. play [pl̥ei] queen [kw̥i:n] twin [tw̥i:n] 5. Voiceless stops become glottal stop plus voiceless stops when they are syllable final and after a vowel. e.g. tip /tiʔ/ kick /kiʔ/ pit /piʔ/ 6. Voiced obstruents (stops and fricatives: /b, d, g, v, ʒ, z/) are devoiced when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound. [o] e.g. improve /impru:v̥/ big /biɡ̥/ add two /æd̥tu:/ 7. Voiced stops and affricate /b, d, g, dʒ/ are voiceless when syllable initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound. [o] e.g. dog /d̥ɔɡ/ big dog 8. /n/ becomes syllabic [.] at the end of a word when immediately after obstruents (stops + fricatives). e.g. garden /̍ɡɑdn̩/ listen /̍lisn̩/ reason /̍ri:zn̩/ Notes: /n/ does not become syllabic after /m, n, tʃ/ e.g. question /̍kwestʃən/ salmon /̍sæmən/ 9. The lateral /l/ becomes syllabic [.] at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant. e.g. paddle [̍phædl̩] castle [̍khɑ:sl̩] noble [̍nəʊbl̩] Note: /l/ does not become syllabic after /dʒ/ and /tʃ/. e.g satchel [̍sætʃəl] angel [̍eindʒəl] 10. Alveolars become dentalized [ ̪ ] before dentals. e.g. eighth [eit̪θ] tenth [then̪θ] wealth [wel̪θ] get there [ɡet̪ðeə] 11. Velar stops become more front as the following vowel in the same syllable becomes more front. [+ ] [+] [-] [-] e.g. cat [khæt] get cook good 12. The lateral /l/ is velarized when after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word. [ɫ] e.g. well [weɫ] dealt [di:ɫt] 13.Vowels become shorter before voiceless consonants in the same syllable. e.g. neat [nǐ:t] pace get back 14. Vowels become nasalized before nasals [ ͂ ] e.g. song [sɔ͂ŋ] ban [bæ͂n] Variations of Plosives 1. Incomplete plosive/plosion: Stop + Stop - When one stop consonant is immediately followed by another, as in “act” /ækt/, the closure of the speech organs for the second consonant is made while the closure for the first is still in position. The first consonant is then considered as incomplete plosive. There is usually only one plosion for the second consonant. - The “missing explosion” happens whenever one stop consonant is followed by another stop or an affricate. - When a stop is followed by itself, there is again only one explosion, but the closure’s held for double the usual time. - When one of the strong/weak pair /b,p/ is followed by the other as in “what day”, “big cake”; there is only one explosion, but the closure is held for double the usual time, and the strength changes during this time. 2. Nasal explosion /t,d/ + /n/ - When /t/ or /d/ are followed by syllabic /n̩/ as in ‘button”, “garden”, the explosion of the stop takes place through the nose. This nasal explosion happens in this way: the vocal organs from /t/ and /d/ in the usual way with the soft palate raised to shut off the nasal cavity and the tongue tip on the alveolar ridge. But instead of taking the tongue tip away from the alveolar ridge to give the explosion, we leave it in the same position and lower the soft palate so that the breath explodes out of the nose rather than the mouth. e.g. written, hidden, certain, Britain, burden, wooden, pardon. 3. Lateral explosion /t,d/ + /l/ - /t/ and /d/ are made with the tongue tip on the alveolar ridge and the sides of the tongue firmly touching the sides of the hard palate. /l/ is made with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge but the sides of the tongue away from the sides of the palate so that the breath passes out laterally. The simplest way to go from /t/ and /d/ to /l/ is to leave the tongue tip on the alveolar ridge and only lower the sides and that’s we do. It is called lateral explosion. e.g. little, middle, battle, bottle. Directory: sites sites -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 sites -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 sites -> Glossary for Chapter 1 Algorithm sites -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose sites -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations sites -> Physical custody of 1033 program property accountibility form statement of Physical Custody: By signing for the below 1033 property I am a Law Enforcement Officer of the aforementioned Law Enforcement Agency sites -> Nstructions for Acquiring Excess Equipment online, through the 1033 Program sites -> Memorandum of agreement Download 17.82 Kb. Share with your friends:
|