Ap us history – unit IV (13-16) reading guide
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Unit IV AP US History – UNIT IV (13-16) READING GUIDE - Mr. Feucht -– www.jeffteach.com - mail@jeffteach.com Chapter 13 – The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy Biographical Terms General Terms Davy Crockett Martin Van Buren Anti‑Masonic party King Mob Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams The Peggy Eaton Affair spoils system Denmark Vesey John C. Calhoun Maysville Road veto Webster‑Hayne Debate Nullification corrupt bargain rotation in office Election of 1824 The South Carolina Exposition Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) New Democracy (Jacksonian Democracy) The "Kitchen Cabinet” By the 1820s, what were politicians having to do in order to be elected? List 2 factors that Westerners considered good qualities for an elected official to have. What did Jacksonian democracy add to Jeffersonian democracy? On what concept was the New Democracy based? What was the immediate reason for the advent of the New Democracy? What issue raised the desire of white Southerners to become involved in politics? Name 3 political campaign techniques that emerged in the 1820s, 30s, and 40s. What method of selecting presidential candidates was thought to weaken the executive branch? How many "Republicans" ran for president in the 1824 election? In spite of winning the popular vote, why did Jackson not become president? Why did Clay not like Jackson? Why did Jackson not like Clay? What were the 2 conditions of the alleged "corrupt bargain"? How did J.Q. Adams rise to high office? Why was Adams not the right person for his times? Adams was a nationalist in a time when the country was headed in which direction? What were 3 nationalistic proposals that Adams made? What did Jacksonites do to the Tariff of 1828 that they hoped would politically wound Adams? To Daniel Webster, where did New England's future lie? To Calhoun, where did the South's future lie? What was the Tariff of 1828 known as in the South? What were the 2 factors that were the real cause of economic distress in the Old South? Who wrote "The South Carolina Exposition"? What did "The Exposition" call on states to do? How long did Jackson's 1828 presidential campaign last? Why was Jackson labeled an adulterer in the 1828 campaign? What was Adams accused of by the Jacksonites? How many more people voted in the 1828 campaign than in the 1824 campaign, and how can one account for this increase? Before Jackson, who had ruled the U.S.? What did Adams do after leaving the White House? Why did Jackson suffer from lead poisoning? What did Jackson think of the federal government? How many times did Jackson use the veto? How was the mob at the White House enticed outside during the inauguration festivities? What is the "spoils system"? What was the process of putting as many people as possible into public office, even if only for a short time, called? What 3 qualities were subordinated to political ends in the transfer of government jobs? Samuel Swartwout was the first person to accomplish what? Who was "The Little Magician"? Who resigned his office as a result of the "Peggy Eaton Affair"? Who went from being a strong nationalist to being known as "The Great Nullifier" and champion of states' rights? How did Jackson show his disapproval of Clay's American System in 1830? What issue did the Webster‑Hayne debate begin over? What issue did the Webster‑Hayne debate continue and end over? What was Daniel Webster's final statement in the Webster-Hayne debate? What future cataclysmic event did the Webster‑Hayne debate foreshadow? What ideal had Webster framed in his position in the debate? By 1830, what was Jackson's position on the issue of states' rights? What was Jackson's toast at the 1830 Jefferson Day celebration? What was Calhoun's response to Jackson's toast? CHAPTER 14 – Jacksonian Democracy at Flood Tide, 1830 – 1840 (p.274-294) Chapter 14 Outline - By M.Pecot "Nullies" in South Carolina: The Nullification Crisis The wake of the 1828 Tariff in SC: "nullies" and "submission men" in SC's legislature. The Tariff of 1832 terms reaction of SC Jackson's reaction preparation for military intervention Force Bill ("Bloody Bill") Henry Clay's compromise -- Tariff of 1833 A Victory for Both Union and Nullification: The significance of the Nullification Crisis South Carolina's victories: reduction of tariff rates retains principle of nullification Assessment of "appeasment" of SC in 1833: argument that this was responsible for Civil War argument that force would have touched off a Civil War The Bank as a Political Football Henry Clay's attempt to recharter the Bank in 1832 a political maneuver to pin Andrew Jackson in an election year. (AJ: "The Bank is trying to kill me…but I will kill it.") Jackson's veto of the bank recharter bill. overrides judicial branches interpretation in McCulloch key points of Jackson's veto message. Henry Clay's miscalculates public opinion, prints 1000s of copies. IV: Brickbats and Bouquets for the Bank Assessing Jackson's attacks on the bank. anti-western tendencies "a monster monopoly" plutocratic "a hydra of corruption" (hydra = multiheaded monster) loans to influential friends; 59 M.O.C's borrow 1/3 of a million in 1831 alone. Daniel Webster = at one point: a director, chief paid counsel, debtor, defender as member of senate loans to newspaper editors "Emperor Nick of the Bribery Bank" Positive contributions of the B.U.S. financially sound reduces bank failures promoted economic expansion safe depository for government funds. V: "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 The Election of 1832 a colorful and noisy campaign new features in the election of 1832 third party: Anti-Masonic Party national nominating conventions and party platforms Advantages of the National Republicans Results of the election VI: Badgering Biddle's Bank Gradual removal of federal funds Consequences of withdrawal deposits placed in "pet banks" Biddle calls in loans: "Biddle's Panic" S  pecie Circular issued
VII: Transplanting the Tribes: The Indian Removal Act American demographics in 1830 total population: 13 million # of Native Americans east of the Mississippi in 1820s = 125,000 Policies toward Native Americans: diplomatically regarded as separate nations attempts at assimilation of tribes: Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians (1787) Congress appropriates $20,000 in 1793 for literacy, agricultural, and vocational training of Indians. The Five Civilized Tribes embrace accomodation: Cherokee Indians as an example settled agricultural life alphabet Cherokee National Council 1808 1828 written constitution slaveholding 1828 Georgia legislative attacks on the Cherokees appeals to Supreme Court Jackson's response The Indian Removal Act of 1830 Trail of Tears (4,000 Cherokees die during 116 day journey to Oklahoma) Bureau of Indian Affairs 1836 Indian Resistance Sauk & Fox warriors in Wisconsin 1832 Seminoles 1835-42 costliest Indian conflict in American history Osceola VIII. The Lone Star State Flickers Mexican Independence in 1821 opens Texas to American settlement & leads to Texas-Mexican tensions 1823 deal with Stephen Austin Characteristics of Texas-Americans Tensions between Mexicans and Texans prohibition of slavery Santa Anna 1835 The Lone Star Republic Texas declares independence 1836 Losses at the Alamo & Goliad Victory at San Jacinto Texas: An International Derelict Mexican grievances with the United States Texas and the United States Jackson recognizes Texan independence in 1837 Texas proposes annexation to US Balance of power problems in the Southwest The Birth of the Whigs and the Election of 1836 The Whig Party emerges "an organized incompatibility" genesis in Clay and Calhoun's 1834 motion to censure Jackson various groups alienated by Jackson: supporters of the American System southern states' righters larger northern industrialists and merchants evangelical Protestants in the Anti-Masonic party Presidential election of 1836 The Whig strategy William Henry Harrison (Old Tippecanoe) Martin Van Buren Outcome Assessing Jackon's presidency Jackson's imprint on the Presidency: positive contributions Jackson's darker legacy: spoils system destruction of the BUS Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Van Buren's characteristics Difficulties facing Van Buren problems along the Canadian border depression XII. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury The Panic of 1837 Causes rabid speculation Bank War & Specie Circular crop failures British bank failures Suffering during the Panic Whig Proposals for government remedies MVB's response "Divorce Bill" -- Independent Treasury Bill 1840 principles behind the bill effect "Tippecanoe" Versus "Little Van" The Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison, again A "huzza-for-Harrison" campaign strategy The creation of the "hard cider" myth demonization of Martin Van Buren The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 An intellectual low in campaigning… The outcome of the Election of 1840 margin of victory nature of the election The Two Party System Reemerges Political differences between the Whigs and the Democrats Common threads between Whigs and Democrats Chapter 14 – Jacksonian Democracy at Flood Tide Biographical Terms General Terms Nicholas Biddle Sam Houston "nullies" Tariff of 1832 Stephen Austin the Alamo Trail of Tears Biddle's Panic Force Bill Nullification crisis of 1832 Tariff of 1833 Specie Circular two‑patty system Battle of San Jacinto Indian Removal Jackson's bank veto pet banks Panic of 1837 the Whig party Independent Treasury Bill (Divorce Bill) hard cider and log cabin campaign How did South Carolinians see the Tariff of 1828 as affecting them in the short run? How did South Carolinians see the Tariff of 1828 as affecting them in the long run? What did South Carolina's special convention do after the 1832 election? What did Jackson privately threaten to do to nullifiers? Publicly, what did Jackson actually do about the crisis in South Carolina? Who arranged a compromise on the nullification issue? What did the Force Bill do? What might have begun 30 years earlier if compromise had not been reached in the nullification crisis? Why did Clay think that he would force Jackson into an impossible situation by prematurely bringing up the BUS re-charter in 1832? Why was Clay mistaken in believing the Bank re-charter was going to be a problem for Jackson? What were 2 reasons that Jackson vetoed the re-charter? What did Jackson gain for the presidency by vetoing the BUS re-charter? List 3 ways in which the BUS was anti‑Western or "anti‑American". List 3 ways in which the BUS was beneficial to the United States. List 3 new features of the 1832 presidential campaign. What did Clay have on his side in the 1832 election? What did Jackson have on his side in the 1832 election that led to his victory? How did Jackson weaken the BUS? What were the banks that Jackson used to deposit U.S. funds in called? What did Biddle do in response to Jackson that resulted in "Biddle's Panic"? What did the Specie Circular require? When Georgia attempted to exercise control over the Cherokee, what was the Supreme Court's reaction? What was Jackson's proposal to solve the Indian situation? What happened to Eastern Indian tribes in the 1830s? What 2 conditions were required of American immigrants to Texas? What did Moses Austin spend his life trying to become? Who fulfilled Austin's dream of establishing of settling in Texas? Why did Stephen Austin give up on trying to "Mexicanize" his colony? What was the most sensitive issue between the Mexicans and the Texicans? How many defenders of the Alamo were killed? What happened at Goliad? Where was Santa Anna finally defeated? Why was Jackson hesitant about recognizing Texas's independence? Why was Texas forced to turn to France and Britain for help? Clay and Calhoun joined forces to form the foundation of what political party in 1834? List 3 interest groups who joined the Whig party? Who was Jackson's hand‑picked successor? List 2 positives that came from Jackson's presidency? List 2 negatives that came from Jackson's presidency? Why is it a myth that Van Buren was a mediocre person and president? What was the major problem of Van Buren's presidency? List 3 reasons for the Panic of 1837. What act did Van Buren push through Congress in order to deal with the Panic? Why was Harrison nominated by the Whigs? What phrase depicted Harrison as something he wasn't? Why was Van Buren essentially out of touch with his own party? What bad precedent was set in the election of 1840? What positive institution emerged from the 1840 election? What were the essential positions of The Whigs and The Democrats? CHAPTER 15 – Forging the National Economy, 1790 – 1860 (p.297-327) From Student Reading Questions to accompany The American Pageant (Twelfth Edition), By Bailey, Cohen, Kennedy for Houghton-Mifflin: 1. Westward Movement (pp. 287–289) At the end of this section, the authors refer to the “heedless exploitation of the West’s natural bounty” while going on to say that Americans “revered nature and admired its beauty.” *** Can these two seemingly contradictory statements be reconciled?
2. Immigration and Urbanization (pp. 290–297) a. The population chart on p. 290 shows that, due to a high birth rate and immigration, the country in 1860 was roughly _____ times bigger than it was in 1790. If the population today is about 275 million, it is approximately _____ times bigger than it was in 1860. Also in this first section, the authors describe the squalid conditions in the new booming urban centers. *** Can you think of any similar city in the world today where growth is much too fast for the basic services (“infrastructure”) to catch up?
b. Briefly list a few distinctive characteristics of the Irish and the German immigrant groups. IRISH GERMAN
c. The Protestant majority was concerned about the growing influence of __________________ (a religious denomination), which in the 1840s developed its own separate educational system. The American or “_________-_____________” Party began about 1849 centered around the concept of anti foreignism. (Note how America’s love/hate attitude toward immigrants constitutes a recurring theme.) 3. Industry and the Factory System (pp. 297–304) a. List two reasons cited by the authors that the Industrial Revolution didn’t hit America until the 1830s and 1840s, much later than it did in Britain. (1) (2)
b. What do the authors mean on p. 303 when they say that Eli Whitney gave a boost to slavery “and perhaps made inevitable the Civil War” but at the same time “helped factories to flourish in the North,” thus contributing to the ultimate Northern victory? (1) “…Civil War inevitable” (2) “…ultimate Northern victory”
c. What is distinctive about the new “limited liability corporations (p. 304)”? *** Can you guess why this form of business organization was so important to industrialization? 4. Workers and Women (pp. 304–309) a. *** What do you think would be the main differences between working in a craft shop (illustration p. 305) and the more efficient factories illustrated on pp. 307 and 309? (1) Craft shop: (2) Factory:
(1) Definition: (2) Reaction:
(Note: In 1800, the biggest obstacle to national development was that people, goods, and even letters could not move faster than animals could walk, rivers could flow, or the wind could blow. Revolutionary developments, primarily the steamboat and railroad, would change that fast.) The first major wagon road west, the National or _____________ Road, was started in 1811. The revolutionary steamboat, invented by Robert __________ in 1807, allowed people and goods to move upstream as well as down. The first big western canal, the _________ Canal, pushed through in 18____ by Governor DeWitt ___________, benefited its Atlantic terminus at _____ ________ City at the expense of cities like Boston. The first American railroad appeared in 18___ and soon superseded the canal system in terms of importance. Look at the railroad map on p. 313. By 1860, the Midwest was sending its agricultural products and raw materials mostly to the __________ (North or South), enabling that region to specialize in manufacturing and shipping. The South had to continue specializing in its cash crops such as ___________ (its biggest cash crop), which it sent out via its navigable waterways. This new regional specialization will provide a big advantage to the ___________ (North or South) in the eventual Civil War. (Note: Without these new transportation links, the South might have expected closer ties with the Midwest because Midwestern waterways all drain out through New Orleans.) 6. Market Revolution (pp. 317–318) In this section, the authors summarize the drastic change from the home as a self-sufficient economic enterprise to the home as a refuge from more specialized, market-oriented work outside. They also point to the growing gulf between rich and poor that caused class warfare in many European countries. What two reasons do they give for the relative absence of class conflict in America, despite these wide disparities between rich and poor? (1) (2)
Captain Ahab (Herman Melville)“Rugged individualism”“Rendezvous system”George CatlinPages 290–297Urbanization Immigration (first wave) Irish potato famine (1840s) “Biddies” and “Paddies” Ancient Order of Hibernians “Molly Maguires” Tammany Hall European democratic revolutions (1848) Kindergartens American or “Know-Nothing” Party (1849) Pages 297–304Industrial Revolution Factory system Samuel Slater (1791) Eli Whitney Cotton gin Interchangeable parts Elias Howe (1846) Isaac Singer Patents “Limited liability” corporations Samuel F. B. Morse (1844) Pages 304–309“Wage slaves” Ten-Hour Day (1840) Trade unions “Factory girls” Lowell mills Catherine Beecher “Cult of domesticity” “Women’s sphere” Fertility rate “Modern” family John Deere (1837) Cyrus McCormick (1830s) “Cash-crop agriculture” Pages 309–317Lancaster “turnpike” (1790s) National/Cumberland Road (1811-1852) Robert Fulton (1807) Erie Canal (1817-1825) DeWitt Clinton Railroad (1828) Cyrus field (1858) “Clipper” ships Pony Express (1860) Pages 317–318John Jacob Astor “Social mobility” CHAPTER 16 – The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790 – 1860 (p.329-354) From Student Reading Questions to accompany The American Pageant (Twelfth Edition), By Bailey, Cohen, Kennedy for Houghton-Mifflin: 1. Religion (pp. 320–324) Note: Try to figure out why waves of “evangelical” religion periodically sweep over the country. The evangelical “religious right” makes up a potent cultural and political force today. a. What do the authors mean on p. 331 when they say that the Second Great Awakening was a “reaction against the growing liberalism in religion”? What ideas were they reacting against?
b. Revival religion stressed personal conversion (as opposed to predestination) and was particularly strong among Methodists and ____________. The evangelist most associated with the religious “Awakening” of the 1820s to the 1840s is Charles Grandison ____________, and the movement was especially strong in western New York along the route of the _________ Canal in what came to be called the __________-___________ District. Evangelical religion tended to appeal to women more than men and women spearheaded moral reform movements including abolitionism. One of the largest new denominations was ____________, founded in upstate New York in 1830 by Joseph __________. Eventually this group migrated to _________ under the leadership of Brigham __________ *** What do you find interesting about the Mormon Church? 2. Education and Reform (pp. 324–330) a. This section covers the growth of tax-supported public education in the mid-1800s, particularly the work of reformers such as Horace _________. Emma _________ and Mary ________ led efforts to increase educational opportunities for women. Reformers tackled many issues. The reformers included Dorothea _____, who successfully fought to change criminal codes and treatment of the mentally ill. b. The American _____________ Society, formed in Boston in 1826, was part of this reform spirit. (Note that alcohol intake was then something like three times what it is today and it’s still a big problem today!) *** As you read the section about the fight against alcohol abuse, try to think of one similarity and one difference with the “war on drugs” of today. (1) Similarity: (2) Difference:
a. What three examples do the authors use to support their argument that women were “legally regarded as perpetual minors”? (1) (2) (3) b. In what areas do the authors say women were considered superior to men? c. The three early feminist leaders mentioned here are Lucretia ________, Elizabeth Cady ____________, and Susan B. _____________. Two of these women were _____________, one of the earliest religious denominations to stress full equality. The Woman’s Rights Convention, commonly considered to mark the beginning of the modern feminist movement, was held in ____________ _________, New York in 18____. The Declaration of _____________, issued at the end of this convention, was modeled on the American Declaration of ______________, but it declared that “All men and ________ are created equal.” Many women at this convention and later argued against including a demand for the right to vote. *** If you had been a relatively conservative woman, what argument might you have used against demanding the ballot?
d. Perhaps as a forerunner of the hippies of the 1960s (or of certain “cults” today), a variety of noble but largely unsuccessful “communalistic” utopian societies sprang up in this individualistic and anti-authoritarian age including New __________ in Indiana, _________ Farm in Massachusetts, and the __________ Community in New York. 4. Science and Art (pp. 333–339) a. *** What impressed you most when reading about the state of health and medicine in the mid-nineteenth century? b. The section on art is not overly complimentary about American contributions but does mention Thomas _____________ in the field of architecture and the _________ _________ school of landscape painters influenced by the upsurge of nationalism after the War of 1812. 5. Blossoming of a National Literature (pp. 339–345) a. What was distinctive about “Knickerbocker Group” writers such as Washington _________, James Fenimore ___________, and William Cullen ____________?
b. How do you summarize the “transcendentalist” philosophy of Ralph Waldo ____________ and how did Henry David ____________ implement that philosophy with his Waldon Pond experiences? (1) Definition: (2) Implementation:
c. Note a distinguishing feature of the works of three of the writers mentioned in the remainder of the chapter that you found most interesting. *** Have you read anything by any of these writers? (1) (2) (3) Pages 320–324 Deism Unitarians Second Great Awakening Charles Grandison Finney “Burned-Over District” Joseph Smith (1830) Mormon Church (Latter-Day Saints) Brigham Young (1846-1847) Utah statehood (1896) Pages 324–330Horace Mann Noah Webster McGuffey’s readers Emma Willard Mary Lyon Lyceum lecture associations Dorothea Dix William Ladd American Temperance Society (1826) Pages 330–333Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Seneca Falls Convention (1848) “Declaration of Sentiments” “Communitarian” utopias Robert Owen/New Harmony (1825) Brook Farm (1841) John Noyes/Oneida Community (1848) Shakers Pages 333–339Louis Agassiz Asa Gray John J. Audubon Monticello/University of Virginia “Hudson River” school Stephen C. Foster Pages 339–345“Knickerbocker” group Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper William Cullen Bryant Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Henry Wadsworth Longfellow John Greenleaf Whittier Louisa May Alcott Emily Dickinson Edgar Allen Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville George Bancroft Chapter 16 Outline - By M.Pecot The Revival of ReligionDeclining Orthodoxy in the 1790s-1850s ¾ of Americans attend church, but challenges to religion persist Rationalism – reason over revelation Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason (1794) Churches “set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.” Deism Doctrine supported by most of the founding fathers Belief in supreme being/creator, but not in the divinity of Christ New religious groups Unitarianism Emerges in New England at the end of the 18th c. Doctrines challenge traditional churches Belief in one-personal God (not trinitarian) JC not divine Man’s nature is essentially good, not evil God = loving Father, not stern judge Appeals to intellectuals (e.g., Ralph Waldo Emerson) Second Great Awakening (c. 1800) Begins on southern frontier and sweeps across the US Camp Meetings Up to 25,000 people gathering for weeks Itinerant preachers (“circuit riders”) Boost church membership and stimulate humanitarian reforms Baptist and Methodist churches grow the most E.g., missionary work with western Indians, in Hawaii, and Asia Abolitionism, women’s rights, temperance Prominent individuals Peter Cartwright Methodist circuit rider Poorly educated, but a tireless orator Converts 1000s – punches out hecklers Charles Grandison Finney Greatest revival preacher Trained as a lawyer, but becomes a preacher after a conversion experience Leads massive revivals in Rochester (1830) and NYC (1831) Promotes “Radical Reforms” Egalitarianism: women should pray aloud during services Abolitionism Temperance President of OBERLIN COLLEGE Rise of new denominations Millerites (Adventists) Emerges in the “Burned Over District” of Western NY in 1830s William Miller Preach Christ’s return on Oct. 22, 1844 The Mormons 1830: Joseph Smith founds the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) translates Book of Mormon from gold plates he reported to have received from the Angel Moroni (he was able to read by holding two special stones up to his eyes – then rushed home a re-wrote the book from memory) encounters hostility from non-Mormons Mormon Exodus: NY to OH to IL (Joseph Smith killed in Carthage, IL) to UT Salt Lake City Brigham Young leads Mormons from Nauvoo, IL to Salt Lake City 1846-1847 By 1848 – 5,000 settlers in SLC – population aided over the years by immigration and polygamy (Young had 27 wives and 56 kids!) “A frontier theocracy” 1850 – Young is elected territorial governor (statehood delayed until 1896 b/c of polygamous practices) Fragmentation of existing denominations Class divisions Wealthy, prosperous individuals tend to stay in non-revived churches (Episcopalian; Congregationalist) or Unitarian church Poor, less educated flock to Methodism, Baptism, or new sects Regional divisions: East v. West Divisions of churches N & S over slavery 1844-45: Southern Baptists & Southern Methodists split with Northern Baptists and Northern Methodists 1857: Presbyterian divides into N. & S. secession of southern churches foreshadows the secession of southern states order of split: churches; political parties; Union The Revival of EducationGrade schools Tax-supported schools boom between 1825-1850 Intimately connected with the “new democracy” If men will vote they must be educated Vote increases influence of laborers and farmers who want their children educated Wealthy view tax-supported education as “insurance premium” paid for stablility and democracy (prevents the rise of an ignorant rabble) Problems with Public Schools Short school years (only a few months) Inadequate teachers (mostly men) Ill-tempered, ill-trained, ill-paid Usually know only slighty more than their oldest students. (NOT LIKE TODAY, HUH?) Inadequate curriculum – the three “R’s” Many are left out of the educational system Only 100 public secondary schools in 1860 1million white adults are illiterate in 1860 blacks barred in the south, and usually from northern schools as well School Reforms Horace Mann (1796-1859) Brown University grad; secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education Pushes for more and better schools, longer terms, higher pay, better training, and an expanded curriculum Noah Webster (1758-1843) “schoolmaster of the Republic”; Yale grad develops patriot “reading lessons” used by millions publishes Webster’s Dictionary in 1828 – helps standardize the American language William H. McGuffey (1800-1873) Teacher-preacher 122 million copies of McGuffey’s Readers teach grammar as well as patriotism, morality, and idealism Higher Education Colleges and Universities in the South Great Awakening colleges Generally small, denominational, liberal arts Tend to be academically poor and tradition-bound State-supported universities North Carolina (1795) University of Va. (1819) Brainchild of Thomas Jefferson Dedicated to freedom from religious/political influence Emphasis on modern languages and sciences Women’s education Biases against educating women in the early 19th century Womens place is in the home Too much learning “injures the feminine brain” Opportunities expand in the 1820s and 30s Emma Willard establishes Troy (New York) Female Seminary in 1821 Oberlin College goes co-ed in 1837 Mary Lyon found Mount Holyoke Seminary in 1837 Lyceums and Libraries Private or subscription libraries emerge The Lyceum Mov’t Traveling lecturers brought in by Lyceum Associations (3,000 in 1835) Provides platforms for speakers in science, literature, and moral philosophy Showcases talented talkers E.g. Ralph Waldo Emerson New Magazines and Publications North American Review (1815) Godey’s Lady’s Book (1830-1898) – circulation of 150,000 Social Reform Movements, 1790-1860The upshoot of reform movements the reformers mindset utopian mindset of the 1800s miracle medicines, communal living, polygamy, celibacy, spiritualists, fad diets attacks on “societal evils” abound Societies v. tobacco, profanity, Sunday mail delivery and SLAVERY (most significant!) Inspired by the optimism of the Second Great Awakening; dream of perfecting society Women play a prominent role Significant reform movements of the 19th c. Debt-imprisonment reform 100s imprisoned even into the 1830s abolished by state legislatures as more working men gain the ballot in the 1830s Criminal code reforms/Prison Reform reduction in # of capital crimes brutal punishments eliminated (branding, whipping) notion of prison mission changes emphasis on reform rather than punishment reformatories, houses of correction, penitentiaries Reforms in treatment of the insane 19th century treatment of the insane: treated as beasts; changed in jails or poorhouses Dorothea Dix New England teacher and author Travels 60,000 miles in 8 years delivering reports on the conditions Massachusetts Petition of 1843 Pacifist movements 1828 American Peace Society Temperance movements (v. Demon Rum) the problem of alcohol American Temperance Society (1826) Founded in Boston; 1000 local chapters within a few years Anti-liquor crusade: Temperance pledges and the “Cold Water Army” (kid’s clubs); pamphlets; pictures; lecturers T.S. Arthur, Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854) Popular anti-liquor novel; describes the ruin of a happy village by Sam Slade’s tavern. Bestseller in the 1850s (second only to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin) 2 strategies of the temperance movement persuasion temperance: encourage individuals to moderate or quit alcohol use legislation Neal S. Dow and the Maine Law 1851 Prohibits the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor By 1857, a dozen states had prohibition laws (most repealed, ignored, or declared unconstitutional by 1860s) The Women's Movement in Antebellum America Women's role in society women's subordinate role: "the submerged sex” no vote, husband has control (beating allowed), property passes to husband when married differences between American women and European women relative scarcity of American women on the frontier increases their power economic forces exacerbate gender differences men/women have different economic roles women seen as physically and emotionally weak, but artistic and refined seen as moral guardians – given responsibility for teaching children the morals of the Republic at home men are strong but crude; always in danger of slipping into beastly way of life if not guided by the hands of their women Reformers agitate for women's rights Conservatives such as Catharine Beecher exult "cult of domesticity" Liberal reformers seek to bring women out of private and into public sphere: Lucretia Mott 1840: Mott and female delegates at the London Anti-Slavery Convention not recognized Elizabeth Cady Stanton Calls for women’s suffrage: helps found the NWSA Susan B. Anthony Militant women’s rights lecturer Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Margaret Fuller Editor of The Dial – a Transcendentalist journal Sarah and Angelina Grimke Anti-slavery activists The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) & the "Declaration of Sentiments" Gains made by women in the antebellum period (but still no vote) Utopian Movements in the Antebellum Period Over 40 Utopian societies emerge; part of the spirit of the age Robert Owen - New Harmony, Indiana (1825) Wealthy and idealistic textile manufacturer from Scotland 1000 people Brook Farm, Massachusetts (1841) Transcendentalist Experiment in “plain living and high thinking” Fails due to debt – inspires Hawthorne’s The Blithedale Romance. Oneida Colony, New York (1848) -- "Make Love, Not Silverware! Free love and birth control (coitus reservatus) Dabbles in eugenics Shakers Founded in 1770s – 6,000 members by 1840 Mother Ann Lee Marriage and sex prohibited: Shakers are virtually extinct by 1940 Reforms in Science and Needed Reforms in MedicineAmericans typically more interested in practical science & invention Americans interested in promoting safety, speed, and economy Jefferson’s inventions (the moldboard of least resistance: a better plow) Matthew Maury (oceanographer) – writes on ocean winds and currents Scientific advancements during antebellum period Professor s Benjamin Silliman; Louis Agassiz; Asa Gray John J. Audubon & Birds of America Medicine in antebellum America Public health poor Plagues common cholera epidemics, smallpox, yellow fever Substandard cures & doctors life expectancy 40 year for white males in 1850. Self prescribed patent medicines VII: Movements in Art and Literature American architecture Greek revivalism and Neo-Gothic structures Thomas Jefferson, Americas foremost architect American art Early portrait painters: Gilbert Stuart Charles Wilson Peale The Hudson River School -- landscape art Daugerrotypes Music "Darky" tunes & minstrel shows American literary movements Early literature: political essays & orations The Knickerbocker group: Washington Irving: Knickerbocker's History of New York (1809), The Sketchbook (1819-1820) James Fenimore Cooper: The Spy (1821); Leatherstocking Tales, Last of the Mohicans William Cullen Bryant: "Thanatopsis" (1817) The Transcendenalist Movement the philosophy of transcendentalism Truth transcends the senses; not accessible by observation alone Inner light in every person religious and social individualism (self-reliance) exaltation of the dignity of the individual Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walden: Or Life in the Woods (1854) On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849) (http://www2.cybernex.net/~rlenat/civil.html) Walt Witman Leaves of Grass (1855) Other Literary Voices Henry Wadsworth Longfellow "Evangeline", "The Courtship of Miles Standish" John Greenleaf Whittier James Russell Lowell Biglow Papers (1846) Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes "The Last Leaf" William Gilmore Simms Edgar Allen Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter (1850) Herman Melville Moby Dick (1851) American historians emerge (finally, the important stuff!) George Bancroft - "The Father of American History" William Prescott Francis Parkman Chapter Sixteen – The Ferment of Reform and Culture Biographical Terms General Terms Alexis de Tocqueville Edgar Allen Poe Second Great Awakening Deism Ralph Waldo Emerson Joseph Smith Unitarianism Hudson River School Elizabeth Cady Stanton Henry David Thoreau Seneca Falls Convention Susan B. Anthony Charles Grandison Finney "Declaration of Sentiments" Walt Whitman Brigham Young American Temperance Society Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville 'Henry Wadsworth Longfellow By 1850, what was still a regular ritual for three‑fourths of Americans? What were 2 tenets of Deism? (2 points) List 2 tenets of Unitarianism. (2 points List 3 effects of the Second Great Awakening. (3 points) What was a "camp meeting?" Who was the greatest of the revival preachers? Where was the "Burned Over District?" What religion did Joseph Smith found? Who took over for Joseph Smith after Smith was murdered? Where did the Mormons ultimately settle? If they remained uneducated, what might "other folkses brats" grow up to be? What were the three Rs? Who helped standardize the American language? Who designed the University of Virginia? Who founded Mount Holyoke Seminary? List 4 reform movements. What did Dorothea Dix work to reform? Who was the "Father of Prohibition?" In what 2 ways were women treated like slaves? List 4 women who campaigned for women's rights. What launched the women's rights movement? On what did Elizabeth Cady Stanton base her "Declaration of Sentiments?” List 3 utopian communities. What was the typical theme of American artists of the Hudson River School? Whose theories did the transcendentalists reject? What was the foremost doctrine of transcendentalism? Who was the best known of the transcendentalists? What did Emerson encourage American authors to do in his speech, "The American Scholar?" Who recorded his experiences of living on self‑support in Walden? List 2 people that Thoreau's essay, Civil Disobedience, influenced. Who wrote the collection of poems, Leaves of Grass? What 2 authors dealt with the conflict between good and evil in their work? Where did most early American historians come from and how did it affect American history? Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 160.05 Kb. Share with your friends:
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