Apush chapters 10-11 Review Guide Table of Contents
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- Table of Contents Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42 Chapter 10 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
- Chapter 10 Asides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-42 Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43-69
- Chapter 11 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-67 Chapter 11 Asides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-69
- Pgs. 259, 262-263
- Pgs. 264-266
- Pgs. 268-270
- Pgs. 271, 276-77
Table of Contents Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-42 Chapter 10 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 Chapter 10 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-37 Chapter 10 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37-41 Chapter 10 Asides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-42 Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43-69 Chapter 11 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43-58 Chapter 11 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-64 Chapter 11 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-67 Chapter 11 Asides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-69 CHAPTER 10 OUTLINE Pgs. 255-257 Setting the Stage South did not urbanize while north industrialized The American Population, 1820-1840 population increased rapidly and movement towards cities in the north and northwest grew more rapidly than Europe because of better public health low mortality rate and high birth rate, mothers on average had 6.15 kids many more kids lived to adulthood -low immigration in first decades but boomed later on due to lower transportation cost and economic opportunities huge surge of Irish Catholics agriculture wore out in northeast, causing movement to NE cities or the west NY grew large from its harbor position Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860 26% of people in free states lived in cities or towns in south urban population only grew from 6-14% (1840-1860) western agriculture supported urban growth Cincinnati, St. Louis, Pitt, Louisville grew off Mississippi River shipping lanes in Great Lakes: Detroit, Chicago, Buffalo, and Cleveland total population grew from 23 to 31 million in 1850s population larger than Great Britain and rivalling Germany and France Pgs. 259, 262-263 Surging Immigration and German and Irish Immigrants Many immigrants from Europe from 1840-1850 made the trip to the American country. Cities such as New York, St. Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee received a great deal of immigrants Few immigrants went to the South An overwhelming amount of these immigrants came from Germany and Ireland. People came from Germany because of the “economic dislocations” from the industrial revolution. These issues caused a great deal of poverty in the country. The collapse of the liberal revolution in 1848 was another reason to emigrate. Many of the German immigrants settled in the Northwest where they became farmers or went into business. Many Irish came from their country because of the Irish potato famine from 1845-1849. The Irish immigrants arrived with almost nothing so they settled in the eastern areas and they made the amount of unskilled laborers go up. The Rise of Nativism Some of the native born Americans welcomed the new amount of immigrants because the immigrants provided cheap labor. Political leaders in the West also wanted to bring in new immigrants to swell their population and increase their influence in the region. Wisconsin permitted foreign born residents to become voters as soon as they had declared their intention of seeking citizenship and had lived in the state for a year. Other western states followed its lead. Other Americans formed the idea of “nativism,” a defense of native born people and a hostility towards the foreign born people. They wished to slow or stop the immigration process. Many nativists argued that the immigrants were inferior to native born Americans. Some even compared the immigrants to the slaves of the country. Nativists also believed that foreigners were unable to live next to “older stock” people. Workers were angered because the immigrants were stealing jobs from hard working Americans natives. Protestants were wary of the influence of the Irish Catholics in America and warned of the growing influence of the pope in the country. Whigs were enraged because of the great amount of Democratic votes received from the immigrants. They also feared the immigrants would bring radical ideas to American politics. Secret Societies began to emerge to combat what they called the “alien menace”. Nativists formed the Native American Party in 1845 and other nativists formed the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner in 1850. The Supreme Order promoted a list of demands that banned Catholics or foreign-born people from holding public office, more restrictive naturalization laws, and literacy tests for voting. The “Know Nothings” also emerged in this time and these were people who were part of the Supreme Order and they used the password “I know nothing” to get into the secret lodges. Know Nothings directed their attention to the elections of 1854 and formed a political party known as the American Party. They had a great deal of success in the East and took control of the state government in Massachusetts but after 1854 their power declined. Transportation, Communications, and Technology Progress in the transportation area would allow the United States to improve communication and trade across the expanding country. The Canal Age During the turnpike era (1790-1820s), Americans relied on the newly built roads to commute across the country. Americans sought a new pathway to travel and trade and they found an answer: canals. The larger rivers in the region had been important transportation routes for years but they provided problems for flat barges. The emergence of steamboats allowed for people to travel upstream and trade increased greatly. New Orleans became a very important trade center for the United States. Pgs. 264-266 The Canal Age Need for canals because farmers from West paid more to transfer goods and people in East paid more to purchase them. Canals would allow farmers to send goods cheaper and therefore let Eastern consumers buy them for cheaper. Although sending goods via highways on the ground worked better, the price was still too high to ship some necessary goods. Canals 4 horses could haul one and a half tons of goods 18 miles a day on the turnpikes. Same 4 horses walking along towpaths of canals could draw a boatload of 100 tons 24 miles per day. This opportunity granted interest in canal building. Canal building left to the states because it was too expensive for private businesses. First state to act was New York. Erie Canal Approved by governed De Witt Clinton in 1817, digging began on July 4, 1817. Great success, tolls covered the cost to build in 7 years. Opened up trade between East and emerging western cities. Led several other Eastern cities to attempt to build canals to keep up with New York. The Early Railroads Railroads emerged even before the height of the canal age. Result of several inventions Invention of tracks Steam powered locomotives Railroad cars that could hold either passengers or freight. In 1804, John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars around a circular track at his New Jersey Estate. In 1825, the Stockton and Darlington Railroad Company in England opened a small track and started to carry general traffic. Interest grows in the new idea Interest especially grows in Northeastern cities who desire to communicate with the West. Baltimore and Ohio ran train through a 13 mile stretch in 1830, the first company to begin operations in America Mohawk and Hudson ran trains between Schenectady and Albany in 1831 More than 1000 miles of track in 11 states by 1836 Issues with the Railroads Usually only used to connect two water routes Different lines often were different widths so cars from one line couldn’t fit into another Schedules were erratic, so wrecks were frequent Led to a competition between canals and Railroads Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company blocked the expansion of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad The state of New York prohibited railroads from hauling freight in completion with the Erie Canal and its branches The Triumphs of the Rails After 1840, railroads were dominant modes of transport. 2818 miles of track in 1840; 9021 miles of track in 1840 Northeast had twice the amount of track as west and four times that of the south Consolidation- Connecting shorter lines to become smaller lines. Railroads took West’s dependence on the Mississippi River away, wherefore weakening their connection with the south. Funding of the Railroads Paid for by private investors, states, counties, cities, and towns, all eager to have railroads serve them Federal government provided assistance in the form of public land grants Stephen Douglas convinced Congress to grant federal lands to aid the Illinois Central build a railroad from Chicago the Gulf of Mexico By 1860, Congress gave over 30 million acres to 11 states to assist railroad construction Innovations in Communications and Journalism Telegraph was critical to the railroad Placed along the tracks, connecting one station to another The telegraph. Tied the nation together but also reinforced the schism between the north and south Telegraph lines far more common in the north than the south Created by Samuel Morse, who sent a message from Baltimore to DC about the nomination of Polk More than 50000 miles of wire by 1860 Pacific telegraph between New York and San Francisco Formed one big company, the Western Union Telegraph Company New forms of Journalism In 1846, Richard Hoe invented the steam cylinder rotary press, which allowed newspapers to be mass produced In 1846, newspapers around the nation formed the Associated Press to promote cooperative news gathering by wire. Newspaper sprouted in Northeast Horace Greeley’s Tribune James Gordon’s Herald Henry Raymond’s Times Gave attention to national and international events. Pgs. 268-270 Commerce and Industry By the middle years of the 19th century, the U.S. had developed the beginnings of a modern capitalist economy and advanced industrial capacity Create large wealth in all areas of the country Some classes benefitted more than others The Expansion of Business 1820-1840 American business grew rapidly partly because of the population growth and transportation revolution Also because of daring/imaginative generation of entrepreneurs whose wealth allowed for lifestyles of “conspicuous consumption” Important change to retail distribution of goods Ex: large cities: stores specialized in groceries, dry goods, and hardware Small towns: depended on general stores (no specialized) Organization of business also changing: Individuals/partnerships continued to operate most businesses Dominate figures = North East Merchants Some larger businesses however were made corporations or individual ownership Corporations began to develop rapidly in the 1830s After legal obstacles were removed 1830s: states began to pass general incorporation laws Made it simpler/easier to secure a charter for a corporation New laws also permitted system of limited liability Meant stockholders risked only the value of their investments if the corp. should go down They were not liable for the corp.’s larger losses as they were in the past Rise in new corps. Made it possible to accumulate greater amounts of funds Allowed for larger manufacturing and business enterprises Investment alone still couldn’t meet the demand of the most ambitious businesses Relied on credit, which created dangerous instability Credit mechanics remained very crude Government alone could issue official currency Thus too little of it to support growing demand of credit Under pressure of corporations, many banks began to issue large amounts of bank notes Unofficial currency and was very unstable These bank notes had only the value to the degree that the bank could maintain public confidence in its value As a result bank failures were frequent and bank deposits were insecure The difficulty of obtaining credit for business investments remained an impediment to economic growth The Emergence of the Factory most profound development in the mid-19th century Before the War of 1812, cottage industry was responsible for most of the manufacturing gradually improved technology and increasing demand produced a fundamental change First came to the New England textile industry their larger machines were employed with the help of water power allowed them to bring textile operations together under one roof caused the factory system to spread rapidly in the 1820s destroyed the cottage industry factories also penetrated the shoe industry — centralized in E Massachusetts Shoes were still largely handmade at this point manufacturers began to employ specialized workers in one or another of the various tastes involved in production some factories began producing large quantities of identical shoes undetermined size and without distinction of Left or Right 1830s factory production spreading from the textiles and shoes into other industries also out of New England but also other areas of the North East 1840-1860 dramatic growth of American industry as a result of that by 1860 the value of manufactured goods was approximately equal to that of the agricultural products for the first time the vast majority of the factories were located in the North East 2/3 of the nations manufactured goods 72% of the manufactured workers in the U.S. were in the North East and Mid-Atlantic states Advances of Technology even the most highly developed industries were still immature by later standards ex: cotton — U.S. produced coarse grade goods, while Great Britain produced fine items however, machine technology advanced more rapidly in the U.S than any other country economy growing so rapidly rewards of technological innovations were so great by 1830s: American technology was so advanced (particularly in textiles) that industrialists from Great Britain and Europe traveled to the U.S. to learn new techniques the manufacturing of machine tools (tools to make machine parts) was an important contribution research and development was backed by the government and often in connection with the military ex: Government Armory in Springfield, Mass. developed two important tools 1) turret lathe: used for cutting metal parts 2) universal milling machine: replaced hand chiseling of parts precision grind machine designed to help Army produce standard rifles in the 1850s Federal Armories became the breeding ground for technological discovers magnet for craftsmen/factory owners looking for ideas they could use By 1840s machine tools in the North East were better than most in Europe Interchangeable parts: introduced in other industries created by Eli Whitney and Simeon North to gun factories would revolutionize watch/clock making, manufacturing of locomotives/steam engines, and making of many farm tools paved the way for the eventual automobile new sources of energy introduced coal replacing wood and water as fuel for factories mined around Pittsburgh and West Pennsylvania made it possible to locate mills away from running streams and thus permitted industry to expand more widely American investors responsible of great technological advances 1830: 544 patented inventions — 1860: 4,778 ex: 1839, Charles Goodyear, a New England hardware merchant, discovered a method of vulcanizing rubber by 1860 there were over 500 that had helped to create the major American Rubber industry 1846: Elias Howe constructed a sewing machine, which Isaac Singer improved the Howe-Singer machine was soon being used to manufacture ready to wear clothing Even with all the advancement, most of the American industry still relied on water power (1820s) the 1st important factories in New England towns emerged where they did because they were able to harness the power of natural waterfalls that could be channeled sometimes factories had to close in the winter because the rivers froze this was one reason factory owners began to look for an alternative source of power led them (late 1830s) to rely more on steam power and other transportable sources — wood and coal Men and Women at Work: manufacturers relied on the support of labor despite the advances in technology 1820s and 30s: factory labor was primarily native born population 1840s: immigrant population became an important source of workers Recruiting A Native Workforce: not an easy task 90% of Americans in the 1820s still lived/worked on farms urban residents: many skilled workers who have good and stable jobs unskilled workers: not numerous enough beginnings of an industrial labor supply came from the transformation of agriculture in the 19th century (3 things) opening of vast and fertile farmlands in the Midwest improvements in transportation development of new farm machinery all combined to increase food production dramatically new farming methods were less labor intensive and required less workers in the West than in the less fertile North East no longer did each region have to feed itself entirely from its own farms as a result farmers in infertile East began to abandon the relatively unprofitable industry In the North East, especially New England, where poor lands had always placed harsh limits on productivity, rural people began leaving the land to work in the factories Pgs. 271, 276-77 Recruiting a Native Workforce In the 1820’s, 90% of Americans lived and worked on farms who weren’t likely to choose to work in factories Food production drastically increased due to the opening of fertile new farmlands in the Midwest, the improvement of transportation systems, and the development of new farm machinery Regions no longer had to feed themselves from their own farms, but could instead import food from other regions. This allowed farmers in the Northeast to leave their relatively unprofitable farming areas and work in factories There were 2 systems of recruitment to bring the new labor supply to the expanding textile mills Bring whole families from the farm to the mill Enlist young women This was known as the Lowell or Waltham System Labor conditions in the early years of the factory system were relatively good Women who were in the Lowell System lived in clean boardinghouses and dormitories, were well fed and carefully supervised, were paid wages that were generous by the standards of the time, and were given sufficient free time. Women had enough time to write and publish a monthly magazine: the Lowell Offering Despite relatively good working conditions, workers found the transition from farm life to factory work difficult The Lowell System did survive long Manufacturers found it difficult to maintain the high living standards and the attractive working conditions they started with in the competitive textile market Wages declined, the work hours increased, and the conditions of boardinghouses deteriorated The mill workers in Lowell organized a union in 1834 called the Factory Girls Association This union staged a strike to protest a 25% wage cut Two years later, this union struck against a rent increase in the boardinghouses Both of these strikes failed and a recession in 1837 virtually destroyed the organization 8 years later, the militant Sarah Bagley led the Lowell women and created the Female Labor Reform Association They demanded a ten-hour day and improvements in conditions in the mills This organization also turned to the state government and asked for legislative investigation of conditions in the mills The Immigrant Workforce The quickly increasing supply of immigrant workers after 1840 was a boom to manufacturers and other entrepreneurs They now had access to a source of labor that was large and inexpensive These immigrants typically encountered worse working conditions than women Construction gangs made up mainly of Irish immigrants performed heavy work on turnpikes, canals and railroads The wages they received were so low, they couldn’t support their families in minimal comfort The arrival of Irish workers increased the deterioration of working conditions in New England There was less social pressure on owners to provide a decent environment for Irish workers than there was for native women Employers began paying piece rates (wages tied to how much a worker produced) and employed other devices to speed up production and use the labor force more profitably and efficiently The town of Lowell, which was once a model for foreign visitors of enlightened industrial development, became a slum by the mid 1840’s Conditions in most American factory towns weren’t as bad as those in England and Europe Factories were becoming large, noisy, unsanitary, and dangerous places to work The average workday was extending to 12, sometimes 14 hours Wages declined; male workers could earn $4-10 a week, unskilled laborers could earn $1-6 a week, and women and children earned less than most men The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition Skilled artisans suffered from the transition to the modern factory system Skilled artisans valued their independence and the stability and relative equality within their economic world The factory system threatened that world with obsolescence Some artisans made successful transitions into small-scale industry, but others found themselves unable to compete with the new factory-made goods that sold for much less than the artisans’ prices To fight competition from industrial capitalists, craftsmen began in the early 19th century to form workingmen’s political parties and the first American labor unions They formed these organizations to protect their endangered positions and to resist the new economic order Professions that participated in this included printer, cordwainers, carpenters, joiners, masons, plasterers, hatters, and shipbuilders In prominent cities such as Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and New York, the skilled works of each craft formed societies for mutual aid These craft societies began to combine on a citywide basis and set up central organizations known as trade unions in the 1820s and 1830s With the widening of markets, the economies of cities were interconnected, giving advantages to workers who joined forces Workers established national unions or federations of local ones The National Trades’ Union was formed in 1834 by delegates from six cities In 1836, the printers and cordwainers set up their own national craft unions The early craft union movement fared poorly Labor leaders struggled against the handicap of hostile laws and hostile courts The common law viewed the combination among works as an illegal conspiracy The Panic of 1837 further weakened the movement Directory: 2015 2015 -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 2015 -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d 2015 -> Police Militarization 2015 -> Medical Radiography Program 2015 -> 2015 ihbb championships: hs history Bowl Round 4 – Prelims First Quarter 2015 -> Desk review yemen 2015 -> Wrtp/big step · 3841 W. 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