Apush chapters 10-11 Review Guide Table of Contents

• 
  In 1834, delegates from six cities founded the National Trades’ Union; And in 1836, the printers and the cordwainers set up their own national craft unions.
  
• 
  This Union however, struggled against hostile laws and courts which viewed it as an illegal conspiracy; Panic of 1837 created recession which weakened the movement too
  
• 
  Fighting for Control
  
  • 
    Workers attempted to influence legislatures to pass laws that would set a maximum workday
    
  • 
    New Hampshire in 1847 then Pennsylvania in 1848 passed 10 hour laws
    
  • 
    Laws allowed for “express contracts” which would allow workers to stay longer
    
    • 
      Companies forced people to sign these contracts to be hired
      
  • 
    Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania passed laws regulating child labor easily tread around by persuading parents to let children work longer
    
• 
  Commonwealth v. Hunt Massachusetts
  
  • 
    1842; declared that unions were lawful organizations and the strike was a lawful weapon
    
  • 
    Unions still ineffective due to people not joining or lack of numbers to hold effective strikes
    
  • 
    Artisan and skilled worker unions protected members by restricting admission to the trades
    
  • 
    New unions: National Typographical Union 1852, Stone Cutters 1853, Hat Finishers 1854,
    
  • 
    Molders and Machinists both in 1859
    
  • 
    Most unions excluded women
    
    • 
      By 1850s women began to establish their own protective unions, but lacked the power to negotiate with employers like male counterparts.
      
  • 
    In England, workers were becoming more powerful and often violent political forces.
    
  • 
    Flood of immigrant laborers into US inhibited growth of labor resistance as they were willing to work for lower wages. Led to resentments towards immigrants instead of employers.
    
• 
  “Free Labor”
  
  • 
    Despite bad conditions workers valued their freedom, considering themselves “sovereign individuals” they could at least make choices and change their lives
    
  • 
    Philosophers argued that the “independency of the individual” required people to escape the market economy and find freedom in solitude and nature-transcendentalism
    
  • 
    Conditions for poor northerners were often worse than slaves, but they found pride in ability to leave jobs if they wanted, move to new areas, and seek new opportunities
    
    • 
      Many fear slavery threatened the jobs of free laborers and was the antithesis of freedom
      
  • 
    More than 200,000 free blacks living in the north, not considered legal citizens
    
• 
  Patterns of Industrial Society
  
  • 
    The Rich and the Poor
    
  • 
    The industrial growth elevated the average income of the American people
    
    • 
      Slaves, Native Americans, landless farmers, and many unskilled laborers shared in hardly any of this economic growth
      
  • 
    In the Revolutionary Era 45% of the wealth was concentrated in 10% of the population, by 1860, 5% of families possessed more than 50% of the wealth
    
  • 
    In Philadelphia, 1% possessed more than half the wealth, Boston: 4% had more than 65%
    
  • 
    In cities, there was then enough rich people to develop a distinct culture of wealth
    
    • 
      Looked for ways to display extravagance: mansions, carriages, goods, clothes, etc.
      
    • 
      New York particularly developed an extremely elaborate high society, they attempted to be like London and Paris; they wanted to build a park to make a new rich district and display wealth
      
    • 
      Landscape architects Frederick Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed a vast part of Manhattan into Central Park, one of the largest and most elegant in America
      
  • 
    There was also a large population of destitute people developing in urban centers; they were homeless and relied on charity or crime for survival
    
    • 
      This group was referred to as “Paupers”: often recent immigrants, widows/orphans, alcoholics, mentally ill, others victims of prejudice Irish
      
    • 
      In particular free blacks were by far the worst off group; They either had menial jobs or no jobs, they couldn’t vote, attend public schools, or use public services. Still proud of some level of freedom.
      

• 
  SOCIAL MOBILITY
  
  • 
    Relative economic position of American Workers declining but better working conditions
    
  • 
    working conditions in American factories were greater than those in European farms
    
    • 
      Ate better, had access to more goods, etc.
      
  • 
    Not always, but enough workers were able to grow rich through work
    
  • 
    this small amount encouraged others
    
    • 
      more often workers would move up somewhat, but not to riches, from unskilled to skilled
      
• 
  More common than social was geographic mobility
  
  • 
    tons of land available to the public in the 1840s and 50s
    
  • 
    some workers saved up to move west and farm, but many didn't know how to farm or were too poor
    
  • 
    saw workers moving from one industrial city to another
    
    • 
      sometimes victims of layoffs looking for new jobs
      
  • 
    Politics was something that workers became enthusiastic about
    
    • 
      for white males their votes seemed to actually help and impact their society
      
• 
  MIDDLE CLASS LIFE
  
  • 
    Fast growing middle class due to industrial jobs and commercial economy growing
    
  • 
    People could own shops, administer organizations, etc.
    
  • 
    Before, there was those with no land (almost peasants) and those with land (gentry)
    
    • 
      Now that commerce and industry are growing, means land isn't the only way to make money
      
    • 
      these borders start to break down
      
  • 
    Middle Class people start to have solid homes that they own themselves, like the rich
    
    • 
      Artisans start to become renters, a new concept
      
• 
  New Household Inventions
  
  • 
    Iron Stove, replaced fireplace for cooking
    
    • 
      allowed for several things to be cooked at once, used wood or coal
      
  • 
    Diets become better due to stoves, diversification of American agriculture, and ability of farmers to ship their goods to urban markets in different regions
    
  • 
    Fruits and Vegetables hard to ship, but meats, grains, and dairy was more easily obtained
    
  • 
    Ice boxes started to become a thing for middle or upper-class families
    
    • 
      not everyone had refrigeration, salt and sugar were used to preserve
      
    • 
      people were much stouter than now due to diets
      
• 
  Growing Class Distinctions
  
  • 
    Middle Class tried to differentiate themselves from workers and artisans, who were below them
    
    • 
      more decorated and furnished, goods from factories were more accessible
      
  • 
    carpets, curtains, wallpaper, Victorian and baroque styles
    
  • 
    Houses were larger, had parlors dining rooms, some had indoor plumbing
    
    • 
      outdoor privies remained common for working class
      
• 
  THE CHANGING FAMILY
  
  • 
    Changes due to industrialization in the North, people move to urban cities rather than farms and value jobs over land
    
  • 
    In farms, patriarchal society where father would decide land distribution
    
    • 
      now, sons and daughters went out to find work as well
      
  • 
    Incoming earning leaves the home and goes into shops, factories, etc.
    
  • 
    family farms, shops and industries had been the norm in the US, family worked together on them and shared jobs
    
• 
  Declining Economic Role of the Family
  
  • 
    Farming goes towards Northwest, farms get larger to produce more
    
  • 
    owners start to need family less, hire male workers who took the jobs of the family members
    
    • 
      farm women start to cook, dairy, sew, garden
      
    • 
      less heavy labor tasks that made less income
      
  • 
    Industrial economies, people leave home each day to work elsewhere, family doesn't make money together but separately
    
  • 
    now family life in these areas consisted of housekeeping, ran by women
    
• 
  Falling Birth Rates
  
  • 
    1800, average of 7 children per woman, 1860 average of 5
    
    • 
      less babies mostly in industrial and urban families
      
  • 
    contraception is used more often, abortion rates rise possible as high as 20%
    
  • 
    abstinence is also much more common
    
• 
  WOMEN OF THE "CULT OF DOMESTICITY"
  
  • 
    Very different social roles for men and women now
    
    • 
      before, women had very little rights, fathers the head of families, divorces were very hard to obtain for women
      
  • 
    wife beating was rarely illegal, husbands general had absolute authority
    
• 
  Female Education
  

• 
  Women had much less access, although encouraged to attend elementary but not higher education
  
• 
  Oberlin was the first college to permit female students
  
  • 
    enrolled 4 females in 1837, despite criticism saying there would be "free love"
    
  • 
    few places shared their views, coeducation is very rare
    
• 
  New Roles for Women
  
  • 
    Guardians of "Domestic Virtues"
    
    • 
      took care of children, more central to the family than before
      
  • 
    more strong companions and helpers to the husbands of the family
    
  • 
    Not only important as wives but as consumers
    
    • 
      kept homes clean and comfortable, entertained guests and dressed well
      

• 
  Development of female culture
  
  • 
    Women formed social networks (Female clubs and associations for various reforms)
    
  • 
    Feminine literature: Godey’s Lady’s Book (Sarah Hale). Focused on fashions, shopping, and homemaking advice. Excluded religion
    
  • 
    The new female sphere expressed certain qualities that made women in some ways superior to men
    
    • 
      “Cult of domesticity”- Brought benefits and costs to middle-class women. Allowed them to live greater material lives and place higher value on “female virtues”. Also left women increasingly detached from the public world
      

• 
  Married women ceased to work, but unmarried women needed a source of income
  
  • 
    Some became teachers or nurses, but others relied on family generosity, governesses for children, or companions for widows as their source of income
    
  • 
    Working-class women worked in factories and mills under bad conditions.
    
    • 
      Domestic service
      

• 
  For most people, Sunday was the only day off from work and was generally reserved for religion. No commercial business on Sundays
  
  • 
    Holidays were of importance to the working and middle class. Fourth of July was an expression of Patriotism
    
    • 
      Rural Areas- Erratic pattern of farm work was different than the work schedules of city residents
      
    • 
      Urban Areas- Men gathered in taverns; Women gathered in one another’s homes
      
  • 
    Reading was popular for the educated people. Newspapers, magazines, books, histories, autobiographies, biographies, etc. became popular.
    
    • 
      “Sentimental Novel”-Genre of fiction specific to females. Idealized women’s lives and romances.
      

• 
  Theaters became popular for public leisure
  
  • 
    Many theaters attracted audiences from all social classes
    
  • 
    Minstrel Shows- white actors mimicked black culture
    
  • 
    Public sporting events- boxing, horse-racing, cockfighting, baseball
    
  • 
    Circus was an exciting event in many communities (some circuses had roots in the Middle Ages)
    

• 
  Provider of things to amaze and frighten people
  
  • 
    Opened American Museum in NYC. Museum was a freak show populated by midgets (most famously Thomas Thumb), Siamese twins, magicians, ventriloquist
    
  • 
    Posters and newspaper announcements were used for publicity
    
  • 
    Barnum also used fascinating lectures
    
    • 
      Lectures were popular entertainment; Messages of social uplift and reform attracted women
      

• 
  Agriculture was becoming important to the new capitalist economy
  
  • 
    Northeastern Agriculture saw a decline and transformation. Decline caused by farmers not being able to compete with farmers in the Northwest
    
    • 
      Some eastern farmers moved west, or to mill towns, but others turned to supplying food to eastern urban centers and cities
      
  • 
    Dairy Farming was a result of growing cities. Half of dairy products came from the east and most of the rest came from Ohio
    
  • 
    As the importance of agriculture declined, the rural population declined.
    

• 
  Steady Industrial Growth
  
  • 
    Industrial and commercial area along Lake Erie, with Cleveland at its center
    
  • 
    Ohio River Valley-Manufacturing region with the meatpacking city of Cincinnati at the center.
    
  • 
    Chicago was becoming the national center of agricultural machinery
    
  • 
    Industry was much less important to the Northwest than farming
    

• 
  Northeastern Agriculture
  
  • 
    After 1840 decline and transformation- farmers couldn’t compete with new rich soil of Northwest.
    
  • 
    Rural population declined.
    
    • 
      Some farmers moved west for new farms, others moved to mill towns and became laborers.
      
    • 
      Others turned to providing eastern urban centers vegetables, fruit, profitable dairy products
      
• 
  The Old Northwest
  
  • 
    Some industry (more than in South), industrial growth, before Civil War- much served agriculture or relied on agricultural products
    
  • 
    Lands from urban centers primarily agricultural, owned by workers. Rising world farm prices gave incentive for commercial agriculture: growing single crop for market, international market for American food
    
  • 
    Growth of factories + cities increased demand for farm goods. Northwest farmers sold most goods to people in Northeast + dependent on their purchasing power, Eastern industry found market for products in prosperous West
    
  • 
    To expand production Western expansion into prairie regions during 1840s/50s, new farm techniques and inventions used- John Deere’s steel plow
    
  • 
    Automatic reaper by Cyrus McCormick + thresher revolutionized grain production
    
  • 
    NW democracy based on defense of economic freedom and rights of property
    
• 
  Rural Life
  
  • 
    Religion powerful force drawing farm communities together. Also joined together to share tasks difficult for single family (such as barn raising)
    
  • 
    Rural life not always isolated, but less contact w/ popular culture and public social life than in towns and cities. Cherished farm life autonomy
    

One reason for the growth was improvements in public health. The number of epidemics were declining, along with the nation’s mortality rate. There was also a high birth rate, which helped the population grow. Immigration also played a role starting in the 1830s.

The growth of the population began to settle in cities. The population skyrocketed from 1820-1840 and rapid urbanization began to take place.

The rise of NYC was partly a result of its superior natural harbor. It was also a result of the Erie Canal, which gave the city access to the interior, and of liberal state laws that made the city attractive for commerce.

German and Irish immigrants came in large numbers to the United States during this period. Irish immigrants swelled in the ranks of unskilled labor and German immigrants became farmers or went into business in the Western towns.

Some people were angered by immigrants coming over. Nativism is a defense of native-born people and a hostility towards foreigners. Democrats attracted most immigrant voters.

Nativists viewed the growing foreign population with alarm. They argued that the new immigrants were inherently inferior to older Americans. They created a number of secret societies to combat the “alien menace.”

Farmers would pay less to transport their goods if they could ship them directly eastward to market, rather than by the roundabout river-sea route. The cost of using lakes and rivers was too high.

Americans used railroads to overcome the geographical limitations on water travel. They emerged from a combination of technological and entrepreneurial innovations. They became the primary transportation system for the US.

The ambitious state governments of the Northeast took the lead in constructing them. New York began digging for the Erie Canal which would provide a route to the Great Lakes and gave access to the city of Chicago.

Railroads emerged from a combination of technological and entrepreneurial innovations. The technological breakthroughs included the invention of tracks. The creation of steam-powered locomotives and the development of railroad cars that could serve as public carriers of passengers and freight. Railroads could go places other forms of transportation couldn’t.

Canals and the invention of steamboats were major innovations as it allowed goods and information to reach places quicker and cheaper. The telegram also emerged at this time which made information more easily available. Newspapers became more readily available because of the rotary press.

Corporations began to develop in the 1830s, when laws were passed that made corporations easier to form. A system called limited liability emerged which meant stockholders risked losing only the value of their own investment if a corporation should fail, and that they were not liable for the corporation’s larger losses. Banks at this time began to give out bank notes since credit was scares. Products began being massed produce, like shoes, and factory began using machines with interchangeable parts. Coal began to replace water and food as fuel. All these things made products cheaper and more available for Americans.

Technology helped to produce goods quicker, easier and cheaper. Patents for inventions skyrocketed during this period because inventors kept on creating new things to make factories more efficient.

Improved technology and increasing demand produced a change from private workshops or the cottage industry to factories. Manufactured became a major industry, especially in the north. It began to rival agriculture in total value produced in the United States. This helped the U.S develop because now people didn't need to rely on imports and gave people more job opportunities.

Technology helped to produce good more efficiently and ingenuity kept on adding to these inventions. Ingenuity also helped factories run longer and gave factories smarter business plans like investing or gaining capital.

The merchant capitalists were the business men with all the money. Using their capital, they paved the way for the creation of factories and things being massed produce. Industrial capitalist differ from merchant capitalist because merchant capitalist are usually the sole owners but industrial might form a cooperation and get people to invest in their business ventures. This caused more wealth to be had.

Textile mills would recruit women. The Lowell system was seen as a great working environment compared to the European factories, but the women had to work long, tedious jobs. The breakdown was caused by the decline of wages and working and living conditions.

The women were mostly farmers' daughters in their earlier twenties. Their conditions were much better than the Europeans. These women had to adjust to tedious work days and living in a new environment. Many women became lonely and disoriented.