B bábi, Tibor



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Báthory, Prince István (Stephen) (Somlyó, now Sumuleu, Romania, 27 September 1533 - Grodno, Poland 22 December 1586) – He was elected Reigning Prince of Transylvania (Erdély, now Romania) in 1571, and King of Poland in 1575. Following his studies at the University of Padua, Italy, he became a page at the court of Ferdinand I, and later a confidant to Queen Isabella and János (John) II (John Sigismund), King of Hungary and Prince of Transylvania. In 1564 he was made Captain of Várad (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania). Between 1563 and 1565 he was an envoy to Emperor Ferdinand I, who interned him for two years. The Parliament elected him Ruling Prince of Transylvania on 25 May 1571, and he fought against the Habsburg expansion. After the Jagello House died out, the Polish Estates elected and crowned him as King of Poland in Krakow in 1576, and Reigning Prince of Lithuania as well. He proved to be an exceptional choice. He strengthened the country financially, kept Polish freedom intact, regained occupied lands from the Russians, and reinforced its bundaries. Although a foreigner, he controlled external affairs, reformed the army, the economy, the judicial system and the administrative structure. He selected capable assistants from amongst the Poles and utilized his experience in governing Transylvania to obtain effective counselors. In Polish history he is noted as an excellent commander. He defeated Ivan the Terrible of Russia, made favorable peace with Russia, and repelled a German attack. He is regarded as a bright light in Polish history, despite his short reign. He did not renounce his office as Reigning Prince of Transylvania; instead he installed a governor in his place. The more important foreign affairs issues were handled through the Transylvanian Chancellery in the Polish capital. He also planned a Polish-Hungarian-Transylvanian Alliance that would have forced both the Habsburg and Turkish powers to draw back; but due to his untimely death, this was not to be realized. He was buried in Krakow. The Poles regard him as one of their greatest kings. – B: 0883, 1122, 1257, 1445, T: 3312.→Izabella, Queen; János II, King; Békés, Gáspár; Poland, Hungarians in; Polish-Hungarian Personal Union; Lithuania, Hungarians in; Báthory, Prince Zsigmond.

Báthory, Prince Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Várad, now Nagyvárad/Oradea, Romania, 20 March 1572 - Libochovice, Bohemia, [German Libochowitz], now the Czech Republic, 27 March 1613) – Prince of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He was nephew of the great Báthory, Prince István (Stephen) (1533-1586). He was elected prince in his father's Kristóf (Christopher) lifetime. He was quite young at his fater’s death and the governance was entrusted to a Regency. In 1588 he beame ruler and, following the advice of his councillor Alfonso Carillo, Báthory abandoned the traditional policy of Transylvania, i. e. the friendly relation with the Turkish Porta in order to counterbalance the ever hostile influence of the Habsburgs, and joined the league of Christian princes against the Turks. This radical change of policy prompted a part of the estates to depose Báthory at the Diet of Torda. Ultimately Báthory got the upper hand and executed all his opponents (1595). Initially Báthory won specacular victories. In 1595 he subdued Wallachia and defeated the army of Sinan Pasha. The turning-point of his career was his separation from his wife, the Archduchess Christina of Austria in 1599, and his abdication as ruler of Transylvania in the same year. However, before all that, he offered the throne of Transylvania to the Emperor Rudolph II of Austria in exchange for the Duchy of Oppeln. However, in the following year, with an army of Poles and Cossacks, he attempted to recover his throne, but was defeated by Mihály (Michael), Voivode of Moldavia, at Suceava. Surprisingly, in 1601, the Diet of Kolzsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) reinstated him, but again he was driven out by Mihály, never to return. Thereafter he lived in Prague. Báthory's unpredictable and contradictory policy left Transylvania in ruins. – B: 1222, 1031, T: 7103.→Báthory, Prince István; Báthory, Prince András.

Báthy, Anna (Anette Stampf) (Beregszász, now Berehove in Carpatho-Ukraine, 13 June 1901 - Budapest, 14 May 1962) – Opera singer (soprano). Between the years 1927 and 1930 she sang at the City Theater (Városi Színház), Budapest and was a member of the Opera House (Operaház), Budapest between 1930 and 1958; in 1955 she became a life member. She made numerous guest appearances in most major opera houses of Europe; was also a noted Lieder singer, especially outstanding in the interpretation of the songs of Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály. Her main roles were Donna Anna in Mozart’s Don Giovanni; Elsa in Wagner’s Lohengrin; Leonore in Beethoven’s Fidelio, and the Empress in Kodály’s Háry János. She was a recipient of the Kossuth Prize and the Outstanding Artist title. – B: 0883, 1178, 1445, T: 7617.→Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán.

Batizi, András (Andrew) (? Batiz, Transylvania, now Romania, circa 1515 - after 1546) – Lutheran preacher and songwriter. He worked as a schoolteacher in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) Sátoraljaújhely and Szikszó. He studied at the University of Wittenberg, Germany (1542) and became a Lutheran preacher in Tokaj, Hungary in 1545. He was one of the earliest propagators of the Reformation movement in Hungary. In the early 1540s he wrote the first evangelical catechism, and between 1530 and 1546, composed 10 songs in the spirit of the Reformation. A powerful interpretation of the 44th Psalm is one of the earliest Psalm adaptations, a moving allusion that portrays the sufferings of the Hungarian people under Turkish oppression. He wrote one of his most popular compositions the Song on Marriage (A házasságról való ének) in 1546. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7684.

Bátky, Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Kocs, 5 January 1874 - Budapest, 28 August 1939) – Ethnographer. He completed his high school and university studies in Budapest, majoring in geography. At a young age he was employed at the Ethnographic Department of the Hungarian National Museum, where he worked for a few years. In 1922 he became the director of the Ethnographic Museum. In the work entitled Ethnography of Hungary (Magyarország néprajza) he was the author of the chapters on Nutrition, Building Activities, Heating, and Mechanizations (1905). He published in 1906 his work Guide to the Organization of Ethnographic Museums (Útmutató néprajzi múzeumok szervezésére), ever since widely used as a handbook. Especially significant are his researches carried out in the field of popular building activities. His works include On the Origin of the Hungarian Home (A magyar ház eredetéhez) (essay, 1930); Kocs and Tekevár (Kocs és Tekevár) (study, 1926); and Das ungarische Bauernhaus (The Hungarian Peasant House) in: Ungarische Jahrbücher (Hungarian Yearbooks) (1938). His lifework considerably contributed to the rise of Hungarian ethnographic work to European level. To his memory the Hungarian Ethnographic Society and the people of the township of Kocs placed a memorial tablet on the wall of the local school in 1984. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Viski, Károly.

Batsányi, János (John) (Tapolca, 9 May 1763 - Linz, Austria, 12 May 1845) – Poet. He studied at Keszthely, Veszprém and Sopron. While a law student in Pest (1784-1786) he tutored at Lőrinc (Lawrence) Orczy’s family, where his literary life began. He became a civil servant at the Hungarian Treasury in 1787. Together with Ferenc (Francis) Kazinczy and Dávid Baróti Szabó, he created the first Hungarian-language literary periodical, the Hungarian Museum (Magyar Museum) (1788-1792). In it he published his revolutionary poem, On the Changes in France (A franciaországi változásokra) in 1789. Owing to his progressive attitude he lost his position in 1793. While he was secretary to Miklós (Nicholas) Forgách, Lord Lieutenant of County Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia), he was arrested on 11 November 1794 for his part in the Hungarian Jacobite Movement. He was sentenced to a one-year imprisonment in the Castle of Kufstein, Austria. He was freed on 23 April 1796. He settled in Vienna, where he worked for a financial firm. He founded the Magyar (Hungarian) Minerva series. In 1809 he participated in the drafting of Napoleon’s proclamation to the Hungarians, when he occupied Vienna. Upon the withdrawal of Napoleon’s forces from Vienna, Batsányi moved to France and lived in Paris from 1809 on Napoleon’s civil-list pension. The Austrian police arrested him after the fall of Napoleon. At first he was in captivity in Spielberg and was interned for life; then, from 1816, together with his wife, in Linz. As the first notable Hungarian representative of political lyrics, the pugnacious and cultured plebeian poet lived a large part of his life cut off from Hungarian literary circles. Striving for the reform of the nobility as well as favoring the German influence he was an important lyric poet of the Hungarian enlightenment era. The elegies he wrote in Kufstein are most outstanding. His poetic works include Poems of János Batsányi (Batsányi János versei) (1827). His prose was published in 1960-1961. He was a regular member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1843). – B: 0883, T: 7456.→Baróti Szabó, Dávid; Kazinczy, Ferenc; Kölcsey, Ferenc; Besse, János, Károly; Nagyváthy, János; Martinovics, Ignác; Jacobites in Hungary.

Batta, György (George) (Rimaszombat, now Rimavská Sobota, Slovakia, 10 January 1943 - ) – Hungarian poet, writer, playwright in Slovakia. He graduated from the High School of Tornalja in 1959, and obtained his qualification in Slovak Literature from the Teacher Training College of Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia) in 1966. He worked as journalist for a number of newspapers. From 1975 he was Editor-in-Chief of the children’s paper Little Builder (Kis Épitő), and from 1991 that of the Cricket (Tücsök). Since 1995 he has been free-lancing. From 2006 he has been Editor-in Chief of the periodical At Home (Itthon). His works include Testament (Testamentum) poems (1969); Fifteen Spor Reports (Tizenöt sportriport) (1973); The Twetieth World War (A huszadik világháború) poems (1974); A Sentence on Love (Egy mondat a szeretetről) poems (1991); Singing Animals (Daloló állatok) poems (1995), and Sausage-recorder (Kolbászfurulya), children poems (1997), and J. Solovic: Beggar-adventure (Kolduskaland), a play, translation (1972). His plays include Rooster Dance (Kakastánc) (1978), Pumpkin-lamp (Töklámpás) (1980), and The Quail Egg (A fürjtojás) (1987). – 0878, 1257, 1551, 1890, T: 7103.

Battery of the Dead – The name given to those artillery units who sacrificed themselves in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria (now Hradec Krlovi in the Czech Republic) that was one of the decisive battles of the 19th century. The title originated after the battle, where the Austrian Army of 215,000 suffered a decisive defeat from the 220,000 better equipped Prussian Army. A Hungarian Mounted Field Artillery Battery fought on the Austrian side sacrificed themselves up to the last man and so merited the title ”Battery of the Dead”. – B: 1198, 1020, T: 3233.

Batthyány Codex – The oldest surviving handwritten Protestant gradual, originating between 1556 and 1563. It contains hymns, antiphones, translations of psalms etc, a good many of them dating from the Middle Ages, therefore they are of Roman Catholic origin. In translation the original texts have been changed to suit Protestant beliefs. To the unsung parts of the hymns, tunes were added and eventually some became popular folk tunes. Many of these melodies originated in 17th century graduals. The Codex is in the Batthyány Library at Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia, Romania) from where it derives its name. – B: 1136, T: 7666.→Codex Literature.

Batthyány, Count Lajos (Louis) (Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 14 February 1806 - Pest, 7 October 1849) – Politician, landowner, martyr of the War of Independence of 1848-1849. After completing his studies in Law he managed his large estate with progressive methods. In politics he was one of the leading forces of the opposition until 1848. On 15 March 1848 he was a member of the delegation that took the National Assembly’s demands for reform to Vienna. Ferdinand V named him Prime Minister on the 17 March. The Hungarian Parliament sent him and Ferenc (Francis) Deák to the King to petition him to put an end to Jellačic’s attack from Croatia against Hungary. The king refused to see the delegation and when Baron Josip Jellačic made a raid into the country with his Croatian units, Battyány resigned the next day. The following day, on the insistence of Lajos (Louis) Kossuth and others, he agreed to form a government again; but this did not receive Royal Assent, and his appointment was not ratified. Realizing that he would not be able to reach his goal, he officially withdrew his nomination on the 2 October 1848. In the National Assembly he continued to strive for consensus. He proposed that the National Assembly send a delegation to Prince Windischgräetz and he was to be a member of the delegation; but on the 3 January 1849, Windischgräetz did not receive him. Instead gave orders for his arrest in Pest on 8 January 1849. He was imprisoned in Buda, Pozsony, Laibach, and finally in Olmütz. He was tried for high treason that he unsuccessfully denied. He was sentenced first to a few years of imprisonment; then, on the influence of Schwarzenberg, to death with a recommendation for clemency. Baron Julius von Haynau, the Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian army in Hungary, ignoring formalities, ordered his execution by hanging. Batthyány attempted an unsuccessful suicide with a secretly obtained dagger. Due to his serious injuries he was not hanged but executed by a firing squad in the New Building (Újépület) of Pest on the 7 October 1849. The sentence caused worldwide grief and protest, the world press sharply attacked Austria. Haynau was replaced. A few days later Batthyány’s body was laid to rest in the crypt of the Franciscan church in Pest; and after the Compromise of 1867 was transferred amidst national mourning to the Mausoleum of the Kerepes Cemetery of Budapest. This Mausoleum was broken into and ransacked in 1987. At the site of his execution a lamp now guards his memory. – B: 0883, 1031, 1105, T: 7668.→Deák, Ferenc; Kossuth, Lajos; Haynau, Baron Julius Freiherr von.

Batthyány, Count Tódor (Theodore) (? 26 October 1729 - ? 1812) – Landowner, inventor. He was known for his technical and economic improvements. In the mid 1780s he had a large workshop at Borostyánkő, where sulphuric acid, copper and needles were manufactured. He made plans for the regulation of the Danube-Sava and Kulpa-River waterways. In 1793 he patented a ship design, named Bucentaurus. The ship was actually built and equipped with horse-driven paddles and it could go against the stream. – B: 1160, T: 7103.

Batthyány Gradual – A most important 16th century manuscript of Hungarian Gradual literature. It was written between 1556 and 1563 as a collection of liturgical songs composed on the basis of Gregorian chants for Protestant religious purposes, called Hymni et Psalmi cum notis cantus hungariae. Its 19th century copy is in the library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest. – B: 1197, T: 7684.

Batthyány Strattman, Prince, László (Ladislas) (Dunakiliti, 28 October 1870 - Vienna, Austria, 22 January 1931) – Physician. He began his secondary education in the Jesuit College, Kalkburg, near Vienna, continuing it at Kalocsa and Ungvár (now Uzhhorod, Ukaine). From his early childhood he wanted to be a physician and to heal the sick for free. However, first he studied Agriculture, Chemistry, Astronomy and Philosophy at the University of Vienna, and only later did he switch to Medicine and acquired his Degree in 1900. In 1902 he founded his first fully equipped private hospital in Castle Köpcsény, where he healed all who sought his help, free of charge. Later he built and equipped a new 120-bed hospital. When Köpcsény was ceded to Austria in 1921, the regional administration took over the hospital. From then until 1990, it operated as the Köpcsény Hospital. The Prince moved to Körmend in 1922, and in his castle he opened another hospital – but now for those with eye troubles. He performed close to 20,000 operations, of which about 6,000 were eye operations. He died of cancer and was buried in the family’s mausoleum located in the church of the Franciscan Order at Németújvár. A plaque on the wall of the church in Körmend tells the life story of the “physician of the poor”. A small exhibit in the renovated Batthyány oratorium of the parish church shows the physician’s memorabilia. There are plans for his statue to be erected in the garden of the Batthyány Castle in Körmend. On 23 March 2003 ”the doctor of the poor” was beatified by Pope John Paul II in St Peter’s Square, Rome in the presence of Hungarian statesmen, Hungarian bishops and thousands of pilgrims from Hungary and Austria. – B: 1033, 1031, T: 7103, 7668.

Batthyány Strattman, Prince Ödön (Edmund) (Milan, Italy, 21 November 1827 - Körmend, 29 October 1914) – Sportsman, land owner. He purchased the ‘Flying Cloud’, a two-masted, 75- ton schooner in England. He and his crew won a challenge race with the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1862, beating three larger vessels during the same year. He was the very first successful representative of Hungarian boat racing abroad. After returning home in 1866, he established sailing boat racing on Lake Balaton; but continued to race in England and won 13 times out of 14. – B: 0883, 1339, T: 7675.→’Flying Cloud’.

Battle Axe – A small, curved handle weapon on a long helve. The lighter “csákány” could be used successfully against chain mail replacing the heavier weapon, called “csatabárd” that was more effective against solid armor. At the end of the 15th century a sharp point was added to one side that could pierce an armor plate of sheet metal. – B: 1078, T: 3233.

Batu (circa 1205-1256) – Mongol Khan. He was a grandson of Genghis Khan, the first ruler of the “Golden Horde”. During his military campaigns between 1235 and 1246, he conquered the majority of the Russian principalities, chased away or subjugated the Cumanian tribes of southern Russia, and for many years strengthened the rule of the Golden Horde. He ravaged Poland in 1240-1241; and following the victory over Hungary at the Battle of Muhi (now Mochovce, Slovakia) in 1241, and some battles in Croatia and Dalmatia, he withdrew after receiving the news of the Great Khan Ogotái’s death. Due to his bad relationship with Kujuk, a candidate for becoming the Great Khan, he never returned to his homeland. According to Muslim historians he settled on the shores of the River Volga and died there. – B: 1078, T: 7668.→Béla IV, King; Julianus, Friar.

Bauer, Lord Peter Thomas (Budapest, 6 November 1915 - Cambridge, England, 3 May 2002) – Economist. He studied at the Piarist High School, Budapest. One of his father’s clients in Budapest offered the 18-year-old higher education in Britain. He studied at the Goonville and Gaius Colleges, Cambridge. Then he read Economics at the University of London (1947-1948) and lectured in economics at Cambridge (1948-1956). Following some study trips in Malaysia and West Africa, he became a professor at the London School of Economics (LSE). He specialized in Economic Development in 1960. He was created a Lord in 1982. He joined the Conservative Philosophy Group and soon was an ardent follower of Margaret Thatcher. His published works include The Rubber Industry, Dissent on Development, Reality and Rhetoric and Studies in Economics. – B: 1125, T: 7680, 7103.

Bauer, Rudolf (Budapest, 2 January 1879 - Sósér, 9 November 1932) – Athlete, discus-thrower. He was the second Hungarian sportsman to gain an Olympic championship after Alfréd Hajós. As a young student of the Agricultural College of Magyaróvár, he was the first in the world to throw the discus by taking a revolving swing. With the new technique he revolutionized the throwing technique. In Paris he won the first gold medal of Hungarian athletics with a 36.04- meter throw. At the time of his Olympic victory he was only 21; afterwards he took part only in a few athletic tournaments. He turned to rowing. Eventually he became a farmer. In the summer of 2000, on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of his victory of 15 July 1900, a memorial plaque was placed on his one-time house in Kinizsi Street, Budapest. – B: 0883, 1768, 1031, T: 7456.→Hajós, Alfréd.

Bautzen, Mátyás Memorial (Matthew) – A large-scale bas-relief over the main gate of Ortenburg Castle, Germany. King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490) had the ruined castle rebuilt and owned it with the city of Lausitz. It shows the king seated on a throne with a scepter in his hand. There are two angels overhead holding the Saxon Royal Crown. A copy of the monument is attached to the sidewall of the Orbán Tower in Buda. – B: 1078, T: 7675.→Mátyás I, King.

Bay, Zoltán Lajos (Louis) (Gyulavári, 24 July 1900 - Washington, DC, USA, 4 October 1992) – Physicist. He was born into a family of a pastor in the Reformed Church. He graduated from the Reformed Gymnasium, Debrecen in 1918. He was a student of the Eötvös College, and the University of Budapest, where he obtained his degree in 1922. He then joined the Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Berlin. Soon he successfully determined that active nitrogen gas is made up of free atoms. This proved to be so significant that he was soon appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Szeged, where he was professor between 1930 and 1936. From 1936 on he was occupied with the development of television. However, World War II stopped his experiments. Thereafter he became professor at the Polytechnic of Budapest between 1938 and 1948. From the end of the 1930s he achieved many of his world-renowned technical results in the company of a scientific team at the research laboratory of the United Incandescent Works (Egyesült Izzó Művek) in Budapest. In 1939 he patented the lighting diodes suitable for solving tasks of numbering; but its significance was not recognized at the time. At the University of Budapest, together with Lipót (Leopold) Aschner, he established the Chair of Nuclear Physics. As part of the war effort during 1942-1944, he succeeded in developing a type of radar suitable for tactical reconnaissance tasks. Later he and his research associates successfully worked out the principle of sign multiplication for the purposes of moon probes. In 1944 he was arrested by the Germans, but managed to escape. However, until the end of the War, he was forced to remain underground. In 1945 he became managing director of the United Incandescent Works. In 1948, upon the invitation of Washington University, he left for the USA. In the research laboratory of the University he organized and directged a virtual “Hungarian section”. In 1955 he became a physicist at the US Standards Laboratories. He also became an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1981. Bay was invited to Houston for the preparation of the Mariner Program, where his earlier worked-out method was introduced. He did pioneering work in the fields of electro-luminescence and in particle counting by means of an electron multiplier. He was the first to develop the moon-radar and was first to observe radar echoes from the Moon. In fact, Bay became the founder of radar astronomy and it was he who provided the method. In 1946, for the first time, an electromagnetic sign could be reflected and became measurable from an extraterrestrial body. The method of sign summation, introduced by his associates, suggesting a more accurate determination of the length of one meter, was introduced in 1965 by means of the exact determination of the speed of light and that of one second. Today, his method of determining the exact length of a meter is used throughout the world. In the Technical Museum of Washington his electron multiplier was exhibited and regarded as the earliest instrument of its kind. Besides his technical activities, Bay was very much interested in literature and the arts. His circle of friends included such famous figures as Zoltán Kodály, Zsigmond (Sigismund) Móricz and László (Ladislas) Németh. Though he died far away from his homeland, his ashes, according to his wish, were taken back to Hungary, to his place of birth, Gyulavári and placed next to his parents on 10 April 1993. A foundation bears his name. – B: 1122, 1160, 1031, T: 7456.→Kodály, Zoltán; Móricz, Zsigmond; Németh, László; Aschner, Lipót.


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