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- Branyiszkó, Battle of
- Guyon, Görgey, Artur; Count Richard; Hussars; Freedom Fight of 1848 - 1849- Brassai, Sámuel (1)
- Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J. Brassai, Sámuel (2)
- Jósika, Miklós; Eötvös, József; Vörösmarty, Mihály; Liszt, Ferenc. Brauer, Marcel Lajos
- Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Apostol, János, Csákány, István; Lénárd, Sándor. Brennbergbánya Find
- Trogmayer, Ottó. Brenta, Battle of
- Brentán, Károly S.J.
- Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Orosz, László (1); Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J. Brethrens’ Community, Evangelical
- Catholic Church in Hungary. Brezan Proclamation
- Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Ráday, Count Pál. Briccius de Buda
- Aquincum; Gorsium; Savaria; Strigonium; Pannonia. Brisits, Frigyes
Brád, Wooden Rail Track – Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) – Some primitive rail tracks used in the mines of Transylvania already in the early 1500s, considered to be the forerunner of today’s railways. The mine-cars were mounted on rolling wooden axles outfitted at their ends with stabilizing wheel rims and pushed by men or, when several cars were linked, pulled by horses on wooden rails. One of these simple wooden tracks, dating from the early days, was still in use in the 19th century in the Apostol Mine No. XII, Brád, County Hunyad. One section of this wooden rail track, complete with switches and a car, ended up in Berlin, where it has survived both World Wars. It is exhibited under Catalogue No. 152 as a carefully kept memento of the history of transportation in the Museum of Transport and Technology (Museum für Verkehr und Technik). An English translation follows the original German text, posted in front of the wooden tracks “Wooden rail tracks from the 16th century. The tracks and car were obtained from a Hungarian gold mine (Apostle Mine, Brád, Transylvania) in 1889. The tracks and ties (sleepers) were made of round timber. The ends of the tracks were flattened. The tracks’ gauge is about 48 cm. The single piece of movable lever, which unites itself with the tongue and heart piece serve to set the switch. The car, which belonged to the tracks, has wheels made of single pieces of wood”. – B: 1078, 1020, T: 7674. Branyiszkó, Battle of (now Branisko, Slovakia) – This was one of the most brilliant victories of the War of Independence (1848-1849). Marching through the mining towns of Northern Hungary in 1849, the army of General Artur Görgey arrived in County Szepes (now Slovakia) on 1 February 1849. An Austrian Imperial Army unit, garrisoned in the district, tried to surprise the Hungarians at Igló (now Spisská Nová Ves, Slovakia), but they were repelled. After an unsuccessful skirmish, General Schlick Brassai, Sámuel (1) (Komárom, 23 August 1694 - Nearby Genova, Italy, 18 November 1752) – Jesuit missionary, discoverer. His studies were completed at the College of Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) and he became a member of the Jesuit Order in 1714. He was trained at the Mission School of Seville, Spain, and was posted to missionary work in South America. He arrived in Quito, Equador in 1722. His missionary work lasted 14 years among the Andoa Indians at the River Maranon, the main tributary of the Amazon. Later he visited the Omagua, Miguiano, Amaono and Parano. He was on good terms with the Indians and even taught them agriculture. He wrote a catechism in their language. On his missionary trips he drew maps and made the first detailed description of the region at the confluence of rives Maranon and Ucayali. He was the first European to travel the upper end of the rivers Nanay and Itatay. He also described hitherto unknown plants. In 1744 he was made Provincial to the Jesuit Province of Quito that at the time included Ecuador, parts of Columbia and Peru. In 1743 he embarked on a dangerous expedition in the tropical jungle. After his term expired he went to Rome. His journey lasted for three years. He took with him manuscripts, maps and notes. He wanted to publish his book in Genoa; but on his way from Rome he died and his manuscripts were lost. Only his maps were published later. The title of his book would have been Marannonensium S. J. Missionum generalis Historia iconibus illustrate. He was one of the most outstanding Hungarian Jesuit missionaries in South America. – B: 1420, T: 7103.→Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J. Brassai, Sámuel (2) (Welmer) (Torockószentgyörgy, now Colţeşti, Romania, 15 June 1797 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 24 June 1897) – Polyhistor. His father was a Unitarian minister. In his youth he had been living under adverse conditions. At various times he was aristocrats’ tutor, language master, music teacher, as well as librarian to Count Bethlen’s family. From 1837 to 1848 he was a teacher at the Unitarian College of Kolozsvár; and from 1850 to 1859 teacher at Pál Gönczy’s School in Pest. During the 1850s he taught at the College at Kolozsvár. From 1872 until his retirement in 1884 he was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Kolozsvár. From 1834 to 1848 he edited the Sunday News (Vasárnapi Újság), the first popular newspaper in Hungarian. In 1837 he launched a youth-book series called the Blue Library (Kék Könyvtár), and a magazine for young people Friend of Youth (Fiatalság barátja) with György (George) Boros (1851). From 1859 to 1873 he was Editor for the Transylvanian Museum’s Yearbook (Erdélyi Múzeum Évkönyve). From 1877 to 1890 he published with Hugo Meltzl the Acta Comparationis Litterarum Universarum (Összehasonlító Irodalom-történeti Lapok). He was dealing with geography, history, statistics and economics, the theory of music, nearly every branch of natural science, and with problems of esthetics, art criticism, linguistics and history of literature. In defense of his idealistic philosophical as well as his linguistic and literary views, he was engaged in acerbic polemics with Miklós Jósika, József (Joseph) Eötvös, and even with the great poet Mihály Vörösmarty. His polemical essay: Hungarian or Gypsy Music? (Magyar vagy cigányzene?) (1886), was directed at Ferenc (Franz) Liszt. In this he argued for the originality of Hungarian music. He knew a number of languages, among them Russian, Ottoman Turkish, Hebrew and Sanskrit. He was a school-reformist and popularized science and its latest results. He translated literary works into Hungarian, e.g. some of Gogol’s and Sologub’s works. His works include The Hungarian Sentence (A magyar mondat), (1860-1863); On Methodology (A módszerről), (1867-1869); The Religion of the Future (A jövő vallása) (1886); The Divinity of Jesus (Jézus Istensége) (1887), and Word-order and Accent (Szórend és accentus) (1888). He was regular member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1865). – B: 0883, 1068, 1257, T: 7456.→Jósika, Miklós; Eötvös, József; Vörösmarty, Mihály; Liszt, Ferenc. Brauer, Marcel Lajos (Marcellus Louis) (Pécs, 21 May 1902 - New York, USA, 1 July 1981) – Architect. His primary and secondary studies were at his hometown. In 1920 he studied sculpturing at Vienna. However, he soon moved to Weimar, Germany, where, in the framework of Bauhaus, he became student of Walter Gropius. In 1925 he obtained his diploma, and with the school he moved to Dessau, Germany. In 1934 he moved to Budapest. Despite the prizes he won, the Chamber of Architects did not grant him membership. In 1935 he went to England; in 1937 he was invited by the Department of Architecture of Harvard University in the USA, where he taught until 1946. In the meantime, together with Gropius, he opened an architect office in New York in 1941, and had an office in Paris as well. He worked as counselor of the universities of Bogota, Columbia, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, having assisted in reorganizing their Department of Architecture. He built a great number of buildings worldwide, including the Dorteltal, Zürich (1934), Museum of Modern Art, New York (1949), Breuer House, New Canaan, Connecticut (1951), UNESCO Headquarters, Paris (with others) (1953), De Nijenkorf Department Store, Rotterdam (1957-1958), and Whitney Museum, New York (1963-1966). In his book Sun and Shadow he featured his own works. He won a number of prestigious prizes and he received an Honorary Doctorate from the Budapest Polytechnic in 1970. – B: 0883, 1031, 0881, 0896, T: 7103. Brazil, Hungarians in – The first Hungarians appeared in Brazil during the 18th century. Ferenc (Francis) Haller of the Jesuit Order was active at the Maranhac Mission, North Brazil. Ignác (Ignatius) Szentmártonyi worked on mapping the Rio Madeira, commissioned by the Portuguese king. Nelson Hungria, the minister of justice was descendant of a Hungarian family. A significant number of Hungarians arrived after the defeat of the War of Independence (1848-1849). This wave was known as the “soldiers of Kossuth”. Their traces can be found in the telephone directory of Sao Paulo, where a few hundred names, such as Hungaro, Ungaro and Ungheria appear, and they still know where their ancestors came from. In Santa Catarina lived Sándor (Alexander) Lénárd, an eminent Hungarian of the 20th century. After World War I, a large number of Hungarians, about 60,000 arrived in Brazil. Most of them came from parts of historic Hungary ceded to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Hungarians in these years organized themselves into societies, even in villages, such as Árpádfalva, Mátyáskirályfalva, Rákóczifalva and Szentistván-Királyfalva. However, they are nonexistent today, their inhabitants dispersed across Brazil. Hungarian life was quite significant in Sao Paulo before World War II. During the war, because Brazil and Hungary became belligerents, the Brazilian government confiscated Hungarian properties in Brazil; but returned them after the war. A major immigrant wave of Hungarians arrived after the crushed 1956 Revolution. The estimated number of Hungarians in Barzil in 1961 was 71,000. Although official census data are not available, according to a reliable estimate, at the turn of the millennium some 80,000 Hungarians lived in Brazil. Two-third of the Hungarians lives in Sao Paulo, the rest in Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Brasilia, Belo Horizonte, Porto Allegre and Jaragua. The center of Hungarian life is Sao Paulo, the venue of the St. Gellért (St. Gerhard) Monastery. In cooperation with it is the King St István (St Stephen) Roman Catholic Parish. On the compound of the monastery is the St Imre (St Emeric) College that used to have some 1600 students. The Social Institute, the Hungarian Women’s Association is located there as well. Sao Paulo has the Hungarian Reformed Church of Brazil, established in 1932; the Hungarian Lutheran Parish of Brazil, the latter one hosts the Béla Bartók choir. The Hungarian Baptist Congregation is also in Sao Paulo, as well as the Hungarian-speaking Jewish Congregation. Other Hungarian organizations in this city include the Hungarian House, the Kálmán Könyves Free University, The Brazilian-Hungarian Benefit Society, the Brazilian-Hungarian Cultural Society, the Transylvania World Organization, the Brazilian Hungarian Chamber of Commerce, the Hungarian Seminary, and the Mindszenty Cultural Society. There is no newspaper in Hungarian anymore in Brazil, Hungarians read the Argentine Hungarian News. The members of the Hungarian Benedictine Order, the ministers of other denominations, as well as Hungarian intellectuals played and continue to play a significant role not only in the life of the Hungarians in Brazil but in the life of Brazilian society as well. – B: 1104, 1364, T: 7103.→ Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Apostol, János, Csákány, István; Lénárd, Sándor. Brennbergbánya Find – At the end of the 19th century a small column measuring 70x70x60 mm was found 100m below ground level in the town of Brennbergbánya, near the city of Sopron. The object of an unknown metal came to light when a coal seam broke and the column fell out of it. It was immediately turned over to the mine’s directors. Károly (Charles) Gurlt, a well-known contemporary geologist, published his opinion in the English journal Nature. He determined the age of the coal seam containing the column to be 30 million years old. The corners and edges of the column were undamaged; but in its side was an indentation 1mm wide and as deep, perhaps as a result of corrosion. On the basis of the material and its age, it was not of our planet, therefore Gurlt judged it to be a meteorite. The column was later taken to Salzburg, Austria, where it was displayed in the local Museum until 1944, when the building suffered a direct hit during a bombing raid that destroyed the entire collection, including the column. – B: 0942, T: 7617. Brenner, János (John) (Szombathely, County Vas, 27 December 1931 - Outside Rábakethely and Zsida, east of Szentgotthárd, 15 December 1957) – Roman Catholic priest and martyr. His two brothers also became priests. He studied in the Episcopal Primary School (1941), in the Training School of Pécs, later in the Cistercian High School, and in 1946 in the Premonstrian High School of Szombathely. After the nationalization of the schools (1948), he obtained his maturity certificate as a Cistercian oblate at Zirc. Following the disbanding of the monastic orders (1950) he secretly professed himself as a novice in an Order, receiving the name Anasztáz. For a year he was a civil student of the Theological College of Budapest, then a seminarian in the Seminary of Szombathely and, after its disbanding in 1952, in the seminary of Győr. On 19 June 1955, he was ordained. He was chaplain at Rábakethely. About midnight of 15 December 1957, he was called away from the parish by a 16-year-old boy, Tibor Kóczán, under the pretext that his uncle at Zsida was mortally ill. János Brenner, 26 at the time, donned his surplice and stole, took the Holy Sacrament and holy oil, and departedé but he did not get as far as Zsida, because in the outskirts of the village he was murdered with 32 knife stabs and his throat was cut. At his burial service, ninety priests and many hundreds of believers were present. He was buried in the Salesian church of Szombathely. The circumstances of his death and the investigation that followed made it clear that his murder was part of the campaigns of terrorization and intimidation by the Communist regime. Although two people were convicted for his murder: first Ferenc (Francis) Tóka, and after his acquittal, Tibor Kóczán, the actual murderers have never been established. During the course of the investigation, many locals were intimidated. The mother of Tibor Kóczán talked about him and the circumstances of her son’s death. Apparently, a border guard “accidentally” shot him dead in a cornfield. Later on, it was also discovered that the Party Secretary of the village had asked Kóczán to call away the priest. János Brenner’s beatification process began in 1999. At the place of his torture, on top of a hill, a memorial chapel was consecrated on 25 August 1996. At Szombathely his memory is nourished by the names of a kindergarten, a primary school and a college. – B: 0945, 1031, T: 7456.→Trogmayer, Ottó. Brenta, Battle of (Italy) – A great victory during the time of the Hungarian Tribal Principality, just after the Magyar tribes settled in the Carpathian Basin (AD 896). It was perhaps the most outstanding proof of the superiority of Hungarian military tactics at that time. In 899, the spearhead of the Hungarian army in Italy was suddenly encircled at the city of Adda by the forces of King Berengar I. Using delaying tactics, the Hungarians avoided decisive confrontation by negotiations as long as it suited their plans. Managing to lure their opponents to a favorable spot at the River Brenta, they attacked and annihilated the careless and over-confident enemy on 24 September 899. Military historians still study the planning of the battle. – B: 0942, T: 3233. Brentán, Károly S.J. (Charles) (Komárom, 23 August 1694 - Near Genova, Italy, 18 November 1752) – Jesuit missionary, discoverer. His studies were completed at the College of Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia), and became member of the Jesuit Order in 1714. He was trained at the Mission School of Seville, Spain, and was posted to missionary work in South America. He arrived in Quito, Equador in 1722. His missionary work lasted 14 years among the Andoa Indians at the River Maranon, the main tributary of the Amazon. Later he visited the Omagua, Miguiano, Amaono and Parano. He was on good term with the Indians and even taught them agriculture. He wrote a catechism in their language. On his missionary trips he drew maps and made the first detailed description of the region at the confluence of rives Maranon and Ucayali. He was the first European to travel the upper end of the rivers Nanay and Itatay. He also described hitherto unknown plants. In 1744 he was made provincial to the Jesuit Province of Quito that at the time included Ecuador, parts of Columbia and Peru. In 1743 he embarked on a dangerous expedition in the tropical jungle. After his term expired he went to Rome. His journey lasted for three years. He took with him manuscripts, maps and notes. He wanted to publish his book in Genoa; but on his way from Rome he died and his manuscripts were lost. Only his maps were published later. The title of his book would have been Marannonensium S. J. Missionum generalis Historia iconibus illustrate. He was one of the most outstanding Hungarian Jesuit missionaries in South America. – B: 1420, T: 7103.→Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Orosz, László (1); Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J. Brethrens’ Community, Evangelical – This is a brake-away community from the Methodist Church in Hungary on account of organizational and doctrinal differences. This religious community has been active in Hungary since 1974; has been officially reorganized in 1981. Its members are engaged in social work, hospital and prison ministry and they fight against alcoholism. Members of the congregation are divided into groups of 10-15 under the leadership of an Elder. – B: 1042, T: 7390. Brezanóczy, Pál (Paul) (Aknaszlatina, now Szolotivno, Carpatho - Ukraine, 25 January 1912 - Eger, 11 February 1972) – Roman Catholic archbishop. He graduated at the Premonstrian High School of Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia), thereafter he studied theology at Innsbruck, Austria. He was ordained in 1935 and became a military chaplain. In 1938 he was teaching theology, and later became a high school principal; bishop’s secretary in 1941, and later Vicar-General in Kassa, at that time belonging to the Szatmár Diocese. He organized a training seminary in the priests’ country house of Hejce. After serving in several ecclesiastical offices, he was appointed Archbishop of Eger in 1969, and participated in the works of the Vatican Council II (1962-1965), as well as in the preparation of the agreement between the Hungarian Government and the Holy See in 1964, when the Hungarian communist government and the Vatican agreed to cooperate in the appointments of new bishops, who were to take an oath of loyalty to the government instead of the Church. – B: 0945, T: 7103.→Catholic Church in Hungary. Brezan Proclamation – Brezan, now Brezhany in Ukraine. At the beginning of 18th century Brezan belonged to Poland, being the estate of the Sieniawskis, supporters of Reigning Prince Rákóczi II. It was in Castle Brezna, on 6 May 1703 that Count Pál Ráday wrote Rákóczi’s manifesto, proclaimed on 7 June 1704 to the Hungarian nobility and to the world, giving the reasons for his uprising: “Recrudescunt inclytae gentis Hungarae Patriae vulnera…” (Reopened the wounds of the …Hungarian fatherland…) calling noblemen as well as commoners to arms to restore their country’s freedom. This started Hungary’s War of Independence against Austrian rule under the leadersip of Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II (1703-1711). – B: 0883, 0945, 1075, T: 7668.→Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Ráday, Count Pál. Briccius de Buda – A 15th century scientist, also rector of Prague University in 1415. – B: 0861, T: 7675. Brigetium – A town in the Province Pannonia Superior of the Roman Empire, now Szőny-Komárom, on the right bank of the Danube in Transdanubia (Dunántúl), Hungary, the ruins of which were excavated. The town was founded in the 1st century B.C. by the Roman legions that had conquered the region from the Illyrian Azalus tribe. The town’s name derived from the Celtic Briga, meaning fortress or stronghold, indicating its strategic importance. The Roman First Legion, Audiutrix, was stationed there from the beginning of the Roman rule until its end in the 4th century A.D., when the town was surrendered to the Barbarians invading across from the left bank of the Danube. The military camp was surrounded by a settlement of craftsmen and their families. Roman Emperor Flavio Valentiniano I (364-375) died in Brigetium in the presence of the Quadi ambassadors, who came to sue for peace following his campaign against the Quadi and Sarmatian tribes in 375. – B: 1418, 7617, T: 7103.→Aquincum; Gorsium; Savaria; Strigonium; Pannonia. Brisits, Frigyes (Frederic) (Máza, 4 March 1890 - Vác, 7 December 1969) – Literary historian, Cistercian monk and teacher. He completed his theological studies at the Cistercian Bernardium at Zirc, and obtained a Teacher’s Degree in Hungarian and Latin Literature from the University of Budapest. In 1913 he was ordained Cistercian priest; from 1914 he taught at he Cistercian St. Emeric High School, where he was Principal from 1939 to 1948. From 1935 he was an honorary lecturer, and from 1946 to 1948 Associate Professor at the University of Budapest. He earned a Ph.D. in Literature in 1957. He was Editor for the Hungarian Secondary School (Magyar Középiskola), a periodical, from 1919 until 1926. He published numerous articles in the paper Life (Élet) and in literary historical journals from 1910 onward. His professional fame rests on his numerous studies of the works of the poet Mihály (Michael) Vörösmarty. He was among the best as a preacher and his critics lauded him for his philosophical profundity, thoroughness and artistic style. His planned Vörösmarty monograph was barely started when he died. He compiled a number of books for high schools. His works include Saint Francis of Assisi (Assisi Szent Ferenc) (1926); The Unpublished Poems of Mihály Vörösmarty, (Vörösmarty Mihály kiadatlan költeményei) (1926); The World of Pázmány (Pázmány világa) (1933), and History of Hungarian Literature in the First Half of the 19th Century (A magyar irodalom története a 19. század első felében) (1939). He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1934-1949). – B: 0883, 1068, 1257, T: 7456.→Vörösmarty, Mihály. Directory: sites -> default -> files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations files -> Nstructions for Acquiring Excess Equipment online, through the 1033 Program files -> Occupational health and safety files -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Program files -> International programs roel profile files -> Fermi Questions a guide for Teachers, Students, and Event Supervisors Lloyd Abrams, Ph. D. 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