C language History of c language
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 C language History of C language:- The root of all modern language is ALGOL, which is introduced in 1960. In 1967, BCPL language is introduced by, International Group. B language is invoked in 1970 by, Martin Richards. Traditional c is introduced in 1972 by, Dennis Ritchie. In early of 1978 the K&RC language is invoked by, Kernighan and Ritchie. The ANSI C language is introduced by ANSI committee in 1989. In 1990 ISO committee introduce ISO C language which is used now a day. First of all C language is invited in “BELL LAB” in 1972 by, Danish Ritchie.
C is a System Programming language. System which means that the operating system; which is used to operate the computer, like linux,unix, windos, etc… programming which means that a structure or a syntax. The programming is used to create the proper language with the proper format. Through this format we can create the system with the proper way. Language is used to invoke the programming in the proper way with sutable and understable structure. The language in the operationg system has two types.
This levels of the languages are based on the use of the structure and the system which is saports. In middle level language C language is introduces. And in high level language there is java and c++. In short, C in the programming language which is use to create the proper system;with a sutable structure and which is easy to implement. Now c language is consider as the platform deepemdant language. Features of c language: (or) c tokens: In a passage of text, individual words and punctuation marks are called tokens. In other words token is the spacification of the perticuler fenomina. In c language the smallest individual units are known as tokens. In c programming we mainly have 5 tokens; which are as ander
Let us see all this tokens in details.
Identifier is used to identify the variables. It helps compiler to identify the proper value of the variable.identifiers refers to the name of the variable, function and array. These are user define name and consist of a sequence of letters and digits, with a letter as first character. Rules of identifiers
Example: ‘A’ ; “hello”; “q123” ; ‘r’ etc…
Key words are the words which has a fixed meaning. In c compiler key words has the specific meaning. Every keyword has a fixed meaning of that word; we can not change that meaning of that word. Keyword serves as basic building blocks for program statements. We have 32 keywords in C language; all are shown bellow.
All keywords must be return in the lowercase. If we want to use this keywords we must have to open the two header files. This are shown bellow. #include #include All this type of keywords are stored in above two header files.
Data types are type of the data foe wich we are going to creat the program. This type are the type which allocates the memaroy according to the user requiermnt. Data types provides the corresponding memory to the veriables. Mainly thir are four data types.
This data type includes all numeric values like 0,8,15,9,-95,98,-5,-6,10,etc…
This data type includes all real values like 2.03,0,0.5,-0.8,-94.02,6,etc…
constants in C refer to fixed values that do not change during the execution of a program. C supports several types of constants are as shown bellow:- Let us see all that types in detail.
Integer constants are denoted by “%d”.
-9.05,87,87.25,etc…
Types of operators :-
Let us take a look on all that operators in detail.
This type of operator supports all the mathematical operation among the operand. The types of arithmetic operators are given bellow:-
Syntax:- Operand01 arithmetic operator operand02 Like:- x+y; x-y; x*y; x/y; x%y;…
This type of operator are gives the relation between two operands. It plots the relation among the operands. The types of it are as shown bellow.
Syntax:- Operand01 relational operator operand02 Like:- x
logical operators are use to establish some type of logic among the conditions. This type of operators are use to find the value between the conditions. This operator is always use with the conditions. If we want to find some logic between the conditions we must have to use logical operators. There are three types of the logical operators all that are as shown as bellow:- 1… logical and [$$] 2… logical or [||] 3… logical not [!] Let us take a look on all that in brift.
Logic and are use to compare two condition. If both the conditions are true or non-zero then and only then the result of the operator will be non-zero. Syntax:- Like:-
a<20 $$ a<10;
Logical or use to compare two conditions. If etlist one of the condition is true or non-zero then result of that condition is true or non-zero. Syntax: Like:
a<20 || a<18
Logical not is use to find one condition. This operator is used to reverse the result of the particular condition. Syntax: ! Like:
!a=20;
Assignment operator is used to assign the value of the variable. This operator stores the value of the right hand side of the operator into the value of the variable which is left hand if the operator. Assignment operator first evaluate the expression of the right hand side of the operator and stores the value to the variable of the left hand side of that assignment operator. Syntax: X=a+b; This operator first add the value of b into the value of a and then store that value into the variable X.
This operator is used to increase or decrease the value of the variable. This operator is the unary operator. This operator is work only on the one variable at the same time that’s why this operator is known as unary operator. This operator have two types.
The operators which are include before the operand is known as prefix operator. ++ and - - This operator first increases or decreases the value of the operand and then assign that value in that operand. So first the prefix operand is run and then the assigned operand is run at the time of axicution. Example:- Input:-
B=3; A=++B; Output:-
B=4; A=4; In This program the value of B is first increment by 1 and then it store into the value of the variable A.
The operator which are include after the operand is known as postfix operator. ++ and -- This operator first assign the value of the operand and then increment or decrement the value of that operand. So first the operand is assign and them the postfix operator is run at the time of the execution. Example:- Input:-
B=3; A=B++; Output:-
A=4; B=3; In this program the value of the B is stored into the A and then the value is increment by 1.
This operator is also known as TURNARY OPERATOR. This operator is use to chake the condition among the two variables or between the two operand. Syntax:- Condition ? result 01 : result 02 This operation works like this way. First check the condition, if the condition is true then execute the result 01 and if the condition is false then the result 02 will be execute. Example:- 5>3 ? a : b First check the condition. It is true so returns the result a.
Bitwise operator is used to do bit manipulation on the operand. This operators are as shown bellow.
This operator is use to fulfill some special requirements.
Structure of c language:- Some important notes to have a look while constructing a c program.
Structure of c program:- 
As shown in the structure there is main 4 parts of the c structure. This are as show in bellow.
This section is use to include or open the header file which are important to run the programs of c program. Some important function for excicution are stored in that header files with its definations. #include #include
Main section is the heart of the c program. The logic and operations which are written into the main section only and only that part is executed. Main part is the part which are important for the execution of the program , line by line.
This is a special function which is use in the programming. This is a function which is store in the conio.h file. This file is use to clear the output of the earlier program. So it clear the output screen before the execution of the current program.
This section use the getch function. This function use to close the execution of the program. This program declair compiler to stop the execution of the program and come back to the blank program or use to tell to get the input screen back. In the structure of c program there is two other important functions are use to build the c programs. Printf( ); This funtion is use to display something on output screen. If we want to display some notes on my output screen; I have to use printf function for the printing of that part must be written between “ “ in the breakats of print section. Scanf( ); This function is use to scan the value from the user. This function is use to get value from the user at the run time of the program and execute all the program according to that value which is given by the user. So this function is use to get value of variable at run time and make program on the choice of user. There is two another attributes to make the program attractive. This are [ “\n” ] and [ “\t” ]. “\n” :- is use to print the value in new line at the time of run or on the output screen. “\t”:- is use to give the space of one tab space between two words. Both of this are must be written in between double cordon [“ “]. Input:-
Output:-
Ch 02:
Simple PROGRAMS OF C… PRO 01
WRITE A PROGRAM TO FINE THE SUM OF TWO VALUES WHICH IS GIVEN BY THE USER: INPUT:- 
OUTPUT:- 
PRO 02:
write a program of interest calculation. input:- 
output:- 
Pro 03:
Write a program to find the area of circle. Input:
Output:-
Home task
Ch 03:
Conditional statement: What is conditional statement? Conditional statements are the statement which are use to check the condition. According to that condition the task or the program will be executed. The condition may be true or false and according to that the logic may run. There are main two conditional statements.
Now let us see how it may be done.
In this type of conditional statement we check the condition with the help of if statement. It will run the logic which we entered into the body part of if statement when the condition is true. And execute the body part of else section or it may be denote as a default statement. If...else… statement may be grouped into the 3 parts.
In this type of statement there is only two options are avalabel for the execution. The condition may be true or false. There is no other option for the compiler to execution. Syntax: If(condition) { Body part; /*will be executed if and only if the condition is true*/ } Else { Body part; /*will be executed if the condition is false*/ } let us take an example of if…else… pr04: write a program for even or odd values. Input:-
Output:-
Example 02:- Write a program to find max between two numbers. Input:
Output:-
In this type of statement the compiler first check the main condition which is written with the if and if it is false then it will go to the else section and wil execute if the condition which is written with the else part. Syntax: If(condition) { Body part; /*will execute if the condition is true */ } Else if(condition) { Body part; /*will execute if the first condition is flase but the second If condition is true.*/ } Else { Body part; /*will be executed if all the above conditions are False*/ } Let s take an example for it Write a program for given no is positive, negative or zero. Input:- 
Output:- 
This type of if else statement use to check the condition in the condition it means that in this section the program have main codition with the if nd if it is true then it will go to the body part, and in that body section there is another if…else… statement; and if the main codition is false then in the else section there is one anuther if… else… statement in that part. Syntax: If (condition) { If(condition) { } Else { } } Else { If (condition) { } Else { } } Let us take an example: Pr05: write a program to find the maximum number among the three numbers. Input: 
Output: 
This statement is the one more type of conditional statement. In this type of statement is check the condition [if condition] without writing it. let us take a simple example of it, if we prase the key like “k” in the keyboard then on the output screan it will print the character “k”. this logic is known as switch in which some specific task is ocure at the specific choice of user. Syntax: Switch( variable on which we are performing switch ) { Case 1: Logic 1; Break; Case 2: Logic 2; Break; : : Default: Logic; } In this fenomenan user enter its choice; according to its choice the case was selected and the logic of that case will be executed. Once the case is selected and after executing its logic we use the keywoard break; which is stance for braking or stoping the execution of the program as soon as the compiler read the break key-ward. Let us take an example for that: Write a program if I prase 1 then adition, 2 for subtraction, 3 for multiplication and 4 for divistion. Input: 
Output: 
It represents the switch within the switch. Which mean that in the case of the main switch there is another switch case statement. Syntax: Switch( variable on which we are performing switch ) { Case 1: Switch( variable on which we are performing switch ) { Case 1: Logic 1; Break; Case 2: Logic 2; Break; : : Default: Logic; } Break; Case 2: Logic 2; Break; : : Default: Logic; } Ch :04
Loop What is loop? Loop is the different type of the c language in which the condition is use in the different mener. If we want to perform the same type of logic till numbers of times then the concept of loop is comes to the mind. The loop executes the program from the given values which is stands for the point at which we want to start the exicution; and excite the body par till the condition is true if the condition is false then it will be through out from the loop. in the any loop structure there is the main two parts or the segments; help of which we can simply creat a loop. It was body of the loop and control statement. Body of the loop is the segment in which the logic which we have to do for the several times is being return and control section is the section in which we write the condition to control the loop. So we can say that the loop is based on the condition. The loops may be diided into the two parts . all this parts are dependent on whether the condition is check in the program for controlling the loop.
Entry control loop which means that the loop which has the control section at the entrance of the loop. In this type of the looping structure first the condition is being checked , if it is true than and than the body part of the loop is executed. Like: for loop, while loop.
Exit control loop which means that the loop hase control section as the exit or at the end of the loop. Which means that the condition is check at the end of looping structure so the body of the loop will be executed etlist once in the program then it check the condition if it is true then it will run the body section again. Like: do…while loop. Lets see all them in the detail.
For loop is en entry control loop. Syntax:
For ( initialization ; condition ; increment of decrement) { Body of the loop; } In this syntax initialization which means that the starting point of the loop. That point desid the starting value for the loop. Condition which means the condition which desied the ending point of the loop. Increment or decrement are the operators which desied that whether the vakue is increasing from the starting point to the ending point or the value is decresing from thr ending point to the starting point. Write a program Input:
Output:
Write a program Input:
Output:
Nested for loop which means that the loop within the for loop. It depends on the first for loop and work as the body part of the first for loop Syntax: For ( initialization ; condition ; increment of decrement) { For ( initialization ; condition ; increment of decrement) { Body of the loop; } } Write a program for Input: 
Output: 
Write a program for the petarn: Input: 
Output: 
This is also the entry control loop. Which has different strucutr or the different syntax from the for loop but the purpose of the use of that loop is same. In the strutuer of this loop all the three sections initialization, condition and increment or decrement are call or define in the different part of the program. Syntax: Initialization; While (condition) { Body of the while; Increment or decrement; } Write a program. Input
Output:
This loop is exit control loop; so it will check the condition at the end of the loop. So through this looping structure we are able to execute its body parts etlist one time, then it checks the condition if it is true then and then only the body of the loop is again executed. Syntax:
Do {
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