Chapter 6 French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1 – On the Eve of Revolution
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| Chapter 6 French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 1 – On the Eve of Revolution Riots prevalent in society – rumor of cut wages inspite of profits Nobles not worried – believe economic reforms would help – wrong, crisis gets worse July – 1789 – hungry, poor, unemployed Parisians are in revolt French Society Divided – still in medieval social system Ancien regime= old order – division of 3 social classes (aka estates) First estate = clergy Second estate = nobility Third Estates = everyone else, majority
Bishops, abbots, high church officials were also nobles – lived very well – parish priests were more humble Did provide some services – run schools, orphanages, hospitals During enlightenment, many were critical fo church – idleness of some clergy, church interference in politics and not allowing dissent – many clergy looked down on Enlightenment ideas Nobles Hold Top Govt Jobs – (2nd estate) – titled nobility – noble knights – in 1600s, nobles lost military power (under Richelieu & Louis XIV) – gained other rights (under royal control) – includes top jobs in military, govt, courts, church Versaillles – competition for royal appointments while idle courtiers enjoyed entertainment – some live far from power – owned land, but not much income – these “far off nobles” felt pinch of trying to maintain status while prices went up Many nobles hated absolutism - resent royal buearacracy – used too many middle class people – feared losing privilege, especially freedom from paying taxes
Bulk of third estate is peasants – some prosperous landowners & hired laborers, tenant farmers, day laborers Poorest = urban laborers – apprentices, journeymen, industrial workers (printing, cloth making) – servants, street merchants, construction – large # of urban poor had no jobs – turn to crime or begging All members of 3rd estate resented the the other two – social “betters” – some wealthy bourgeoisie could get some titles, but best was still reserved for 2nd and 1st – urban workers made very little money – if prices rose ever so slightly, it could mean hunger 1st & 2nd estates paid almost no taxes – peasants paid taxes on almost everything – technically free, but many owned debts – some dated back to middle ages – some nobles tried to reimpose manor dues (fee for living in manor) – Enlightenment ideas make people wonder if there’s a better way – mostly in cities – why should 1st & 2nd have privileges when they are not majority – want privileged class to pay their share Financial Troubles – Years of deficit spending – govt spends more $ than it takes in – creates debt – leads to economic problems National Debt Soars – Louis XIV left France in debt – many wars – Seven Years War and American Revolution – costs went up in 1700s, lavish court expenses – govt borrowed money to cover expenses By 1789 – half of govt income was used to pay interest – 1780s, bad harvests – food prices go up – many starving To solve crisis, govt increases taxes, reduce expenses, or both – nobles and clergy resisted any attempt to tax them
Louis XVI (1774-) had good intentions but weak, indecisive – good adviser – Jacques Necker – financial expert – urged reduction in court spending, reform govt, abolish some tariffs on internal trade – proposed taxing 1st and 2nd estates – clergy and high nobles force king to dismiss him Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General 1788 – things are bad, bread riots, nobles denouncing royal tyranny (afraid of taxes) – Louis calls Estates General for next year Estates Prepare Grievance Notebooks – cahiers = notebooks – lists of grievances and reforms wanted – some measured – fairer taxes, freedom of the press, regular meetings of EG, etc – others outrageous that show how bad the national mood is quotes pg 214) Delegates Take the Tennis Court Oath – elected but only property owners were allowed to vote – mostly lawyers, middle class, writers, professionals, etc – familiar with enlightenment philosophes, wanted reform May 1789 – EG convenes – deadlock over votes – traditional was each estate meeting and voting separately. Each group has one vote -1st and 2nd can outvote 3rd – 3rd Estate wants a vote by person June 1789 – stalemates – 3rd Estate claims to represent people of France – declares selves to be National Assembly – meeting hall was locked on them, so they meet on a Tennis Court – swore “never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution” Reform clergy and nobles will join as well, Louis must accept it- gathers troops just in case Parisians Storm the Bastille – represents the first true challenge – July 14, 1789 – over 800 people, worried about rumors of Royal troops – demanded weapons, gunpowder, etc – commander opens fire – Bastille becomes a symbol of independence – 6.2 The French Revolution Unfolds – Different phases of revolution – moderate phase of National Assembly (1789-91) creates constitutional monarchy Radical phase (1792-94) – escalating violence, Reign of Terror Directory (1795-99) –reaction against extremism Napoleonic Age (1799-1815) – consolidates changes and create France
1789 – politics and worst famine in history – grain prices soar – 80% of income on bread Rumors Create the “Great Fear”- stories of attacks on villages, spreads panic – stories that govt troops were seizing crops Fury unleashed on nobles trying to collect taxes – stole grain from noble warehouses and set fire to manors – peasant anger Paris Commune Comes to Power – revolutionary center – factions or different groups try to gain power Moderates under Marquis de Lafayette (Revolutionary War hero) – head of National Guard, mostly middle class militia – response to royal troops – first to take French colors- the tri color - red, white, blue Radicals – Paris Commune – replaced royal govt of city – mobilize neighborhoods for protests, violence, etc – newspapers and political clubs – each with own points of view – some demand end to monarchy already
All male citizens = equal – equal right ot hold office, with no distinction other than virtues and talents – freedom of religion and taxes according to ability to pay – Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Women disappointed – they’re not covered – Olympe de Gouges demands qual rights in Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen – 1791 – she asks for same rights of women and men – later, women will be resisted for this – many imprisoned and executed Louis does not want to recognize it – lavish noble parties continue – more anger Women March on Versailles – Oct 5 – over 6000 women march to Versailles – demanding bread Anger directed at Marie Antoinette- daughter of Maria Therese of Austria and sister of Joseph II – life of pleasure, extravagance – compassionate to poor, but Crowd would not go away until King agreed to meet them in Paris – King Louis wore the tricolor – moved to palace at Tuileries – prisoners
Many bishops, priests, etc are angry – pope condemns it – many French peasants see it as too far – govt punishes clergy, divides revolution Constitution of 1791 Establishes New Government – limited monarchy, new legislative assembly has power to make laws, collect taxes, decide issues of war and peace, - members are elected by tax paying male citizens over the age of 25 Replaces old provinces w/ 83 provinces of roughly equal size – abolishes old provincial courts, reforms lawas Moderate reformers thought that was it – 1791 – new govt, enlightenment goals, equality before the law, ended church interference, power in the hands of men with means and leisure to serve govt
Fails in a town north – used currency w/ king’s face – soldiers escort them back, crowd insults them – many thought him a traitor Radicals Take Over – all of Europe was watching – Enlightenment supported approved of National Assembly – French experiment meant a new age of justice and equality – European rulers/nobles denounced revolution Rulers Fear Spread of Revolution – increased border patrols w/ France – stop “French plague” - emigres – nobles, clergy and others who left France – told terrible stories - attacks on property, religion, lives – even enlightened rulers turned on France – too mch Worry that revolution become more violent – “plots and assassinations” – preventative murder and confiscations – “when ancient opinions and rules of life are taken away… we have no compass to govern us.” Threats from Abroad – August 1791, Prussia – king and emperor of Austria Joseph II – MA’s brother – issue Declaration of Pilnitz – two monarchs threaten to intervene to protect French monarchs – revolutionaries throught it was real, prep for war Radicals Fight for Power and Declare War – Oct 1791 – newly elected Legislative Assembly begins – crisis – will only last a year – more economic problems – Assignats drop in value – prices rise rapidly – leads to hoarding and food shortages Working class men and women – sans culottes – become more radical – long trousers instead of breeches – demand a republic – govt ruled by elected reps instead of monarch Hostile factions compete for power – Jacobins (radicals) - middle class lawyers and intellectuals, agree with sans culottes – spread of ideas through pamphlets and newspapers to spread republic ideas – opposed were moderate reformers or those who thought enough had been done –
Following month, mob attacks prisons holding nobles and priests – 1200 prisoners slaughtered (including ordinary criminals) – “September Massacre” – bloodthirsty mobs or patriots defending France – mostly ordinary citizens inspired by fury Radicals Take Control – radicals control assembly – call for new representative body = National Convention – suffrage (right to vote) to all male citizens Convention votes to abolish monarchy and establish French Republic – made new constitution Jacobins – attempt to erase anything suggestive of old order – seized lands of nobles and abolished titles Put Louis XVI on trial as traitor – convicted by a single vote – death sentence – executed January, 1793 – October, Marie Antoinette as well – press celebrated it Terror and Danger Grip France – France surrounded by Britain, Netherlands, Spain and Prussia – in Vendee region of france, royalists and priests led peasants on rebellion against new government – in Paris, sans culottes demand relief from food shortages and inflation – Convention is divided between Jacobins and Girondins Convention Creates a New Committee – deal with threats to France – Committee of Public Safety – 12 members – absolute power – prepared for war, taxed everyone, required all citizens to contribute to war effort – also in charge of trails and executions New recruits march in army – defend France – new armies are starting to win invade Netherlands and Italy – crushed peasants revolts – European monarchs are worried – “freedom fever” into conquered lands Robespierre “the incorruptible” – Maximilien Robespierre – lawyer and politician rose to leadership of Committee of Public – Jacobin – Embrassed Rouseau’s idea of general will of the people = legitimate law – promoted religious tolerance, wanted to abolish slavery – popular among sans culottes – believed France could be a “republic of virtue” only through terror – prompt, severe and inflexible justice – no liberty w/o criminals losing their heads Guillotine Defines the Reign of Terror – Sept. 1793-July 1794 – courts conducted quick trials, spectators hailed death sentences – speech Feb 5, 1794 (pg. 225) – anyone who resisted revolution was suspect 300,000 arrested, 17,000 executed – many mistaken identity or falsely accused – many packed into prisons w/ horrible diseases Guillotine – invention of Dr. Joseph Guillotin – more humane method than an ax – becomes a symbol of horror Convention turns on Committee – July 27,1794 – Robespierre arrested, executed the next day – executions slowed down after that Revolution Enters its Third Stage – moderates move away from radicals – new constitution Constitution of 1795 – set up 5 man Directory and 2 house legislature elected by male citizens of property – dominated by middle class and professionals Lasts until 1799 Directory was weak – many were unhappy – made peace with Prussia and Spain – war continues w/ Austria and Great Britain – corruption Riots suppressed quickly, revival of royalist sentiments – emigres returning to France, as well as Catholics who did not like what happened to church 1797 – election – supporters of constitutional monarchy won majority of legislative seats – chaos Turn to Napoleon Bonaparte – popular military hero – won many victories against Austrians in Italy – plan was to use him to solidify govt – Napoleon will outwit them all and rule France Revolution Brings Change – by 1799, France was changed – 10 years of revolution – got rid of old social classes, removed monarchs, brought Chruch under govt control New symbols – red liberty caps and tricolor flag confirmed liberty and equality of all male citizens – “Citizen” was title, no other titles - symbols of old order were gone, no more powdered wigs Nationalism Spreads – revolution and war – people have strong sense of identity - people serve France – not nobles or kings – birth of the song La Marseillaise – French national anthem is born Revolutionaries Push for Social Reform – social reform and religious tolerance – set up state schools to replace religious ones – systems to help poor, old, disabled – abolished slavery (revolt in Haiti) Chapter 6, Section 4 – Age of Napoleon – 1789 -1815 = Napoleon dominates Europe Napoleone Rises to Power – born in Corsica (med island) – age 9 sent to France for military career – 20 years old at time of revolution – ambitious – Favored Jacobins and republican rule – conflicting ideas – figured to take the side that is more aggressive Victories Cloud Losses – Dec. 1793 – drove British out of fort of Toulon – fought against Austrians in N. Italy – forced Hapsburg emperior to make peace – Invade Egypt in 1798 – disrupt British trade routes – not a good idea, but hid losses – network of spies and censoring press 1799 – became political – overthrows Directory, set up Consulate – new constitution but calls himself First Consul 1800 – forces Spain to return Louisiana Territory to French control 1802 – Consul for Life
Plebiscite – popular vote by ballot – each step French support him – people had say, but Napoleon was pulling strings – absolute power – democratic despotism Napoleon Reforms France – strengthen central govt – “order security and efficiency” – Restorn economic prosperity – controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads and canals Public schools under govt control = well trained military officers Concordat of 1801 – keep Catholic Church under state control but recognizes freedom – Encouraged emigrees to return – take oath of loyalty – allowed peasants to keep lands they bought from church/nobles during revolution Middle class approval Open jobs to all based on merit
Military tactics – rapid movements, effective use of large army – new plan for each battle – no playbook – believed Napoleon was worth 40000 troops Map of Europe is Redrawn – annexed (conquered) – Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany – abolish HRE and created 38 state Confederation of the Rhine (part of Germany) – cut Prussia in half – Grand Duchy of Warsaw Diplomacy of force – placed friends and relatives on thrones – brother Joseph b/c King of Spain – forced treaties on all French people loved Napoleon
British exports decline, navy keeps trade routes open to US and India – hurts Europe more French armis spread reform, revolutionary govts, end church privilege, abolish nobility, open careers, end serfdom – influences Latin America
Nationalism – works against Napoleon – spurred French to success, but promoted nationalism in those conquered – saw French as foreign oppressors – resent continental system and French culture Revolts – national loyalty –
Austria will fight back too – loses Russian Winter Stops the Grand Army - Tsar Alexander I was once ally – many Russians unhappy w/ continental system – also unhappy w/ grand duchy of Warsaw on Russian border – Tsar withdraws support – Napoleon raises large army 1812 – 600000 men, 50000 horses – Russians retreat, trade space for time – scorched earth policy – leave nothing – French are hungry and cold when winter arrives – Napoleon enters Moscow in September – turns back in October Brutal attacks and brutal cold all the way home – only 20000 men return Napoleon tries to raise new army – Napoleon Falls from Power – new alliance of Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia – 1813 -defeat Napoleonic force at Battle of Leipzig Napoleon Abdicates – Briefly – step down from power – exile to Elba, island in Med – recognize Louis XVIII, brother of Louis the XVI – agrees to accept new government and land deals – but emigrees return for revenge – unstable – people want Napoleon back Napoleon escapes – army joins him – Louis XVIII flees, Nap enters Paris in 1815 (March) Crushed at the Battle of Waterloo – allies reassemble armies to attack Napoleon again – June 1815 – Waterloo in Belgium – Duke of Wellington and General Blucher – one day battle – Napoleon exiled to St. Helena – no return Napoleon’s Legacy – dies 1821 – impact on France and Europe – France is state w/ constitution and Napoleonic code for law – elections, rights to property, education Spread ideas of revolution around world – nationalism – Germany will unite, Louisiana Territory to US Leaders Meet at Congress of Vienna – diplomats – restore stability and order 10 months – Sept 1814 to June 1815 – host Emp. Frances I of Austria – Strives for Peace – lasting peace through balance of power – protect monarchies – France was accepted as equal partner – Redraw map of Europe again – ring France w/ strong nations – Legitimacy – restored monarchs to France (Louis XVIII), Spain, Portugal, Italian city states Fails to See Traps Ahead – Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia – pledge to act together to maintain balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings - concert of Europe – meetings periodically to discuss problems Spread of Nationalism is unstoppable and will shake Europe – but no war for 100 years (of that size) Directory: cms -> lib7 lib7 -> The Civil War Life in the Army lib7 -> By anthony ramirez published: November 03, 1996 lib7 -> Log in with your social account: Or, you can log in or sign up using Forbes lib7 -> Senior Seminar December 2015 Bubbles lib7 -> Rutgers Football Fails Profit Test as Students Pay $1,000 lib7 -> Star-Ledger Guest ColumnistThe Star-Ledger on November 25, 2012 at 9: 56 am view/Post Comments lib7 -> Table of Contents Topic Page(s) lib7 -> Union pines high school 2016 2017 Student Handbook lib7 -> Very Early Spring Katherine Mansfield lib7 -> The Emancipation Proclamation One Americans Story Download 52.39 Kb. Share with your friends:
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