Computer Fundamentals & Programming.
(Course No: CSE 311)
Contents
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Background
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Introduction to Computer
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Memory Units
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Auxiliary Storage device
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Input device
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Output device
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Computer Software
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Operating System (OS)
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Programming Languages
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General Software Features & Trends
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Data processing
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Database Management System
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Introduction to Telecommunication
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Computer Networks
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Communication System
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Internet and World Wide Web (www)
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Electronic Mails
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Intranets
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Multimedia
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Computer Securities
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IT Policies and Cyber Laws
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History of Computer
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Impact of Computer in the society
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e-Technologies
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Number System & their Conversions
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Introduction to computer system
1.1 Introduction
A computer is a programmable electronic calculating machine. Taking input it can process to produce output as our requirement with in a second. The word computer is developed from the Latin word coputare which means “To Calculate or To Compute “. Therefore the machine which calculates is called a computer. At present computer technology have almost changed the world in short times. It becomes very essential tool in every walk of human life. Within a minute human can communicate through telephone, telex, tax e-mail etc from one place to other place worldwide. The primary purpose of using a computer is to make life easier. People are using it in schools office, airlines, business houses, banks etc.
Computer has following basic system and components devices to process data and gets the output. It has optional components too.
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System device
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Input device - keyboard, mouse
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Processing device – Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Output device – Monitor and Printer,
CPU – Consists motherboard, hard disk, floppy disk drive, sound card, power supply, modem, etc.
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Basic and optional component device
(i)
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Basic Components
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Capacity & functions
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1
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Processor
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- 600 MHz, 1200 MHz, 1700 MHz
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2.
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Hard Disk
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- 40 GB, 100 GB, 160 GB, 200 GB, 2000 GB
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3
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RAM
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- 28 GB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB
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4
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Display /Video Card
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- 64 MB, 128MB, 512 MB, 1 GB
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5
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Keyboard
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- 84 keys , 104 Keys, 124 Keys
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6.
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Hard disk drive
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- reads, writes on HD
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7
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Floppy disk drive
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- reads, writes on floppy
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8
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CD-ROM/DVD drive
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- reads, writes on CD-ROM, DVD-ROM
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9
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Mouse
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- pointing & clicking device
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10
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Monitor
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- Displaying device
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A complete basic components set of these devices is called a computer. Computer may have optional devices too.
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(ii)
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Optional Components
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Capacity & functions
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1
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Printer
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450ch/sec, 1-18 Pg/min, 4-24 Pg/min
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2
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Scanner
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Flat bed type & Handheld type
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3
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DVD drive
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Reads/writes on DVD
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4.
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Zip drive
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Reads/writes on Zip disk
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5
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Pen drive
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Reads/writes on Pen drive
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6
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Modem
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Internal & External type
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7.
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Speakers
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Throws sounds
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1.1.2 Definition of Computer
A computer is an electronic machine that is used for data processing to produce information.
OR
A computer is an electronic machine that can accept data; process it according to a set commands and then gives results.
1.1.3 Computer is said to be
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Electronic calculating machine
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Programmable machine
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Data processing device
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Networking device
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Automatic system
1.2 Features of Computer
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High processing speed
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Accuracy (100%)
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Huge storing device
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Diligence (Stay constant)
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Versatility (Simple to complicated jobs)
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Automation (Automatic System)
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World Wide Networking
1.2.1 Processing speed -
i) 1 Milli second = 10-3 second
ii) 1 Micro second = 10-6 second
iii) 1 Nano second = 10-9 second
iv) 1 pico second = 10-12 second
v) 1 Fento second = 10-15 second
1.2.2 Huge Storing Capacity
i) 1 Kilo byte = 1024 characters = 103 bytes
ii) 1 Mega byte = 1024x1024 ” = 106 bytes
iii) 1 Giga byte = 1024x1024x1024 ” = 109 bytes
iv) 1 Tera byte = 1024x1024x1024x1024 ” = 1012 bytes
NOTE: (8 bits = 1 byte)
(1 byte = 1 character/1 Number/1 symbol)
1.3 Types of computer
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Volume wise - Mainframe, Mini, Micro computer, Laptop, Palmtop
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Job wise - Digital, Analog, Hydride
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Brand wise - IBM, Apple, Others
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Assemble wise - Branded and Assembled
1.4 Generations of Computer
Generation
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From ….to…
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Applied Chips/Techno
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Working speed
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1st Generation
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1946 to 1954
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Vacuum Tubes
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Second
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2ndGeneration
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1955 to 1964
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Transistors
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Mile Second
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3rd Generation
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1965 to 1980
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Integrated circuit
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Micro Second
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4th Generation
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1981 to Now
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Micro Processors
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Nano Second
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5th Generation
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from2000 trying
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Artificial Intelligence/Bio chips
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Pico Second
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1.5 Computer architecture(Anatomy of computer), CPU, ALU, memory
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Receive Input
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Performs processing
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Produce output
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Store Information
Inside the CPU Box:
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Computer System Unit contains – CPU, memory, ports, circuit boards, etc
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Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains – ALU registers, address and CU in a micro processor.
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Control Unit (CU) controls-whole system sending signals of data, program and tells to process data and to store in the right place.
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ALU- Arithmetical & logical calculations.
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Memory- holds input data, programs and output data in the processing time.
Registers- They are additional storage locations to store data during processing time. They appear in between ALU and CU of CPU
Address- Character storage locations numbers in the main memory like a mail box numbers. Location numbers remains the same but the contents changes continuously.
A) COMPUTER MODEL:-
FIG 1
B) COMUTER FRONT VIEW:-
C) COMPUTER BACK VIEW:-
2.12 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:-
a) Advantages: - b) Disadvantages:-
- Cheap - Depending
- Reliable - No Security
- Accurate - No control
- Quick response - Creates jobless
- Capable - Creates lazyness
- Useful for routine jobs - Creates accidents
- Variety of tasks
1.6. Working speed units of the computer.
3. MEMORY UNITS:-
Memory Unit means internal storage area (chips) of the CPU. Main memory is like an array of empty boxes. (e.g. 1 MB capacity). They are registers of CPU.
Types of main memory:-
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RAM- Random Access Memory/ Read & write memory)
Volatile memory/ Primary memory
(Computer writes on COMPASS offer reading ROM)
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ROM - Read only memory, holds small amount data and displays it during to start computer.
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PROM - A program strong empty memory chip. Once stored a program, it is permanent. Therefore PROM is non-volatile memory.
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EPROM (Erasable PROM)- A chip, where the program can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.
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EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) - Other type of EPROM, where the program can be erased by exposing electrical charge.
Types of RAM
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Dynamic RAM- Very commonly used RAM. They are refreshed thousand times per sec. They are used everywhere like in printer.
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Static RAM- Special RAM. They are less often refreshed. They are costly than dynamic RAM.
FLASH MEMORY:-
It is a special type of EEPROM, which can be re-programmed in block in stead of one byte at a time. Many modern PC’s have their BIOS (Basic IO System) stored on a flash memory chip so that it can easily be up date if necessary. They are used in modem too.
4. AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICE:- (Secondary Storage)
Types of Auxiliary Storage Device:
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Sequential Access (Tape)
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Random Access (Floppy, HD, CD, Pen drive etc.)
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Types of Storage capacity :-
Items
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Capacity
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i) Tape (Sequential Type)
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(60 MB-24 GB)
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ii) Floppy (Random Access Type)
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(720 KB-1.44 MB)
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iii) iii) Zip Disk
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100 MB- 250 MB
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iv) Jaz Disk (A cartridge)
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2GB
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v) Super Disk (A cartridge)
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120 MB
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vi) Optical Disk (CD) (A cartridge)
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(630 MB-1GB) (About 700 floppy/3,000,000 page texts)
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vii) CD-R (Recordable) Drive
(A cartridge)
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It creates CD-ROM or Audio CDs to publish.
It needs a CD-R software package.
It can read CD-R and play Audio CDs.
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viii) CD-RW Disk (A cartridge)
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It is a Re-Writable CD. (Many times rewrite)
It is like a floppy disk of high storage capacity
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ix) CD-R Disk (A cartridge)
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It is a one time writable CD
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x) Magneto-Optical Drive
(A cartridge)
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It is a special type of disk drive.
It can read and write MO-Disk.
It stores 200 MB faster than CD-ROM.
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INPUT DEVICE:-
i) Keyboard - 101 keys, Alphanumeric key, Punctuation keys, Special keys, Arrow keys, etc.
ii) Mouse - Curser or Pointer controller, developed in 1963 USA.
iii) Track Ball - Pointer mover by your palm, or thumb press.
iv) Joystick - Pointer mover leaver with two buttons (Triggers).
v) Digitizing tablet - It is an electronic tablet. A stylus pen is used here to draw pictures and to operate computer. They are called touch tablet
vi) Scanner - It can read text and pictures to convert it into digitals form and store to print them. It can print 600 dots per inch quality text or Images. There is single color or multiple colored scanners.
There are page or full page scanner.
vii) Digital camera - It can manipulate, save, delete, and rotate the images. It sends as digitals input files to the computer.
viii) Magnetic ink character Reader (MICR):- MICR is direct entry method used in the banks. It is a special type of input device used in ATM.
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Optical character Reader (OCR):- It reads the page of text and converts images into ASC II codes to store into the computer. In the future it can print ditto for the user. All OCR system includes an optical scanner. It enables to take a book and save into a computer file.
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Optical Mark Reader (OMR):- OMR is also called mark sensing, which is a technology. It can sense the presence or absence of the pencil mark. OMR is used in the aptitude texts.
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Bar code Reader:- Bar code reader is a photoelectric scanner that reads the bar code (Vertical Zebra Striped marks,) printed on the product. In the supermarket, you can find bar codes in ever items.
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Touch Screen:- It is a type of display screen that has the touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. As a mouse pointer, you can use your finger on screen.
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Touch Pad:- On a portable PC you can find a small touch pad where you can use your finger along the pad.
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Light Pen:- It is special pen, which uses light sensitive defector too select object on the screen display. This pen is also similar to mouse.
Type of Processor Generation (CPU) ****
Today, there are many processor manufacturers AMD, Motorola and Intel. Final decision to buy a processor depends upon users need for example a home basic or basic user can by Intel Celeron or AMD processor.
Class
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CPU Speed
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Approx year (1970 starting)
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INTEL 4004
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108 KHz
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1970
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INTEL 8080
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2 MHz
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1974
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INTEL 8086/87
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5 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz
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1976
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INTEL 8088
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4.77 MHz and 8MHz
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1979
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INTEL 20286/87
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8 MHz, 10 MHz and 12 MHz
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1982
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INTEL 20386 DX
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16 MHz, 20MHz and 25 MHz, 33 MHz
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1985
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INTEL 20386 SX/SL
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16 MHz, 20MHz and 25 MHz, 33MHz
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1989
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INTEL 20486 DX/SX
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25 MHz, 33 MHz and 50 MHz
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1991
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INTEL 20486 DX2
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33 MHz and 66 MHz
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1992
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INTEL PENTIUM
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60 MHz to 200 MHz
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1993
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INTEL PENTIUM MMX
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166 200,233 MHz and 266 MHz
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1997
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INTEL PENTIUM PRO
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166 and higher
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1997
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INTEL PENTIUM II
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233 MHz to 450 MHz
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1997
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INTEL PENTIUM III
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500 MHz, 750 MHz
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1999
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INTEL PENTIUM IV
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More than 1.1 GHz up to 2.0 GHz
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2000-2007
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INTEL Dual Core
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2.0 GHz
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2008
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INTEL Core 2 Duo
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3.4 GHz
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2008
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OUTPUT DEVICE:-
6.11 MONITOR:-
There are six types of the monitor
(a) Colour wise (i) colored monitor (ii) Monochrome monitor
(b) Signal wise (i) Digital monitor (ii) Analog monitor
(c) Design wise (i) Box type monitor (ii) Flat type monitor
6.12 CHARCTER OF A MONITOR:-
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Size = 14", 15", 17", 24"
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Resolution= how densely pixels are packed?
For example:-
VGA monitor = 640x480 pixels = 300,000 pixels
SVA monitor = 1024x 768 pixels = 800,000 pixels
Colored monitor = 24 bits per pixels = 16 million color
High and monitor = 1600x1200 pixels = 2,000,000 pixels
6.2 PRINTER:-
6.21 Types of the printer:-
i) Impact printer- Dot matrix & Line printer, Daisy wheel printer
ii) Non- impact printer- Ink-jet, Laser, LCD printer, Thermal printer
Impact printers – uses letter headed hammer, ink ribbon, paper.
Non impact printers- uses.
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Ink jet printer- Ionized ink spray, qualify print, diff. fonts.
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Laser printer - Utilizes a leaser beam to produce image on the drum. 1200-2400 dpi quality.
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LCD& Led printer - Uses liquid crystal to produce image. - Uses light emitting diods produce image.
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Line printers - It is a high speed printer 3000 lines/min. It can print only font. No pictures.
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Thermal printer - Produces images by trashing electrically heated pins against special paper.
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Plotters - It draws only pictures using pen with continuous lines. Multi colour plotters use different coloured pens. They are used in the engineering applications.
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Sound cards & speakers - Sound card is compulsory in the modem computers where speakers are used. Sound card enables the computer to output sound, to record input from a microphone connected to the computer and manipulate sound stored on a disk. Sound card translate digital data into analog sounds.
7. COMPUTER SOFTWARE:-
Computer software means instructions or data, which are electronically stored on the storage device.
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