Crimean state medical university

1. The outstanding representatives of medicine of ancient world: Hippocrate, Aristotle, Herophilos, Claudius Galenus.

2. The great representative of scientists of the East during an epoch of the Middle Ages – Avicenna.

3. The anatomists of Renaissance: Andrew Vesalius, William Harvey, Marcello Malpighi.

4. The St.-Petersburg school of morphologists: M.I. Sheyin, K.I. Shchepin, N.M. Maksimovich (Ambodik), P.A. Zagorskoy, P.F.Leshaft, etc.

5. N.I. Pirogov the oustanding Russian surgeon, the anatomist and the teacher.

6. The Moscow school of morphologists: S.G.Zabelin, A.M.Shumljansky, A.P.Protasov, V.V.Kuprijanov, etc.

7. The Kiev morphological school: V.A. Bets, I.E .Kefeli, etc.

8. The Kharkov school of morphologists: V.P.Vorobjev, R.D.Sinelnikov, V.V. Bobin.

9. The Lvov school of morphologists: A.Marger, I.A.Markovsky, A.P.Ljubomudrov.

10. The Crimean morphological school: prof. V.V.Bobin, prof. R.I. Helvig, prof. V.I.Zjablov, prof. B.N.Hvatov.

11. The Crimean period of activity of N.I.Pirogov and S.P.Botkin.

12. The Crimean embryologist school: B.P.Hvatov, G.N.Petrov.

13. The ontogenetic stages of development of a human embryo.

14. The modern idea about a morphological substratum of cellular and humoral immunity.

15. The history of Anatomy development. Cells, tissues. Early stages of human embryo development.

1. Development, structure and chemical compound of a bone. X-ray anatomy of the bones.

2. The structure of spongy and compact substance of bones.

3. The macro- and microscopic structure and functions of periosteum.

4. The age changes of an bone marrow.

5. Development of bones of the trunk in phylo- and ontogenesis. Variants and anomalies.

6. Bones of extremities skeleton in phylo- and ontogenesis. Variants and anomalies.

7. The interrelation and interdependence of the form and function on the example of osteology.

8. The modern idea about morphology and physiology of vertebral column.

9. The clinical vertebrology.

10. The professional features of a skeleton structure. Concept of hypodynamia and hypokinesia.

11. The influence different etiological factors (physical, chemical) to the structure and development of the skeleton.

12. The clinical osteology, concept about the osteoporosis.

13. The development of vertebral column in evolutionary aspect.

14. The vertebrae and their connections in X-ray image.

15. The movements of a vertebral column. Questions clinical vertebrology.

16. The sexual and age features of human skull a structure. The data of anthropology.

17. The evolutionary development of skull of “homo sapiens”.

18. The variants and anomalies of development of skull bones.

19. The age changes and sexual differences of a skull.

20. The anatomical-physiological characteristic of pneumatic bones (cavities) of a skull, their connections.

21. X-ray anatomy of the skulls.

22. The visualization of clinical methods of research of a skeleton.

Arthrology and syndesmology.

1. The development bones connections.

2. The most practically important anomalies of bones connections.

3. The anatomic bases to joints gymnastics.

4. Age changes of various bones connections types.

5. The concept of congruent and incongruent articulating surfaces of the bones.

6. Age features of the joints.

7. Biomechanics of a hip joint.

8. The analysis of human vertebral column movements.

9. A joint of the human thumb and its importance in labour processes for opposition of the thumb to other fingers.

10. The analysis of temporomandibular joint movements in connection with acts of mastication and speech articulation.
Myology.

1. The types of a muscular tissue, difference in a structure and functions.

2. The importance of muscular activity in combination with activity of joints for rehabilitation after the lost of motor functions because of various diseases and traumatic damages.

3. The actions of muscles to the bone as to the levers.

4. The functional types grouping of the upper extremity muscles.

5. The functional types grouping of the lower extremity muscles.

6. The analysis of functional activity masticating muscles (function of a mastication, speech articulation and static function). Biomechanics of the masticating apparatus.

7. The development of muscles, age anatomy of muscles.

8. The weak spots of the abdominal wall.

9. The respiratory excursions of a diaphragm.

10. The features of a structure of human muscles facial expression (features of structure and functional importance, etc.).

11. The functional group estimation of the straighten muscles of vertebral column.

12. Some topographical relationship of neck muscles (the triangles of a neck having the greatest importance as reference points in surgical practice).

13. The common data about a human body gravity center.

14. The age changes in muscular system.

15. The closed and communicating spaces of a neck, their role in spreading of purulent diseases.

2. Stages of development of anatomy as sciences. The basic discoveries in human anatomy and in morphology in general.

3. Outstanding scientists, which names are immortalized in names of anatomical objects and topographo-anatomical interrelations and anatomical formations. Essence of their work and discoveries, their theoretical and practical value.

4. A modern state of anthropogenesis doctrine.

5. Ecology and evolution of human. Modern problems.

6. Modern problems in morphology, ways and methods of their solution. Achievements, tendencies of researches of domestic scientific and morphological schools.

7. Development of an organism, its systems and organs. Variants and anomalies.

8. Phylo- and ontogeny of skeleton. Functional anatomy of skeleton of the trunk and extremities. Variants and malformations.

9. Phylo- and ontogeny of the skull. Functional anatomy of the skull. Variant anatomy of the skull. Anomalies and malformations.

10. Exo- and the endogenous factors influencing on skeletogeny.

11. Gender and age features of the skull and skeleton of the trunk and extremities. Variants and malformations.

12. Topography of a skull. Foramens, cavityes, canals, fossas, foveas and their contents.

13. Connections of bones: evolution of their development, phylo- and ontogeny. Types of connections, their biomechanical classification.

14. General anatomy of a joint. Simple, complex, combined and compound joints, their functional characteristic.

15. A temporo-mandibular joint. Biomechanics of the masticatory appararus.

16. Continuous connections of bones, symphyses. Their morphofunctional characteristic, dynamics of age changes and its value in vital activity of an organism and in applied aspects.

17. A biomechanical design of the human axial atomy sceleton in morphofunctional and applied aspects. Variants and anomalies.

18. Design features of the pelvis in applied aspect.

19. Vertebrology in clinical aspect.

20. Functional anatomy of a locomotor apparatus and its biomechanical bases.

21. The hand as the organ of labour. Functional - anatomical interrelation with CNS. Value in evolution.

22. A wrist as the whole. Foot, as the whole. Homology of foot and wrist.

23. General anatomy of muscular system. The auxiliary apparatus of muscles. Muscles activity.

24. Synovial fibrous canals and sheaths of tendons, sesamoids of the wrist and foot.

25. Large joints, their biomechanics. The muscles influencing on joint. An innervation and blood supply.

26. Phylo- and ontogeny of muscular system. Classification of muscles.

27. Muscles and topography (separately) of the head, neck, trunk, extremities. The review of structure.

28. Fascias and interfascial spaces of the head and neck.

29. Topography of particular musculo-fascial formations of the trunk and extremities.

30. Anatomy and topography of inguinal, femoral, adductor, cruropopliteal canals. Their contents.

31. Osteofibrous canals of the top and lower limb, their contents.

32. A mimic (facial expression) and masticatory muscles.

33. Value of muscle activity and activity of joints in vital activity of the organism and in aftertreatment of motor functions after various diseases and traumatic damages.

34. Clinical methods of visualization of the organs of locomotor apparatus (ultrasonography, magnetic resonance tomography, computer tomography).

Model of planes and axes.

Sets of histological preparations stained by different methods.

Teratological preparations (malformations).

Embryological preparations.
Submodule 2.

Sets of different bone groups: tubular, spongy, flat, mixt. Microsections of various bones.

Various skeleton specimens.

Cranial bones. Sections of a skull or cranial bones.

Specimens on variant anatomy of bone system.

Specimens on comparative and evolutional anatomy.

Embryon specimens stained by Dawson method.
Submodule 3.

Connections of bones of the trunk:

- vertebrae in different parts of vertebral column;

- atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints;

- sacro-coccygeal joints;

- whole vertebral column;

- ribs with sternum and vertebrae.

Connections of cranial bones:

- temporomandibular joint.

Connections of bones of the shoulder girdle:

- sterno-clavicular and acromio-clavicular joints.

Connections of the free upper limb:

- shoulder joint;

- elbow joint:

- articulo-ligamentous apparatus of hand (hand as a whole).

Connections of bones of the pelvic girdle:

- pubic symphysis;

- sacro-iliac joint;

- articulo-ligamentous apparatus of a pelvis (pelvis as a whole);

Connections of the free lower limb:

- hip joint;

- knee joint;

- joints of the leg;

- articulo-ligamentous apparatus of a foot (foot as a whole).

Limb fragments with auxiliary formations of muscles (fascies, tendon synovial sheaths, synovial bursae, sesamoid bones).

Prepared “muscular cadavers” of adult objects.

Prepared “muscular cadavers” of newborns and feotus.

Fragments of cadaver with prepared muscles:

- muscles of the head (mimic and masticatory);

- muscles and fascies of a neck (superficial and deep);

- suboccipital muscles;

- muscles of the trunk (muscles of the thorax, back, abdomen, diaphragm; transverse sections of a rectus abdominis muscle sheath on various levels, inguinal region and inguinal canal; lacuna musculorum and vasorum);

- muscles of the shoulder girdle;

- muscles of the free upper limb;

- muscles of the pelvis (external and internal);

- muscles of the free lower limb.

11. LIST OF RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
Basic literature:
1. Human Anatomy. In three volumes. Volume 1 / edited by V.G.Koveshnikov. – Lugansk: «Шико» ТОВ «Віртуальна реальність», - 2006. – 328 р.

2. Prives M., Lysenkov N., Bushkovich V. human anatomy. Vol. I.- 9 Edition. – Moscow: MIR, 1985. - 440 P.

3. Zadipryany I. V. Lecture work-book, Volume I. - 4 Edition. – Simpheropol: Printed CSMU. – 2004. – 482 P.

4. Moore Keith L., Daily Arthur F. Clinically oriented Anatomy. – 4 Edition. - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Canada, - 1999. – 1168 P.

5. Gray`s Anatomy. – 38 Edition. - Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg, London, New-York, Philadelphia, Sidney, Toronto, 1995. – 2092 P.

ADDITIONAL LITERATURE:
1. Romanes G. J. Cunningham’s manual of Practical anatomy. 3 volumes. – V edition. - Oxford, New York, Tokyo: Oxford University press, 1999.

2. Rohen W., Johannes Chihiro Yokochi, Eike Lutjen-Drecoll. Colour Atlas of Anatomy (A Photographic Study of the Human Body with 1111 Figures, 947 in Colour). IV Edition. – Germany: Williams &: Wilkins, 1999. – 486 P.

3. Zadipryany I. V., Makejeva A.A. dictionary. Anatomical terminology, Terminologia anatomica, Анатомическая терминология (in three languages: English - Latinum – Русский). - Simpheropol: Printed CSMU. – 2004. – 320 P.

4. Saladin K.S. Anatomy and physiology. The Unity of Form and Function. III Edition.. – McGraw Hill. – 2004. – 1120 p.

5. Netter F. Atlas of human anatomy. – Львів, Наутілус. – 2004. – 592 р.

6. Cинельников Р. Д., Синельников Я. Р. Атлас анатомии человЕка. Учебное пособие в 4-х томах – М.: Медицина, 1996.

7. Agur Anne M. R. Grant’s atlas of anatomy. – 9 Edition. – USA, 1991. – 650 P.

CONTENTS

3.1. Estimation of module..................................................................................................9

3.1.1. Estimation of current educational activity..............................................9

3.1.2. The final modular control..................................................................11

3.2. Estimation of discipline...................................................................................12

3.2.1. Definition of quantity of points the student has

collected on discipline.................................................................................13

3.2.2. Converting amount of points on human anatomy in

an estimation on scale ects and on four-ball (traditional) system........13

3.2.3. Estimation structure on “human anatomy”...........................................14