Ethology practical Vilmos Altbäcker Márta Gácsi András Kosztolányi Ákos Pogány Gabriella Lakatos

by Vilmos Altbäcker, Márta Gácsi, András Kosztolányi, Ákos Pogány, Gabriella Lakatos, and Péter Pongrácz

Copyright © 2013 Eötvös Loránd University

This book is freely available for research and educational purposes. Reproduction in any form is prohibited without written permission of the owner.

Made in the project entitled "E-learning scientific content development in ELTE TTK" with number TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/1-11/1-2011-0073. Consortium leader: Eötvös Loránd University, Consortium Members: ELTE Faculties of Science Student Foundation, ITStudy Hungary Ltd.

I. Field ethology – Conducting behavioral observations in the Budapest Zoo Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2.INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 The design of a scientific research study Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Components of behaviour Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 The subjects of an ethological study Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 How can we collect behavioural data? Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Location Error: Reference source not found

3.2. 3.2 Subjects Error: Reference source not found

3.3. 3.3 Materials Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. CONDUCTING THE FIELD OBSERVATION AT THE ZOO Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Goals Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Time range of the observations Error: Reference source not found

4.3. 4.3 Field report and data sheets Error: Reference source not found

4.4. 4.4 Written report Error: Reference source not found

4.5. 4.5 The evaluation of the report Error: Reference source not found

5. 5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

II. The ontogeny of antipredator behavior in fish fry Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Antipredator behaviour Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Predator recognition Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Inherited recognition of predators Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 Predator avoidance and the ontogeny Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Test subjects Error: Reference source not found

3.2. 3.2 Experimental device Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Goal of the practical Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Experimental process Error: Reference source not found

4.3. 4.3 Experimental groups Error: Reference source not found

4.4. 4.4 Data analysis and the presentation of the results Error: Reference source not found

4.5. 4.5 Preparing a report Error: Reference source not found

4.6. 4.6 Evaluation of the report Error: Reference source not found

5. 5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

III. Search image formation in domestic chicken Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

3. 5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

IV. Operant conditioning in the practice Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Theoretical Overview Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 General forms of learning Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Operant conditioning as a training method: clicker training Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1. Experimental animals and equipment Error: Reference source not found

3.2. 3.2. Procedure Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. DATA COLLECTION Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1. Practicing the method on mates – shaping the behaviour Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Operant conditioning with dogs Error: Reference source not found

4.2.1. 4.2.1. Test A – capturing a single simple action Error: Reference source not found

4.2.2. 4.2.2 Test B - Shaping Error: Reference source not found

4.3. 4.3. Preparation of a report Error: Reference source not found

4.4. 4.4. General evaluation – Considerations for the discussion Error: Reference source not found

5. REFERENCES CITED Error: Reference source not found

V. The effect of imprinting on the behaviour of domestic chicken Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Filial imprinting Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Sexual imprinting Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. METHODS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Tests Error: Reference source not found

4. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

VI. The effect of early human contact on the timidity of rabbits Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Conspecific recognition of hand raised rabbits Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Conspecific recognition is based on smell in rabbits Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. METHODS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Experimental animals Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. STEPS OF THE PRACTICAL Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

VII. Study of chin marking behaviour in the european rabbit Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Chemical communication in mammals Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Sexual communication in the European rabbit Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Chin marking in the rabbit Error: Reference source not found

2.3.1. 2.3.1 What is chin marking? Error: Reference source not found

3. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

VIII. The effect of warning coloration on zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) boldness Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1. Theoretical background of warning colorations Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Aposematic coloration Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Aposematism and mimicry Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 Animal personality and boldness Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Aims Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Experimental steps Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

IX. Human sexual dimorphism Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Background Error: Reference source not found

2.1.1. 2.1.1 Female preference Error: Reference source not found

2.1.2. 2.1.2 Male competition Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Sexual dimorphism in humans Error: Reference source not found

2.2.1. 2.2.1 Secondary sexual traits Error: Reference source not found

2.2.2. 2.2.2 Voice as sexual signal Error: Reference source not found

2.2.3. 2.2.3 Body size as sexual character Error: Reference source not found

2.2.4. 2.2.4 Body ratios Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Subjects and equipment Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Aim of the study Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Steps of the study Error: Reference source not found

4.3. 4.3 Preparation of the study notes Error: Reference source not found

5. REFERENCES CITED Error: Reference source not found

X. Human sexual selection: female and male preferences Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Background Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Body size Error: Reference source not found

2.2.1. 2.2.1 Female preference for taller men Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.2 Preferred body ratios Error: Reference source not found

2.3.1. 2.2.1 Body ratio preferences in humans Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.3 Voice as sexual character Error: Reference source not found

2.5. 2.4 Preference for acoustical parameters Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Subjects and equipment Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Aim of the study: Error: Reference source not found

4.1.1. 4.2 Steps of the study Error: Reference source not found

4.1.2. 4.3 Preparation of the study notes Error: Reference source not found

5. REFERENCES Error: Reference source not found

XI. How intrauterine development affects later rank and anogenital distance in rabbits Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Hormones and behaviour Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Prenatal hormonal effects Error: Reference source not found

2.3. AGD as a biomarker Error: Reference source not found

2.4. Sexual differentiation in rabbits Error: Reference source not found

2.5. Social system of rabbits Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Experimental animals and methods Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. Procedure Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Goal of the practical Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Steps to be followed: Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XII. Risk taking in animals and humans: gender effects Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Error: Reference source not found

4. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XIII. Huddling behaviour in mice Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Animal groups Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Types of groups Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 The cooperative mound- building mice Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 Conspecific and kin recognition in mice Error: Reference source not found

2.5. 2.5 Huddling Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 The goal of the practical: Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Steps to be done during the practical Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XIV. Factors affecting the shoal formation in the zebrafish (Brachydaniorerio) Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Costs and benefits of living in a group Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Shoal formation in fish Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Investigating shoal formation in the zebrafish Error: Reference source not found

2.3.1. 2.3.1 The zebrafish Error: Reference source not found

2.3.2. 2.3.2 Zebrafish in the biological research Error: Reference source not found

2.3.3. 2.3.3 Testing social behaviour of the zebrafish in the laboratory Error: Reference source not found

2.3.4. 2.3.4 Factors affecting the group formation of zebrafish Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Subjects Error: Reference source not found

3.2. 3.2 Testing aquarium Error: Reference source not found

3.3. 3.3 Experimental groups Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Experiment 1: testing social attraction to conspecifics Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Experiment 2: testing phenotypic features that may affect social attraction in the zebrafish Error: Reference source not found

4.3. 4. 3 Data analysis Error: Reference source not found

4.3.1. 4.3.1 Experiment 1 Error: Reference source not found

4.3.2. 4.3.2 Experiment 2 Error: Reference source not found

4.3.3. 4.4 Evaluation of the practical report Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XV. Aggression and dominance in the house mouse Error: Reference source not found

1. 1.OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Group formation Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Aggression Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Social rank Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 Communication and rank Error: Reference source not found

2.5. 2.5 The Social system of the house mouse Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 ANIMALS Error: Reference source not found

3.2. 3.2 METHODS Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XVI. Group effect on human vigilance during feeding Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Group formation as a means to reduce predation risk Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Grouping and vigilance in animals Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Group size and level of vigilance in apes Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Studied subjects and necessary tools Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Steps to be followed Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Statistical analyses Error: Reference source not found

4.3. 4.3 Questions for discussion Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XVII. Ethological study of the dog’s attachment behaviour Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Theoretical Overview Error: Reference source not found

2.1.1. 2.1.1. A specific aspect of domestication Error: Reference source not found

2.1.2. 2.1.2 How can we measure attachment objectively? Error: Reference source not found

2.1.3. 4.2.2 Behavioural analysis – Data collection Error: Reference source not found

2.1.4. 4.2.3 Data Analysis Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

4. 3.1 Subjects and tools Error: Reference source not found

5. 4 PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

6. 4.1 Practicing the method – coding behaviour variables (Video) Error: Reference source not found

7. 4.2 Strange Situation Test Error: Reference source not found

7.1. 4.2.1 Hypotheses and predictions Error: Reference source not found

7.2. 4.3 Preparation of the Report Error: Reference source not found

7.3. 4.4 General evaluation – Considerations for the discussion Error: Reference source not found

8. LITERATURE Error: Reference source not found

XVIII. Assessing the inner state of dogs based on their barks; is there difference between the nuisance level of the barks? Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Dog-human communication Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 The acoustic communication of dogs, with emphasis on barking Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Do humans understand dog barks? Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 Nuisance barking Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Error: Reference source not found

3.1. 3.1 Location Error: Reference source not found

3.2. 3.2 Subjects Error: Reference source not found

3.3. 3.3 Materials Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Recognition of the context Error: Reference source not found

4.2. 4.2 Scoring of the inner states and the nuisance level Error: Reference source not found

4.3. 4. 3 Data analysis and presentation of the results Error: Reference source not found

4.3.1. 4.3.1 Summarizing the individually collected data Error: Reference source not found

4.3.2. 4.3.2 Context recognition Error: Reference source not found

4.3.3. 4.3.3 Results of the emotional scoring Error: Reference source not found

4.4. 4.4. Evaluation of the practical report Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XIX. Localisation of animals by radiotelemetry Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Transmitter attachment Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Receivers Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Recieving antenna Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 Localization of the collared animals - Accuracy of locations Error: Reference source not found

2.5. 2.5 Direct localization versus triangulation Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. METHODS Error: Reference source not found

XX. Methods to collect and analyse animal behaviour data Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 The way of investigating animal behaviour Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 Types of behavioural variables Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3 Methods to record data Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4 Tools for data recoding Error: Reference source not found

2.5. 2.5 Reliability and validity of measurements Error: Reference source not found

2.6. 2.6 Agreement between and within observers Error: Reference source not found

2.7. 2.7 Methods to test the agreement between observers Error: Reference source not found

2.7.1. 2.7.1 Correlation between observers Error: Reference source not found

2.7.2. 2.7.2 Index of concordance (KI) Error: Reference source not found

2.7.3. 2.7. 3. Cohen’s Kappa (κ) Error: Reference source not found

2.8. 2.8 Descriptive statistics Error: Reference source not found

2.9. 2.9 Statistical hypothesis testing Error: Reference source not found

2.10. 2.10 Normal distribution, testing normality Error: Reference source not found

2.11. 2.11 Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests Error: Reference source not found

2.12. 2. 12 One-sample, two-sample, paired-sample and multiple sample statistical tests Error: Reference source not found

2.13. 2.13 Investigating the association between variables Error: Reference source not found

2.14. 2.14 Reporting the results of statistical analysis Error: Reference source not found

3. 3. MATERIALS Error: Reference source not found

4. 4. PROCEDURE Error: Reference source not found

4.1. 4.1 Task to be carried out during the practical Error: Reference source not found

5. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

XXI. Practical statistics: how to use the program instat to analyse your data Error: Reference source not found

1. 1. OBJECTIVES Error: Reference source not found

2. 2. INTRODUCTION Error: Reference source not found

2.1. 2.1 Installing GraphPad InStat Error: Reference source not found

2.1.1. 2.1.1 InStat toolbar Error: Reference source not found

2.2. 2.2 The InStat Guide Error: Reference source not found

2.3. 2.3. Entering your data Error: Reference source not found

2.4. 2.4. Working with the data table Error: Reference source not found

2.5. 2.5. Compare groups Error: Reference source not found

2.6. 2.6. Print or export the results Error: Reference source not found

2.7. 2.7. View a the results as a graph in InStat Error: Reference source not found

2.8. 2.8. Record notes or append the results to the notes window Error: Reference source not found

2.9. 2.9. Analyze the same data with a different test Error: Reference source not found

2.10. 2.10. Perform the same analysis on new data Error: Reference source not found

2.11. 2.11. InStat files and formats Error: Reference source not found

3. LITERATURE CITED Error: Reference source not found

Péter Pongrácz

1. 1. OBJECTIVES

This practical is about how to conduct basic observational studies on free moving animals. Students have to use their knowledge about the theory of ethological description of behaviour, the concept of ethogram and the most widely used methods of behavioural research. In the Budapest Zoo the students participate on a brief theoretical introduction, and then they can choose their subjects freely from among the numerous species available in the Zoo. The practical offers a wide array of possible methods and research questions, as each species shows more or less different behaviour and activity patterns.

The main goal of this practical is to provide a model of a full ethological study, beginning with the pilot observations and asking the proper research question, following with the data collection and analysis, and ending with writing a report and drawing conclusions from the results.

2. 2.INTRODUCTION

2.1. 2.1 The design of a scientific research study

Data collection is not the first step of the scientific research. Ideally, each study (which can either be observational or experimental) starts with establishing a proper research paradigm, or more simply, a research question. A new study’s question can be derived from a previous research work, but it can also originate from an accidental or planned observation or pilot study as well.

The first ‘official’ step of an investigation is forming the research question. The next step is to choose or develop suitable methods, which will enable us to collect the necessary data to answer the question. For choosing the appropriate method one will need to know well enough the circumstances and the subjects of the study, and it is also very useful if we know some of the related researches, which were published earlier on the similar topic. In other words, the methodological planning of a study requires a throughout practical and theoretical knowledge from the scientists.

Knowing our question and the outline of the methods we will use for answering it, it is worth to enumerate those hypotheses, which are basically the possible outcomes (answers) of the research. Depending on the planned research, there are minimum two, but sometimes three or more theoretical answers that can exist. A preliminary analysis of these hypotheses can provide considerable help for the future, when we already have the results of our investigation.

This practical differs from the others along the course, where the students join to the experimental work after the previously mentioned three steps of research planning. Our main goal here is to provide the students a chance to conduct a full research right from the first step. They have to discover an interesting phenomenon, form a suitable research question, plan the proper data collecting methodology, and execute the observation. In the next paragraphs we provide a brief theoretical background about how to describe animal behaviour scientifically, and what kind of basic ethological procedures are available for conducting an observational research.

2.2. 2.2 Components of behaviour

According to one of the main principles of ethology, behavior is a process that is dividable to discrete behavioural elements. These can be non-overlapping, for example a hen cannot sit and stand at the same time. Other behavioural elements can overlap, for example the hen can peck while it is standing. The fact that a continuous string of behaviour can be divided to elements had a very important part in forming modern ethological thinking. Natural sciences require exact measuring methods, and this in turn would be impossible without unambiguous definitions and repeatable experiments. Knowing a few basic definitions are also necessary for the successful participation on this practical.