Foundation Briefs Advanced Level September/October Brief Resolved

Organizations

The Atlantic is an American magazine, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts, now based in Washington, D.C. It was created as a literary and cultural commentary magazine and quickly achieved a national reputation as a high-quality review with a moderate worldview—a reputation it has maintained for over 150 years.

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the world's largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, as well as online news coverage.The service maintains 44 foreign news bureaus and has correspondents in almost every country.

The Brookings Institution is an American think tank based on Embassy Row in Washington, D.C., in the United States. One of Washington's oldest think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development] In the University of Pennsylvania’s 2012 Global Go To Think Tanks Report, Brookings is ranked the most influential think tank in the world.

The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's third-oldest surviving university. The institution is frequently ranked as the best university in the world.

The Center for Public Policy and Administration (CPPA) is the hub of interdisciplinary public policy research, teaching, and engagement at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. CPPA teaches and conducts rigorous research to realize social change and solve problems for the common good. CPPA faculty and alumni are effective policy leaders from the local to the global levels in addressing topics such as family and care policy, environmental issues, emerging technologies, social inequalities, and governance.

The Economist is an English-language weekly newspaper owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in offices in London. It takes an editorial stance of classical liberalism and economic liberalism which is supportive of free trade, globalisation, free immigration and cultural liberalism (such as supporting legal recognition for same-sex marriage). The publication has described itself as "a product of the Caledonian liberalism of Adam Smith and David Hume”. It targets highly educated readers and claims an audience containing many influential executives and policy-makers.

The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis was established in 1914, after the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. The Eighth Federal Reserve District is headquartered in St. Louis and has branches in Little Rock, Ark., Louisville, Ky., and Memphis, Tenn. As one of the 12 regional Reserve banks in the Fed System, the St. Louis Fed is central to America's economy. All of the Reserve banks share some degree of similar duties. But because the banks are independent of one another, each has some specialized assignments and tasks that distinguish it.

The Goldwater Institute is a Phoenix, Arizona-based public policy advocacy and research organization established in 1988 with the support of the late Senator Barry Goldwater. The Goldwater Institute advocates public policies with emphasis on empowering states to thwart overreach by the federal government, improving government transparency, reducing the tax burden, expanding school choice, and protecting entrepreneurship and free enterprise.

The Initiative for a Competitive Inner City (ICIC) is a nonprofit research and strategy organization and the leading authority on U.S. inner city economies and the businesses that thrive there. Founded in 1994 by Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter, ICIC strengthens inner city economies by providing businesses, governments and investors with the most comprehensive and actionable information in the field about urban market opportunities.

The IMF is a self-described "organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.” The organization's objectives are stated in the Articles of Agreement and can be summarised as: to promote international economic co-operation, international trade, employment, and exchange-rate stability, including by making financial resources available to member countries to meet balance of payments needs.

Maine Heritage Policy Center (MHPC) is a conservative think tank located in Portland, Maine. According to its mission statement, the MHPC is "a research and educational organization whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise; limited, constitutional government; individual freedom; and traditional American values–all for the purpose of providing public policy solutions that benefit the people of Maine. It has encountered controversy regularly in pursuing its goals.

The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, UMich, or U of M), frequently referred to as simply Michigan, is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. It is the state's oldest university and has two satellite campuses located in Flint and Dearborn. The university has very high research activity and its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, nursing, social work and dentistry.

The Nation is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States, a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator. The periodical, devoted to politics and culture, is self-described as "the flagship of the left." Founded on July 6, 1865, it is published by The Nation Company, L.P., at 33 Irving Place, New York City. It is associated with The Nation Institute.

The Nation has bureaus in Washington, D.C., London, and South Africa, with departments covering architecture, art, corporations, defense, environment, films, legal affairs, music, peace and disarmament, poetry, and the United Nations.

Pacific Standard

Pacific Standard, formerly Miller-McCune, is an American magazine, published bimonthly in print and continuously online by the nonprofit Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy, headquartered in Santa Barbara, California. The magazine was created for opinion leaders, policymakers, and concerned citizens who are interested in developing solutions to some of the world’s toughest social and environmental problems.

Southwestern University of Finance and Economics or SWUFE is a national university located in Chengdu, China. It is one of 3 specialist finance and economic universities under direct administration of the Ministry of Education (Republic of China) and has been selected as a Project 211 university by the Chinese government as part of the national endeavor to build world-class universities in the 21st century.

The Star Tribune is the largest newspaper in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is published seven days each week in an edition for the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. A statewide version is also available across Minnesota and parts of Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, and North Dakota. The paper's largest competitor is the Saint Paul-based Pioneer Press, though it competes with a number of other papers in its wide circulation area.

The Code of Laws of the United States of America (variously abbreviated to Code of Laws of the United States, United States Code, U.S. Code, or U.S.C.) is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal laws of the United States. It contains 51 titles, along with a further four proposed titles.

The University of Washington (UW), commonly referred to as Washington or informally UDub, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, UW is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast and has one of the best medical schools in the world UW has been labeled one of the "Public Ivies," a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League.