Foundation Briefs Advanced Level September/October Brief Resolved
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Foundation Briefs Advanced Level September/October Brief 
Resolved: On balance, public subsidies for professional athletic organizations in the United States benefit their local communities. Table of ContentsTable of Contents 2 Table of Contents 2 Defend Your Source 3 Defend Your Source 3 Authors 3 Organizations 8 Definitions 13 Definitions 13 On Balance Definition AMS 13 Professional Sports Organization Definition AMS 13 Level of Public Subsidies Defined. ASF 13 “Public subsidy” definition DAT 14 Topic Analysis One 15 Topic Analysis One 15 Topic Analysis Two 19 Topic Analysis Two 19 Topic Analysis Three 24 Topic Analysis Three 24 Pro Evidence 34 Pro Evidence 34 How Sports Subsidies Provide Economic Benefits 35 Other Ways that Sports Stadiums Benefit Cities AMS 35 Intangibles: Civic Pride AMS 36 Cities charge more property tax on stadiums than they’re worth DAT 36 Examples of Economic Benefits from Sports Subsidies 38 The Citizenry Benefits from A Consumer Surplus 38 Explaining a consumer surplus, Fj 38 Baseball stadiums can result in a consumer surplus, Fj 38 Further Analysis of the Irani study, Fj 40 NBA and NHL Arenas consistently create a net surplus, Fj 40 Consumer surplus is related to stadium subsidies, Fj 41 Economic Gain 42 Colorado State University Stadium Benefits Community AMS 42 Minneapolis’ Economic Benefit Grows AMS 42 Benefits of Jacobs/Progressive Field, Fj 43 Other Benefits of Jacobs/Progressive Field, Fj 43 Benefits of Coors Field, Fj 44 Other Benefits of Coors Field, Fj 44 Benefits of AT&T Park, Fj 44 Benefits of Petco Park, Fj 45 Benefits of National Park, Fj 45 Benefits of Target Field, Fj 46 Benefits of Cleveland Browns Stadium, Fj 46 Benefits of Lucas Oil Stadium, Fj 47 Benefits Of Minor League Stadiums 49 Minor leagues that are subsidized are a better investment than private minor leagues. ASF 49 Preferable Methodology. ASF 49 Minor League stadiums cause communal benefits. ASF 51 Minor Leagues are not comparable to Major Leagues. ASF 52 Minor League management causes economic gains. ASF 53 Minor Leagues Increase Per Capita Income $67 to $201. ASF 54 Minor Leagues Boost Per Capita Income .2 - .7%. ASF 55 Benefits of Springfield Falcons routine operating expenses, Fj 55 Springfield Falcons impact on local businesses, Fj 57 Springfield Falcons charity, Fj 57 Sports Help Other Industries 59 Statistics Demonstrate Far-Reaching Impact of Sports Sector AMS 59 Mega Events Help Build Infrastructure 64 Financial Impact of Super Bowl AMS 64 Superbowl Impact AMS 64 Positive Impact of the Olympic Games AMS 65 How Big Events Help Build Infrastructure AMS 66 Advantages of Hosting Big sports Events AMS 66 Economic Benefits from Track and Field Stadiums 68 Stadium Generates Huge Economic Impact AMS 68 Impact for Greensboro, North Carolina AMS 69 Des Moines, Iowa – Drake Stadium, Drake University AMS 70 Albuquerque, New Mexico – Albuquerque Convention Center AMS 71 New York’s 168th Street Armory Youth CenterAMS 71 Public Ownership of Teams is Effective 73 Public sports team ownership is effective as a safety net and funding mechanism DAT 73 Public ownership keeps subsidy costs reasonable, as opposed to private ownership DAT 74 Case study: the Green Bay Packers DAT 75 New Stadiums Revitalize Urban Communities 76 Case study from Cleveland’s Gateway Complex DAT 76 Stadium Funding is a Proper Infrastructure Investment 78 Cities can generate economic growth by developing the infrastructure for stadium areas DAT 78 Stadium financing is an effective cover for funding necessary infrastructure work DAT 79 Modern stadium construction projects are likely to reduce future costs for cities DAT 80 The Olympic Effect 81 Large sporting event championships generate income in surrounding communities. JCD 81 Regular season games generate revenue for local economies. JCD 81 Ex post studies claiming no net benefit are flawed. JCD 82 Large sporting events boost local businesses’ revenues. JCD 82 Large sporting events yield revenue years after the event due to tourism. JCD 82 Large sporting events increase quality of life for residents. JCD 83 Rental prices are higher in cities with professional sports teams. JCD 83 During these events the rental values are significantly higher. JCD 83 Hosting major sporting events promotes bipartisanship in local governments. JCD 84 The Olympics generate large amounts of income. JCD 84 The Olympics lead to job creation and training in host cities. JCD 84 The Olympics spur much needed infrastructure reform in host cities. JCD 85 Tourism will likely increase in the long term because of the Olympics. JCD 85 After the Olympics, Olympic Park has high probability of becoming a hub for business. JCD 87 Economic benefits from the Olympics will continue in the near future. JCD 87 The Benefits To Social Cohesion 88 Social Cohesion Reduces Crime. ASF 88 Sense of community decreases crime. ASF 89 Even one pro team greatly increases social cohesion DAT 90 Small, socially cohesive communities are more capable of attracting business DAT 91 Gentrification of Neighborhoods Is Good 92 Residents of gentrified neighborhoods don’t move out. ASF 92 Residents of gentrified neighborhoods have higher credit scores. ASF 93 Financial health of original residents increases. ASF 94 Credit scores of gentrified neighborhoods go up 8 points on average. ASF 94 People displaced by gentrification fare better in the long run. ASF 95 Con Evidence 96 Con Evidence 96 Stadiums Fail to Bring Large Economic Impact 97 Why Stadiums are a Poor Investment AMS 97 Sports Stadiums Fail to Bring Widespread Impact AMS 98 Why Sports Subsidies for Stadiums Fail to Produce Economic Benefits AMS 99 20 years of research has already concluded that sports are not an economy booster DAT 99 Sports teams replace employment and income instead of generating it DAT 100 Little Economic Impact AMS 101 By nature of their audiences, pro sports cannot generate economic expansion DAT 103 The hidden costs of stadiums, Fj 104 Professional teams don’t heavily impact local economies, Fj 104 A team leaving doesn’t impact the local economy, Fj 104 Funding a stadium can wreck cities’ credit DAT 106 Corruption in Sports 107 Tales of Corruption in Professional Sports AMS 107 Sports Institutions are Monopolies 109 Legislation Protects Sports Organizations from Laws Preventing Collusion AMS 109 NFL Corruption Benefits Executives AMS 110 Professional teams are too ludicrously profitable to warrant public funds DAT 111 Current tax law encourages cities to meet sports leagues’ egregious financial demands DAT 112 Case study: Seattle vs. OKC DAT 113 NFL teams are too highly incentivized to move to have a permanent local impact DAT 115 Problems with “Sports Diplomacy” 116 Sports Diplomacy Organization SportsUnited is Wasteful AMS 116 The Holdout Problem 117 How Sports Stadium Construction Causes Economic Problems AMS 117 Opportunity Costs of Public Funding for Pro Sports 119 Stadium construction saddles governments with annual debt DAT 119 Publically-funded stadiums financed by reallocation still tax cities’ citizens DAT 119 Pro sports funding is a false dilemma DAT 120 Funding for stadiums comes at the expense of better options, Fj 121 Baltimore’s new publically-funded stadium complex ravaged industrially-valuable areas DAT 121 Opportunity cost does not need to be financial. ASF 122 Funding Pro Sports Teams Is Against the Public Will 124 Municipalities fund pro sports teams in opposition to their voters DAT 124 Stadium construction referendums present a false dilemma for voters and taxpayers DAT 124 Teams use money to influence the democratic process, Fj 125 Amount of money spent is sometimes unprecedented, Fj 126 The public has no say. ASF 126 Teams are circumventing public displeasure and extracting more funds from governments DAT 127 Sports Industry Displaces Economic Revenue 128 Sports Industry Fails to Generate Economic Revenue Because it Displaces Other Forms of Economic Activity AMS 128 Stadiums reduce individual wages, Fj 129 Coates and Humphreys methodology, Fj 129 Minorities Are Marginalized By Stadiums 130 Stadium development projects in urban areas force out minority residents DAT 130 Native Americans 130 Stadiums are built on Native American Grounds. ASF 130 The Native American Community Is Upset At The Stadium’s Destruction of Culture. ASF 131 Native Americans are minimalized by stadium. ASF 132 Racism in sports is noticeable for Native Americans. ASF 133 Sexism and Discrimination in Sports 134 Perception of females in sports is objectifying. ASF 134 NFL cheerleaders make less than minimum wage. ASF 134 NFL Violates Union Rights 136 NFL illegally side-steps lockout. ASF 136 The NFL does not provide for the safety of players. ASF 137 Eminent Domain Is Bad 138 Eminent domain is not in the spirit of the law. ASF 138 Eminent domain is designed to rid the impoverished rather than help. ASF 139 The use of eminent domain has discouraged government to evaluate stadiums. ASF 140 Eminent domain ignores community definitions of benefit. ASF 141 The Downside of Mega-Events 142 Ex ante studies are fundamentally flawed. JCD 142 Ex post studies find little benefit from subsidizing professional athletic programs. JCD 142 Large scale sporting events carry steep price tags. JCD 143 Security concerns bring additional costs. JCD 143 Most economic estimates incorrectly apply multipliers. JCD 143 No existing evidence supports the claim that tourism increases in the long term from major sporting events. JCD 144 Any boosts to tourism are shortlived. JCD 144 The reputation of local cities are tarnished by major sporting events. JCD 144 The willingness for local populations to invest in sporting tickets for their local professional teams is a negligible gain. JCD 145 The effect on property values is extremely limited even within the host city. JCD 145 The rise of rent prices is not a good indicator of the effect of sports teams. JCD 147 Major sporting events such as the superbowl do not necessarily raise rental values. JCD 147 The effect of large sporting events on rental prices is negligible. JCD 147 The increase in rental values in Atlanta is likely due to outside factors that are ultimately harmful. JCD 148 The effects on rental values, on balance, is insignificant. JCD 148 The hosting process for the Olympics is propelled by private business interests. JCD 149 A conflict of interests arises when bidding for the Olympics. JCD 149 Benefits to bipartisanship in local governments are rather limited in scope. JCD 149 The environment large scale events like the Olympics are planned in are conducive to poor economic decision making. JCD 150 The use of these high maintenance facilities over time siphons from the potential benefits. JCD 150 The short term costs of the Olympics far exceeds the increased revenue. JCD 150 Public perception of the host city is not always positive. JCD 152 Tourism is not increased during the Olympics but rather it displaces the usual crowds in already popular tourist destinations. JCD 152 The cost of hosting major sporting events is huge. JCD 152 The cost of hosting major sporting events is grossly understated. JCD 152 The costs of hosting major sporting events is underreported. JCD 153 The cost of hosting largescale events continues to rise. JCD 153 Hosting the Olympics leads to other extraneous spending with little long term gains. JCD 153 Private business donations to hosting major events are rather limited. JCD 153 The Olympic economic effect is a myth. JCD 154 Forecasts on the effects of the Olympics are unreliable. JCD 154 Statistics citing profits from the Olympics are skewed. JCD 154 Most of the cost is put on the government. JCD 155 The London Olympics were not profitable. JCD 155 The methods used to measure the Olympics success economically is misleading. JCD 155 Private sector sponsors are unreliable for the Olympics. JCD 157 The Vancouver games were incredibly costly. JCD 157 The debt following the Vancouver Olympics is crippling. JCD 157 Development costs skyrocketed while preparing for the Olympics. JCD 157 Only small cities get a boost from mega events DAT 158 Pro Counters 159 Pro Counters 159 Urban Sprawl 160 In Defense of Urban Sprawl AMS 160 In Defense of Impact Analyses 162 Economic impact analyses for building stadiums can leave out economic benefits DAT 162 Substitution Effect rebuttal 163 Substitution effect does not take into account out of town visitors, Fj 163 Nashville Convention and Visitors Bureau study methodology, Fj 163 The Use of Eminent Domain is Justified 164 Constitutional basis for eminent domain, Fj 164 Meyer v. City of Cleveland,Fj 164 Berman v. Parker,Fj 165 Kelo v. City of New London, Fj 165 Stadiums Lack of Success Due to Other Factors 166 Study Basis, Fj 166 Downtown Location affects success, Fj 166 City Economic and Demographic Characteristics affect success, Fj 167 Walkability affects success, Fj 168 Public Transit affects success, Fj 170 Con Counters 172 Con Counters 172 Statistics from Sports Institutions are Inaccurate 173 Why the Pro Team’s Statistics are Imbalanced and Inaccurate AMS 173 Capital Costs Funded by Taxpayers AMS 173 The Math Does Not Add Up AMS 174 Flaws in Economic Studies Exposed AMS 175 A further examination of economic impact studies DAT 177 Economic impact studies entirely ignore opportunity costs DAT 178 Small markets vastly oversell themselves to justify excessive funding of local teams DAT 179 Public Subsidies are Not Good for the Public 181 How Public Subsidies for Stadiums Hurt the Public AMS 181 America’s Poorest Cities Overspend on Sports AMS 181 Pro teams bring the wrong kinds of jobs with them DAT 182 Sports Don’t Attract Outside Investment 183 Stadiums and their teams replace other local entertainment without adding extra value DAT 183 Stadiums are a poor tool for revitalization/gentrification efforts DAT 184 There is no “Public Good” 185 Public Good Argument Fails AMS 185 Civic Pride Leads To An Increase In Crime 187 Sport Franchises Hide Crimes For Positive Public Image. ASF 187 City-championed urban renewal projects drive up and redistribute criminal activity DAT 188 Mega Events Are Not Economically Justifiable 189 Subsidies for mega events drive up costs and lower standards DAT 189 Cases 190 Cases 190 Pro Case 191 Introduction: 191 Contention One: Consumer Surplus 191 Contention Two: Subsidies help centralize business 192 Benefits of Petco Park 192 Other Benefits of Coors Field 192 Benefits of Jacobs/Progressive Field 192 Contention three: Public ownership creates mutual interest 193 Con Case 195 Introduction: 195 Contention One: Sports Industry fails to generate economic revenue because it displaces other forms of economic activity 195 Contention Two: No Long Term Economic Impact 196 Contention Three: Opportunity Costs of Spending on Stadiums 197
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