Graduate school approval record northeastern university

Acknowledgements

I thank my advisor, Dr. Suzanne Ogden who has gone above and beyond the standard advisory duties to support my work. She has been dedicated, encouraging, supportive and patient. She has provided valuable academic and professional insight and advice. Her rich academic background provided a valuable dimension to my research. Her unwavering friendship has provided the foundation of my work.

I thank Dr. Peter Rogers for agreeing to take me on and providing invaluable insight and direction. His thoughtfulness, precision, and specialized knowledge of IWRM and environmental policy are priceless. Discussions with him inspired my research. I must thank him for his encouragement, his unwavering confidence, and his friendship.

I thank Dr. Chris Bosso, for his academic enthusiasm, and sharing his in-depth knowledge of environmental policy. He has provided valuable guidance, support, and encouragement. I must thank him for his commitment to my research and unconditional support.

I thank Joan Fitzgerald who has been relentless in her support.

This work is the product of life experience that has given me greater knowledge and understanding of the world we live in. It is with this that I must thank my husband Dr. Hamid Benbrahim, for bringing the richness of a distant world, Figuig to my life. As a research subject, a translator, travel consultant, driver, math tutor and editor, he has been thoughtful, patient, and encouraging. As a husband, father, and friend he has given me support, understanding, confidence, and a sense of adventure. For this I will always be grateful.

My children, Zach and Sasha are my inspiration in life, love and happiness. They have supported my passion for adventure. To look at the world with a child makes us equally wide eyed. Through their eyes I am better able to appreciate the nuances of the world we live in. Their relentless ability to ask why and then seek answers beyond what they are told is a gift I hold dear as they have encouraged me to tell my story and give it meaning.

I thank my sister, Dr. Ingrid Meszoely, and my parents, Dr. Charles and Janice Meszoely who have supported me in this endeavor, as they have throughout my life.

To my grandmother who remains my guardian angel. Thank you.

I thank the many interviewees who enthusiastically offered me their story and usually tea or a meal. To the people of the Figuig who inspired me; the elder who told my husband in Berber, as I stood with my children and veiled aunt in the streets of Figuig, that it does not matter who one marries as long as there is respect for difference; the many other people, including the faculty at Northeastern University, who have touched my life and inspired me by offering insight or posing questions, I say thank you.

Table of Contents

Abstract vi

Acknowledgements vii

Table of Contents ix

List of Tables xi

List of Figures xii

Preface xiv

Chapter 1: Introduction 22

Methodology: 33

Chapter 2: Theoretical Issues in Water Resources Management 35

Introduction 35

Science & Technology 38

Common Pool Resources Management 44

Integrated Water Resources Management 55

Governance 58

Governance: the Public/Private Balance 63

Demand Management 70

Property Rights 73

Chapter 3: Overview of Figuig 78

Overview of Figuig 78

Water Access 84

Agriculture 88

Commerce 89

Society 90

History 95

Post Colonial Figuig 100

Chapter 4: Governance and Water Resource Management 107

Water Governance 110

Government v Governance 115

Morocco: Policy, Law and Governance Structure 120

Figuig 133

Chapter 5: Society and the Value of Water 148

Path Dependency 149

Society and the Value of Water 151

Property Rights 153

The Water Council 157

Social Good vs. Economic Good 159

Value vs. Price 161

Water Demand Management 164

Societal Transformation/Changing Value System 171

Post-Independence Water Policy 177

Chapter 6: Conclusion 180

Appendix 1: Additional IWRM Case Studies 189

Appendix 2: Miscellaneous Data and Facts 212

Appendix 3: Interviews Cited and Sample Questions 218

Interviewees 218

Sample Interview Questions 219

Bibliography 222

List of Tables

Table 1: The springs of Figuig 83

Table 2: Weather Data 171

Table 3: Farmland distribution per Ksar 212

Table 4: Figuig population by profession (Gassem, 1986) 215

Table 5: Agricultural production distribution (Gassem, 1986) 216

Table 6: Evolution of population growth (%) in the Eastern Region (Census) 216

List of Figures

Figure 1: Figuig panorama 78

Figure 2: Map of Morocco 79

Figure 3: Map of Figuig (Bencherifa, 1992) 80

Figure 4: Satellite Photo of Figuig (Google maps, 2006) 81

Figure 5: Plains of Baghdad 82

Figure 6: Foggara 84

Figure 7: Water switching station Equoudas (Bencherifa, 1992) 86

Figure 8: Water quantity ownership per Ksar 87

Figure 9: Farm land percentage ownership per Ksar 88

Figure 10: Three tier structure 89

Figure 11: Typical house 92

Figure 12: Jmaâ square where Jmaâ held meetings 94

Figure 13: Prehistoric cave drawing (Abbou, 2005) 95

Figure 14: The other side of the border 102

Figure 15: Governance 109

Figure 16: New redistricting 137

Figure 17: Water canals of Berkouks 145

Figure 18: Membership list 146

Figure 19: Government and institution structure of Figuig 156

Figure 20: Jmaâ 158

Figure 21: Supply & demand 165

Figure 22: Classical economy’s treatment of externalities 167

Figure 23: Effective supply & demand 168

Figure 24: Emigration destinations in 1951 (measurement unit : persons) 173

Figure 25: Modern farm in Berkouks 176

Figure 26: Traditional versus modern farming 177

Figure 27: Farmland distribution per Ksar 212

Figure 28: Well depth distribution 214

Figure 29: Water salinity-sodicity 214

Figure 30: Figuig population growth (Bonnefous + census) 215

Figure 31: Agricultural production distribution (Gassem, 1986) 216

Figure 32: Population growth of Oujda vs. Figuig (census) 217

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