Guidance on best available techniques and best environmental practices for the recycling and disposal of wastes containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Table of Contents 1.Introduction 11 1.1.Purpose 11 1.2.Structure of the guidance document 11 1.3.Relationship to the Basel Convention 13 1.4.Relationship to other environmental concerns 13 2.Background information on POP-PBDEs 15 2.1.POP-PBDEs listed in the Convention 15 2.2.Production of commercial PBDE mixtures 16 2.3.Former uses of POP-PBDEs 16 2.3.1.Former uses of c-PentaBDE 17 2.3.2.Former uses of c-OctaBDE 17
2.5.1.C-PentaBDE in reuse, recycling and waste flows 19 2.5.2.C-OctaBDE in reuse, recycling and waste flows 22
3.1.1.Environmental management systems (EMS) 24 3.2.Waste management 25 3.2.1.General considerations 25 3.2.2.Material/Waste management in facilities and processes 26 3.2.3.Producer responsibility 31 3.3.Life cycle management 31 3.3.1.Life cycle considerations for the polymer fraction from vehicles 31 3.3.2.Life cycle considerations for recycling of WEEE and WEEE plastic 32 3.3.3.Life cycle considerations for the management of PUR foam 32 3.3.4.Life cycle considerations for bromine recovery 32
4.2.1.Labelling of POP-PBDE-containing plastic fractions and articles 38 4.2.2.Processing technologies for plastics to minimise exposure 39 4.2.3.Types and composition of POP-PBDE-containing plastics 39 4.3.Technologies to separate POP-PBDE-containing polymers 41 4.3.1.Manual dismantling approaches 44 4.3.2.Individual screening technologies to separate possibly POP-PBDE- containing bulk and shredded plastics 45 4.3.3.Combinations of technologies for producing marketable products 48 4.3.4.Comparison of technologies to separate polymer streams 50 4.3.5.Full-scale plants to separate WEEE and POP-PBDE-containing plastics 50 4.4.Energy recovery and waste management of POP-PBDE plastics 51 5.Specific BAT/BEP: POP-PBDE/BFR materials in the transport sector 52 5.1.Reuse of vehicles containing POP-PBDEs 53 5.2.Treatment and recycling of end-of-life vehicles 53 5.2.1.Dismantling and depollution of the vehicle 54 5.2.2.Shredder plants 55 5.2.3.Recycling by improved depollution and post-shredding techniques 56 5.3.Energy recovery and disposal of ASR and other ELV residues 57 5.3.1.Energy recovery 57 5.3.2.Disposal of ASR 58
6.2.1.Rebond: Recycling PUR foam with phase-out of c-PentaBDE 61 6.2.2.Material recovery from mattresses 61 6.2.3.Regrinding 62 6.2.4.Chemical recovery (glycolysis) 62
7.1.1.Calorific value and halogen content of POP-PBDE-containing materials 64 7.1.2.Monitoring of PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF release 65 7.1.3.Considerations on corrosion caused by bromine/HBr 65 7.1.4.Considerations for removal of HBr and bromine in flue gas treatments 65
7.2.1.Co-incineration of plastics from WEEE 67 7.2.2.Co-incineration of ASR in municipal solid waste incinerators 67 7.2.3.Recovery of metals 68 7.2.4.Developing country considerations 68
7.3.1.General considerations- use 68 7.3.2.Monitoring considerations 70 7.3.3.Case studies 71 7.3.4.Developing country considerations 71
7.4.1.Copper smelters and integrated smelters-refineries 72 7.4.2.Material recovery and energy recovery in electric arc furnaces 74 7.4.3.Feedstock recycling of POP-PBDE polymers in primary steel industry 75 7.4.4.POP-PBDE-containing materials in secondary aluminium industries 76 7.4.5.Antimony smelters recycling WEEE plastics 77 7.4.6.Developing country considerations 77
Crushing, shredding, sieving and washing operations 95 General BAT/BEP considerations in respect to air and water releases 95 Prevention of soil contamination 96 Annex 2: Generic BAT/BEP for processing technologies of plastic 98 Techniques to reduce VOC/SVOC emission in process design 98 Techniques to reduce VOC/SVOC emission in plant design 99
Landfilling of POP-PBDE-containing materials 100 Types of wastes containing POP-PBDEs that are landfilled 101 Categories of landfills to receive POP-PBDE-containing wastes 102 Delivery of wastes to landfills 103 Operation and maintenance of landfills containing POP-PBDEs 107 PBDE releases from landfills 108 Release of POP-PBDEs from landfill fires 110 BAT measures to prevent short- and long-term release of POP-PBDEs from landfills 111 BAT/BEP of landfill after care 113 Landfill mining and impact of POP-PBDEs 114 Summary, conclusions and outlook about landfilling of POP-PBDE-containing materials with regard to BAT/BEP 114 Annex 4: Emerging technologies 116 A.Destruction/thermal recovery of PBDE containing wastes 116 Melting system 116 Pyrolysis and gasification 116 Developing country considerations 117 B.Recovery of bromine from POP-PBDE/BFR containing materials 117 Thermal recovery of Bromine 119 Technologies for separating POP-PBDEs/BFRs from the polymer matrix 120
Identification of POP-PBDEs by standard PBDE analysis 122 Rapid GC-MS analysis techniques for POP-PBDEs 122 In situ monitoring of PBDEs by Raman spectroscopy 123 In situ measurement of bromine in articles 123 Sliding spark spectroscopy 123 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 123 X-ray transmission (XRT) 124 List of Figures Figure 1‑1: Structure of the guidance and mass flow for the relevant production and application of c-PentaBDE and c-OctaBDE and the reuse, recycling and disposal of wastes containing these substances 12 Figure 2‑2: Structure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) 15 Figure 2-3: Schematic diagram of the life cycle of c-PentaBDE 21 Figure 2-4: Schematic diagram of the life cycle of c-OctaBDE and potential for emissions 23 Figure 3‑5: Waste management hierarchy 26 Table 3‑6: Main use areas of c-PentaBDE and c-OctaBDE and some alternative flame retardants 35 Figure 4‑7: Composition of the polymer rich mixture after metal recovery from e-Waste shredding 40 Figure 4‑8: Polymer types identified in small WEEE polymer samples (%, w/w). 41 Figure 4‑9: Stepwise separation of polymers from waste of electrical and electronic equipment and their transformation into valuable plastic-for-recycling. 43 Table 4-10: Full-scale WEEE/WEEE-plastic treatment plants and their potential to separate POP-PBDE-containing plastics. 50 Figure 5‑11: Schematic of the processing of an end-of-life vehicle 53 Figure 5‑12: Overview of the shredder process 55 Figure 5‑13: Composition of shredder waste 56 Figure A‑14: Potential options for the bromine recovery process and closing the bromine cycle (Tange and Drohmann 2002). 118 List of Tables Table 2‑1: Typical PBDE homologue distribution in commercial PBDE products 15 Table 2‑2: Estimated total production of PBDE commercial mixtures, 1970-2005 16 Table 3‑3: Comparative emissions and impacts of recycling and recovery technologies 34 Table 4‑4: Combinations of separation techniques, input materials, products, status of development and remarks on related economy 50 Table 5‑5: Parts that can be recycled from ELVs 54 Table 5‑6: Overview of post-shredder technologies 57 Table 7‑7: Redox potential of halogens and boiling/melting point of potassium and sodium halogenides 66 Table 7‑8: European Smelter Capacity 74 Table A‑9: Types of landfills, and corresponding constraints for disposing of wastes containing POP-PBDEs. The table serves as an example based on existing classifications in Europe (European Commission 1999), and may vary in different countries 104
Abbreviations and acronyms ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ASR automotive shredder residue BAT best available techniques BDP bisphenol A-bis(diphenylphosphate) BEP best environmental practices BFR brominated flame retardant BSEF Bromine Science and Environmental Forum c-DecaBDE decabromodiphenyl ether c-OctaBDE commercial octabromodiphenyl ether c-PentaBDE commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether CFC chlorofluorocarbon CKD cement kiln dust COP Conference of the Parties CRT cathode ray tube DOPO dihydrooxaphosphaphenanthrene EEE electrical and electronic equipment ELV end-of-life vehicle EMS environmental management system ESM environmentally sound management FPF flexible polyurethane foam FR flame retardant GHG greenhouse gas HBB hexabromobiphenyl HBCD hexabromocyclododecane HFC hydrofluorocarbon MSW municipal solid waste NIR near-infrared ODS ozone depletingsubstances PBB polybrominated biphenyl PBDE polybrominated diphenyl ether PBDD/PBDF polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans PBT polybutylene terephthalate PC polycarbonate PCB polychlorinated biphenyl PCDD/PCDF polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans PET polyethylene terephthalate PFR phosphorous basedflame retardant POPs persistent organic pollutants POPRC Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee PP polypropylene PPE polyphenyl etherPPO polyphenylenoxide PS polystyrene PUR polyurethane PVC polyvinylchloride PXDD/PXDF polybrominated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans RDP resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) RoHS Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment S/F sink and float SVOC semi-volatile organic compound VOC volatile organic compound WEEE waste electrical and electronic equipment XRF X-ray fluorescence Directory: Portals Portals -> Draft I film Screening Portals -> Black History Academic Bowl arts & entertainment Portals -> Setting the Table for a Successful Season Download 2.99 Mb. Share with your friends: |