Ice nucleation captures water: lichen Fungus provides uv protection: lichens
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貝類 Shells are tough: red abalone Digestive solution removes excess algae: giant clam Transparent patches of mantle focus light: giant clam Flexible cylinders siphon water: clams Threads have hard flexible coating: mussel Mineral crystals enhance cutting ability: limpet Shell resists cracking: scallop Screen protects symbiotic algae from light: giant clam Biopolymer stops shell growth: oyster Gills reduce drag: Atlantic surf clam Colonies bond together: Eastern oyster Tentacles detect predators: queen scallop Eyes detect changing movement patterns: queen scallop Poisonous tooth shoots into prey: cone shell Adhesion occurs in varying conditions: keyhole limpet Resisting shearing forces: limpets Liquid crystal forms byssal threads: Mediterranean mussell Sticky proteins serve as glue: blue mussel Sticky proteins serve as glue: green mussel
Mixture waterproofs nests: paper wasps Ovipositor drills through wood: parasitic wasps Bees collect DDT: orchid bees Forelegs mop up plant oil: solitary bees Wingbeat vibrations cause pollen release: carpenter bee Groups vote on hive locations: honeybees Collaborating for group decisions: honeybees Swarms act as intelligent organizations: ants and bees Sensitivity encourages return to hive before storm: bees Antennae detect individual orchid species: iridescent bees Wings generate lift: honeybee Varying response thresholds aid hive thermoregulation: honeybee Nest cells support heavy weights: bees and wasps Nest sheds water: tropical hornet Exploding plug prevents mating: honeybee Glycerol acts as antifreeze: parasitic wasp Mechanisms help thermoregulation: bumblebees Cuticle acts as cooling mechanism: Oriental hornet Vibration creates heat: honeybee Plants enhance health: golden bee Larvae protected from pathogens: beewolf digger wasps Secretion waterproofs nest: plasterer bee Diet diversity affects health: honeybees Catches in wings hold, release tension: bees Fibers reinforce nests: wasps Construction pattern forms sturdy tubes: organ-pipe wasp Nests are durable and humid: bees 120°, three-way junctions optimize material use: honeybees Strategy ensures smooth landings: honeybee Body detects magnetic fields: honeybee Eyes help navigate using the sun: bees Temporary chemical signals guide others: solitary bees Heat creates precise shapes: bees Sensitivity to sweetness aids in food selection: honeybee Detecting flickering movements: bees Paper produced for nest-building: hornets Hairs aid aerodynamics: wasp Detecting larvae through wood: parasitic wasps Vortex provides lift: parasitic wasp
Larvae protect from cyanide: Sara longwing butterfly Proboscis forms a flexible, sealed cylinder: butterfly Probing for food: copperband butterfly fish Wing scales provide lift: butterflies Wing surface self-cleans: Morpho butterfly Chemical plug prevents mating: butterfly Vibrations attract ants: Australian blue butterfly Wings allow escape from spider webs: butterflies Wing scales aid thermoregulation: green birdwing butterfly Special mixture waterproofs cocoon: pussmoth Mouthpart functions change: butterfly Wings have bright colors: African swallowtail butterfly Scales enhance wing color: swordtail butterfly Reflectance causes white color: cabbage butterfly Feet sensitive to sweetness: butterfly Wing scales diffract and scatter light: Morpho butterflies Lack of wing scales enhances camouflage: clearwing butterfies
Exoskeleton is dissolved: dragonfly Lunging after prey: dragonfly larvae Body fluids help molt, extend wings: dragonfly Skin protects from fungus: red-backed salamander Tail used for reproductive advantage: damselfly Cyclical emergence optimizes reproduction: mayfly Eyes see 300 images per second: dragonfly Wings enable glide: flying dragon Wing structure allows rapid acceleration: dragonfly
Gut microbes digest cellulose: termites Chemicals used in defense: termites Mounds accumulate calcium carbonate: termites Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: mound-building termites Antennae detect odors: dampwood termite Jaws cut leaves precisely: leaf cutting ants Collective body heat warms nest: wood ants Detachable bristles immobilize ants: Polyxenid millipede Sand pit captures prey: ant lion larvae Air scoops provide cooling: ants Colonies distribute food after famine: Temnothorax ants Abdomens store nectar: honeypot ants Colonies survive floods: fire ants Groups move efficiently: army ants Bacteria help volatilize and mineralize ammonia: termites Mounds maximize ecosystem productivity: Odontotermes termites Termites are ecosystem engineers: mound-building termites Mounds increase diversity: mound-building termites Mounds shed water: West African termites Architecture avoids flooding, creates microclimates: ants Nest openings protect from floods: ants Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: termites Holes in nest aid temperature regulation: wood ants Liquids protect against ants: termites Relationship provides nutrients, housing, protection: bull horn acacia and acacia ants Social system protects from disease: dampwood termites Bacteria fight fungus: leafcutter ants Secretions are antibacterial, antifungal: leaf-cutter ants Arches provide structural support: termites Nest structurally reinforced: jet ant Nests made of paper: termites Nest temperature regulated: South American grass-cutting ant Nests are dynamic: Temnothorax ants Communication is resilient: Temnothorax ants Nest maximizes solar heat absorption: wood ants Tongue sticks out elastically: ants Squeezing larvae provides glue: weaver ants Running on waxy leaves: Arboreal ants Body parts used to glide and steer: ants Smell used for navigation: desert ant Marking unrewarding routes: pharaoh ant Eyes perceive UV polarized light: Tunisian desert ant Mound passively heats/cools: compass termite Bacterial symbionts provide nitrogen: leafcutter ants
Mating flights associated with thunderstorms: moths Organic cases provide protection: bagworm moths Cocoon lining prevents ice crystals: moths Air holes protect from dehydration: moon moth Leaf tents hide caterpillars: Bornean moths Cocoon provides hard, protective casing: puss moth Wing scales help camouflage from sonar: moth Abrupt flight patterns help evade predators: moths Sensitive antennae detect sex pheromones: Indian luna moth Antennae used to detect pheromones, find mates: moths Moth larvae manipulate host plant physiology: leaf-miner moth Conserving energy: moths Eyes are anti-reflective: elephant hawk-moth Special liquid softens hard cocoon: puss moth Long proboscis stored when not in use: hawk moth Eggs glued to leaves: coddling moth Eyes diffract light: moth Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar Rolling locomotion aids escape: mother-of-pearl moth caterpillar Scent trails lead to food: European moths Antennae enhance odor detection: giant silkworm moths Detecting presence and movement of predators: nocturnal moth Joints have two degrees of bending freedom: arthropods
Larvae survive freezing: midge Mosquitoes detect carbon dioxide: malarial mosquitoes Hydration used to move hairs: mosquitoes Needle-like structure inserts painlessly: mosquito Antennae sense frequency of wingbeats: mosquito
Food digested externally: houseflies Body shape and position direct water current: black flies Tracheal system delivers oxygen efficiently: fly Surviving oil ponds: petroleum flies Wings of flies beat 1000 times a second thanks to vibrating thorax Larvae survive in digestive liquids: flesh flies Larvae ditch threatened hosts: parasitic fly Maggot skin strengthens as it dries: blowfly Hooks attach in water currents: caddisfly Hooks aid underwater attachment: blackfly Capillary action aids adhesion: European blowfly Wings allow movement in viscous solutions: fairy fly Shield and spoilers decrease lift in water: mayfly Flight path maintained: fruit fly Feet taste food: blowfly Taste neurons detect CO2: fruit fly Olfactory system detects decomposition: house fly Eyes detect polarized light: flesh fly Eardrums provide directional hearing: a parasitic fly Antenna provides selective hearing: fruit fly Vibration moves wings: flies Navigation organs help maneuver: flies Mouthparts pierces through hippo hides: African biting flies Sensory bristles organize with minimum communication: fruit flies Folding doors provide access to food: caddis fly larvae
Bubble allows breathing underwater: Potamodytes beetle Water vapor harvesting: Namib desert beetle Trenches gather water: flying saucer trench beetle Scales create brilliant white: Cyphochilus beetles Insect elytra resist shear and cracking: beetles Unique antifreeze protects from extreme cold: Alaskan Upis beetle Tastiness protects seeds from beetles: acacia Poisonous secretions deter predators: blister beetle Vision enables stealth communication: jewel scarab beetle Larvae protected from predators: case-bearing leaf beetles Larvae prevent mold growth: Passalid beetle Combustion chamber sprays scalding liquid: bombardier beetle Body resists soil adhesion: dung beetle Leaf serves as container: red oak roller weevil Reducing surface tension to travel on water: rove beetle Layers create multihued appearance: beetle Humidity changes exoskeleton color: Hercules beetle Larvae survive extreme cold: red flat bark beetle Wings are deployable: beetles Feet grip waxy leaves: leaf beetle Eggs stick to waxy surface: asparagus beetle Claws hold on at high current veocities: riffle beetle Employing frictional devices: tenebrionid beetles Setae enhance temporary adhesion: leaf beetles Foot adhesion prevents capture: palm leaf beetle Combustion chamber discharges efficiently: bombardier beetle Chewing through wood: harlequin beetle Body surfaces reflect light to create colors: jewel beetles Luciferin molecules create bioluminescence: Pyrophorus beetle Fan-like antennae aid sensing: cockchafer beetle Eyes allow clear vision in both air and water: whirligig beetle
Symbiosis provides nutrients: cicadas Insects cycle nutrients: periodic cicadas Wings shed dirt and water: cicada Periodic emergence synchronized: cicadas
Reflex bleeding deters predators: fireflies Light generated chemically: firefly Light helps capture insects: glow worms
Crystals of metal salts improve cutting ability: herbivorous insects Optical illusion may attract insects: titan arum Silk tricks insects: spiders Venom target insects: Blue Mountains funnel-web spider Sensitivity captures insects: Venus flytrap Mouthparts manipulate food: insects Tubes help cool muscles, transport gases: insects Pressure forces blood from pores: grasshopper Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: ladybug Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: bloody-nosed beetle Insects digest fecal waste: dung beetlesI Wings fold multiple times without wear: beetles Stretchy membrane aids oviposition: locust Energy stored to amplify power: locusts Resilin gives wings flexibility: insects Wings work in unison: insects Exoskeleton adjusts: insects Acrobatics used to land: house fly Exoskeleton absorbs shock: dragonfly Dehydration helps survive freezing: Arctic springtail Suspending reproduction conserves energy: insects Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar Hormone mimic protects from caterpillars: bugleweed Larvae produce deadly toxin: leaf beetle Rolling into a ball for protection: pill millipede Squirting filaments protect from predators: pussmoth caterpillar Swarms avoid collisions: locusts Biological processes continue at glacial temperatures: ice worm Legs propel insect far: flea Energy stored to amplify power: click beetle Cuticle provides protection: arthropods Multiple component glue aids underwater adhesion: barnacle Waxy coat controls moisture loss: cockroach Gliding to safety: oriental cockroach Shearing forces increase molecular alignment: silkworms Wings combine support and material economy: winged insects Multiple legs allow sudden stops: insects Feet prevent slipping: insects Joint enables rapid wing flapping: insects Foot adaptations climb rough and smooth surfaces: insects Odor attracts specific insects: titan arum Chemical repels insects: catnip Yellow flower has an ultraviolet pattern seen by insects. Hairs sense environmental cues: insects Organs sense environmental cues: insects Ocelli sense length of daylight: insects Sensilla detect strain and load changes: insects Cuticle hole detects strain and load changes: insects Optimally packing spheres: spittle bug Flotation in turbulent waters: Heteropterid bugs Larvae produce foam: meadow spittlebug Glue sticks underwater: giant water bug Legs power high jumps: spittle bug Antennae sense heat of prey: Rhodnius bug Pigment granules create colors: damselflies Many legs provide thrust for burrowing: millipede Appendage causes high jumps: springtails Hinged casing closes for protection: ciliate Larvae adhere temporarily underwater: barnacles Congregating and physical stimulation trigger swarming: desert locusts Burrow amplifies sound: mole cricket Legs detect small vibrations for communication: water strider Leg senses sound strength and direction: grasshopper Stretch receptors aid sound detection: silicon cricket
Self-medicating with plants: chimpanzees Gorilla diet protects heart: grains of paradise Eating leaves to control reproduction: chimpanzees Self-medicating cures infections, stops pain: baboons Muscles flex: humans Foods reduce or enhance fertility: woolly spider monkey Sex of offspring controlled: mantled howler monkey Muscles self-repair: human DNA densely packed without knots: humans Kidneys filter impurities: human Increased surface area improves gas exchange: human Blood carries oxygen in varied conditions: human Valves handle high pressures: humans Fine strands stabilize bones: humans Macromolecules aid joint lubrication: humans Skin is a multifunctional material: human Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones Sticky proteins serve as glue: mammals White blood cells adhere closely: mammals White blood cells roll and stick: mammals Added noise enhances ear sensitivity: mammalia Olfactory system is discriminating: mammals Whiskers detect details: mammals Blood vessels regulate temperature: vertebrates Mammalian olfactory system uses spatiotemporal response behavior in detecting Teeth adapted to changing environments: great apes Cells maximize flexibility, efficiency: vertebrates Inner-ear cells convert sound signal to electrical current: vertebrates Hydrophobicity enhances solubility: vertebrates Wetting agent reduces surface tension: mammals Eye structure enhances night vision: vertebrates Ear-flaps concentrate sound waves: mammals Uterus expands/contracts: mammals Fingertips sensitive to fine textures: humans Ears convert energy: humans Mucus helps humans smell: human Cochlea aids hearing: humans Olfactory mucosa enhances odor-sensing abilities: human
Antlers resist fracture: elk Guard hairs repel water: reindeer Dense underfur insulates: reindeer Diet compensates for mineral deficiencies: red deer
Hooves resist cracking: horse Bones self-heal: vertebrates Fluid lubricates joints: vertebrates Hole structure strengthens bone: horse Stems vary stiffness: scouring horsetail Spring directs spore dispersal in low humidity: horsetail
Lips keep soil out of mouth: African mole-rat Dikes prevent flooding: ground squirrel Skin self-repairs: kangaroo Coat changes with the seasons: rock squirrel Liver survives cold temperatures: squirrel Milk protects against microbes: tammar wallaby Photoperiod affects immune response: Siberian hamster Embryos go into dormancy: red kangaroo Brown fat oxidation generates heat: ground squirrel Augmenting soil ventilation: short-beaked echidna Tail shedding allows escape: rodents Noxious spray deters predators: skunk Pigments provide strength: mice Limbs dig efficiently: echigo mole Paws excavate burrows: pocket gopher Snout detects pressure: star-nosed mole Feet good for climbing: squirrel Wings provide lift for gliding: flying squirrel Low-energy air transport: flying squirrels Special tongue captures soft prey: long-beaked echidna Spinal column has strength and flexibility: armored shrew
Erythrocytes swell without rupturing: dromedary camel
Secretions repel insects, bacteria: giraffe Tongue protected from thorns: giraffe
Large ears used to cool off: jackrabbit Polypeptide inhibits microbial growth: California sea hare
Self-medicating prevents disease: rabbits Feet maintain traction: mountain goat
Coat insulates against extreme cold: muskox
Mouth sorts and grinds food: platypus Sensory mucous glands detect prey: platypus Skin protected when burrowing: platypus Bill skin detects touch: platypus Feet paddle efficiently: platypus
Collagenous tendons store work: kangaroo Teeth replace themselves: kangaroo Achilles tendons enhance jumping: kangaroo Bacteria reduce acetate, not methane: kangaroo
Large ears aid cooling: elephant Skin fine-tunes internal temperature: African elephant Eating bark to induce labor: elephant Vibrations alert others to danger: elephants
Burrow shape creates ventilation: prairie dog Nose sniffs out cancer: dog Senses detect epileptic seizures: dog Tongue defeats gravity: cats Olfactory bulb detects X-rays: cat
Spines work as shock absorbers: West European hedgehog Changes enable hibernation: hedgehog Armor protects from predators: armadillo Quills resist buckling: porcupine
Fur provides insulation: polar bear Paws have non-slip grip: polar bears
Middle ear senses barometric pressure: Eastern pipistrelle bat Tongue gathers nectar and pollen: fruit bats Body tissue survives freezing: red bat Hot spots cool and heat: Brazilian free-tailed bat Wing overcomes resistance: Pallas's long-tongued bat Disklike structures adhere to smooth surfaces: Spix's disk-winged bat Pads attach to smooth surfaces: Madagascar sucker-footed bat Carrying heavy loads in flight: Eastern red bat Tissue slices go undetected: vampire bat Nose structure aids echolocation: false vampire bats Sonar adjusts to surroundings: big brown bat Internal magnetic compass recalibrates: greater mouse-eared bat Echolocation pinpoints target: Egyptian fruit bat
Flexible spine increases speed: cheetah
Tendrils stick to various surfaces: Virginia creeper
Retractable claws have many functions: African lion Feet aid silent movement: African lion
Long-distance communication protects from predators: Okapis
Hairy footpads aid walking on loose sand: Fennec Fox
Elastic blood vessels accommodate pumping: mammals Eyelids cleanse eyes: mammals Elastic ligament provides support, shock absorption: large grazing mammals Footpads manage increasing body mass: mammals Pads cushion feet: mammals Skin properties derive from arrangement of components: mammals Cellulose digested for fuel: protozoans Enzyme oxidizes fat-soluble organic chemicals: animals Specialized teeth wear down but remain effective: grazing animals Herd finds fresh food: wildebeests Tentacles help filter food: burrowing sea cucumber Pelt is adapted for thermoregulation: numbat Fine filaments absorb oxygen: newt Underhairs provide insulation: Merino sheep Pebbles aid dew condensation: Australian mouse Anus absorbs water: woodlice Organism digests blood: hookworm Stance and skin channels harvest rainwater: Texas horned lizard Concentrating blood lightens weight: vampire bats Pressure allows movement: echinoderms Pressure assists blood circulation: giraffe Stream remodeling alters ecosystems: American beaver Enhancing species richness: beavers Habitat mosaics stop fires: beaver Sustainable use of lands: grazing animals Neck swivels 270 degrees: three-toed sloth 
Foraging aids revegetation: greater bilby Rolling into a ball for protection: armadillo Periodic swarming to find new resources: Norway lemmings
Rolling locomotion used for hilly terrain: Mount Lyell salamander Organs detect scent: reptiles Amphibian withstands freezing: Siberian salamander
Focusing mechanism enhances vision: Tokay gecko Feet self-clean: Tokay gecko
Eyes give 360˚ vision: chameleon Tongue folds neatly into mouth: chameleon Tongue moves fast: chameleons Eyes judge distance without head movement: chameleon
Shapes cover curved surfaces efficiently: tortoise Shell changes shape: pancake tortoise Shell alters buoyancy: green turtle Jaws shear flesh: alligator snapping turtle
Receptors detect minuscule vibrations: alligator Ears seal out water: crocodile Skin prevents water loss: crocodiles Eyes protected underwater: crocodile
Breathing occurs even with full mouth: diamondback rattlesnake Defense mechanism deters predators: wood snakes Jaws swallow eggs whole: egg-eating snakes Skin protects from dehydration: file snake Underground dens protect from cold: snakes Just-in-time manufacturing conserves resources: snakes Digestive system optimizes performance: burmese python Electrosensitivity used to navigate: rattlesnake Moving efficiently across sand: sidewinder Efficient movement across land: snakes Skin acts as membrane: sea snake Fangs fold for storage: western diamondback rattlesnake Concertina movement navigates tunnels: snakes Amplifying sound: bull snake Snakes have bifocal thermal vision: pit viper Thermal pits detect prey: snakesReceptors create thermal image: pit viper Jaw swallows large prey: pythons Pocket-like structures produce hissing sounds: king cobra
Mineral crystals enhance rasping power: chitons Pores expel fluid: iguana Eyes squirt blood: horned lizard Neurotoxins immobilize prey: scorpion Skin exhibits low friction: sandfish skink Vascular lining helps maintain body temperature: leatherback sea turtle
青蛙 Three-chambered heart reduces mixing of blood: frog Body removes foreign objects: green tree frog Feet used to slow landings: true frogs Constructing bubble nests: foam-nesting frog Pigments cells respond to hormones: African clawed frog Hardened bubbles provide protection: foam-nesting frog Skin prevents dehydration: foam-nest treefrog Waterproof lipid-layer prevents desiccation: frogs Concentrated form reduces water requirements: frogs Antifreeze protects from cold: North American wood frog Neurotoxin protects from predators: poison-dart frog Plasma maintains salt balance: crab-eating frog Membranes maintain salt balance: crab-eating frog Glucose prevents formation of ice crystals: spring peepers Foam builds shelter, provides water: Japanese flying frog Glue protects from insect bites: burrowing frog Sucker-mouths help tadpoles stick: torrent-stream frog Feet used for powerful swimming: true frogs Mating call is amplified: Bornean tree-hole frog Lungs help detect sound: fire-bellied toad
Beak design absorbs high-energy impacts: toco toucan Enzyme quickly metabolizes alcohol: European starling Intestines absorb glucose fast: hummingbird Lamellae filter food of different sizes: flamingo Bill used to filter: roseate spoonbill Pouch scoops and drains water: pink-backed pelican Eyes see near and far: hawks Eyes see details: hawks Beak holds squirming prey: eagles Bill used as heat exchanger for thermoregulation: toco toucan Bird bill draws food into mouth: sandpiper Vortex stirs up sediment: phalarope Probing mud for prey: shoebill stork Air flow system, sacs provide efficient gas exchange: birds Fluid protects eggs: birds Shells resist external loading: birds Bones absorb compression shock: birds Glands remove salt: penguins Group organization protects from the cold: emperor penguins Body manages impact: woodpecker Chicks are fed equally: kingfisher Covering protects eye: pied kingfisher Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans Body protected from diving impact: brown pelican Head protected from minor impacts: cassowaries Individual actions benefit group: white-fronted bee-eater Shape of feather shafts protect from wind: birds Eyes manage glare: kingfishers Preening waterproofs feathers: birds Beak size optimized for thermal regulation: birds Wingtip feathers increase aerodynamic efficiency: flying birds Skin and feathers deter ectoparasites: black pitohui bird Metabolism slows when food is scarce: hummingbird Adaptations allow ingestion of salt water: loons Nest is reinforced: magpie lark Vibration firms mud nest: apostle bird Bones maximize stiffness and strength: birds Grooves shed water: doves Feathers protect from water: Gentoo penguin Beak protects during dives: cape gannet Feathers trap air to provide warmth: emperor penguin Feather structure insulates: Canada goose Beaks reflect UV light: emperor penguin Skin protects from water loss: desert lark Down feathers insulate: king eider Nests are parasite-free: eagles Nests are parasite-free: house sparrow Nests are parasite-free: starling Self-medicating to prevent malaria: house sparrows Gular fluttering dissipates heat: nightjars Nest kept warm: mallee fowl Pigments provide vivid colors: turaco Dome-shape protects nest: ovenbird Vibration firms mud nest: white-winged chough Saliva used as glue: swifts Durable nest is predator-proof: Eurasian penduline tit Nest lined with protective material: song thrush Head kept motionless in flight: kestrel Managing irregular food supplies: crossbills Organ changes enable long migration: bar-tailed godwit Eyes see in the dark: oilbird Light attracts fish: skimmer birds Low-energy perching: mousebird Hovering in mid air: hummingbirds Gular pouch used to attract mate: frigatebird Feather parts reattach: birds Feet stay put: perching birds Eyes see in various wavelengths: birds Echolocation used in cave navigation: oilbirds Microstructures produce iridescent colors: hummingbird Optimizing nest spacing aids survival: cliff swallow Eyes specialized for different types of vision: starlings Lipochromes create red feathers: scarlet macaw Carotenoids create yellow color: American goldfinch Egg shape prevents falls: guillemots Senses help avoid storms: swifts "V" formation saves energy: Pacific golden plover Change increases aerodynamic performance: common swift Olfaction assists navigation: white-chinned petrel Eyes 'see' magnetic fields: garden warbler Navigating without landmarks: rock pigeon Microscopic plates produce interference colors: copepods
Angle compensates for light refraction: black stork Wings allow for silent flight: owls Ears map sounds: long-eared owl Feathers aid prey detection: saw-whet owl Communicating over long distances: cassowaries Fur and feathers get grip on ice: seals and penguins 鴕鳥 Gait increases speed, efficiency: ostrich 鴨 Feet reduce drag, provide power: duck Feet move efficiently through water: grebes 鵝 Spinning makes safe dive: cape gannet
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