Influence of Noise Pollution on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Acetylcholinesterase in Gas Electric Stations

Influence of Noise Pollution on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Acetylcholinesterase in Gas Electric Stations

Noise is an audible auditory energy, disturbing, uncomforting has great harmful effects on health that perturbs the human environment physiological and psychological life of the people, the noise is generated from human activities, especially in the developing countries, W.H.O (World Health Organization) has issued the optimum noise level as 45 dB by day and 35 by night. Any sound level above 80 dB is risky (W.H.O., 1999). Noise cause many health problems as hearing loss (Catlin FI, et al., 1986), hypertension (Brinton TJ, et al., 1996), blood pressure increasing (Kryter KD, et al., 1985), coronary heart disease (Ta-yuan C, et al., 2007) and other harmful effects.

The damage effect of noise due to increasing generation of free radicals which effect on human health (Reha D et al., 2009), free radicals can cause oxidative damage varied cellular components, including membranes, proteins and DNA, if they are not counteracted by antioxidant defenses. The increase production of free radicals leads to increase producing lipid peroxidation end products such as Malondialdehyde (MDA) which consider an indicator of lipid peroxidation processes (Derekoy FS, et al., 2001).

The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes acting as free radicals scavengers limit the influence of oxidants molecules in tissues and oxidative injury (Jafar M, et al,. 2012), these enzymes act together to provide defense against reactive oxygen species mediated injury by remove free radical species. GPx act on convert H₂O₂ to H₂O by using GSH converted it to GSSG using NADPH as cofactor (Sogut S, et al., 2003), and another enzyme GR reduced the oxidized glutathione to complete the cycle as Figure (1).

NADP⁺ GSH H₂O₂

GR GPx

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that terminates Acetylcholine (ACh) mediated neurotransmission; it is a key enzyme for cholinergic transmission and plays a pivotal role in the nervous system of both the vertebrates and the invertebrates (Massoulie J, et al., 1999). The increasing of free radical formation causing hydrolyses the Acetylcholine to acetate and choline (Junior HVN, et al., 2009), and the brain susceptible to reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative damage owing to its high lipid content (Cui K, et al., 2004), neurotoxicity also results from oxidative stress induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the brain (Amajad I and Anna O, 2012).

This study involved of 91 workers aged (40.055 ± 11.56) years old, selected randomly from two different electric gas stations in Babel city and Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city, while the control samples were collected from 70 apparently healthy persons aged (38.366 ± 10.73) years old.

The blood samples took place in the period extending from February to April 2012, serum obtained by allowing blood samples to clot then centrifuged at 2000 xg for 10 minute, the bloods sample of workers was divided into three groups according to the period time of work in the station, the period time of the first group was between 2-8 years and the number of workers in this group was included forty workers between 2-8 years of working, the second group have period time of work between 9-19 years and contain twenty seven workers, the third and last group involved twenty four workers with period time (19<) years.

Lipid peroxidation was estimated in serum based on the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as described in (Burtis and Ashwood, 1999).

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was assayed by the method (Rotruck JT, et al., 1973), GPx catalyzed the reduction of t-BuOOH as a substrate by using GSH as the reduced substrate.

Glutathione reductase (GR) was assayed by the method (Eyer P and Podhradsky D, 1986) monitoring the oxidation of NADPH in presence of glutathione (GSSG).

Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity was determined in serum by the method (Ellman GL, et al., 1961) using acetylthiocholine as substrate, the method is the measurement of the rate of production thiocholine, acetylthiocholine is hydrolyzed to produce the yellow anion 5-thio-2-nitro-benzoic acid (II), and the color production is read at 412 nm.

Statistical analysis was performed by Microsoft excel office 2010. The data as expressed as mean ± SD and statistical significance was set at (P ≤0.05). The T-Test was performed to compare data and regression analysis was calculated for correlation between parameters.

Result

The present study investigated the effects of noise pollution on workers in gas electric stations compared with controls. Age, GPx, GR, MDA, AChE levels and controls were given in Table 1 that employed to three groups of workers according to the years of working in the stations.

Noise pollution is an important stress factor related to it’s the effects of human health in industrialization plants like gas electric stations. More people have been exposed to noise causing many health problems; the major harmful effect of noise is elevating production of free radicals. Free radicals are produce from cellular aerobic metabolism, these unbalance molecules can damage cellular lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in DNA if the equilibrium of consistent antioxidants is interrupted (Van Campen LE, et al., 2002).

The study shows there was significant rise in MDA levels for workers than the level of control. This result is indication for oxidative stress in workers serum and it may be due to exposed to noise pollution which leading to increasing produce of free radicals such as super oxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide radicals. Lipid peroxidation is a process of free radicals species break down lipid molecules. MDA is a pointer of lipid peroxidation processes (Nielsen F, et al., 1997) that leading to cells damage (Henderson D, et al., 2006) by break-down of lipid molecules in cells such as the lipid membrane in presence of free radicals (Yamasoba T, et al., 1998).

GPx and GR are cellular antioxidants act on protect cell from the harmful effects of free radicals (Halliwell B, 1997). There is an opposite relation between lipid peroxidation and antioxidants systems (Indira A H et al., 2008) and may also using the lipid hydroperoxides as a substrate, the increasing of GPx activity may due to the elevated of lipid peroxidation (Sogut et al., 2003) and consumption of GSH as a substrate for the main reaction of GPx (Reha D et al., 2009). Increased the elevation of ROS caused by noise leads to increasing activity of GPx. Thus, there was the major oxidant in oxidative stress (Hisham W and Mohammed A. 2011).

Also the reason of increased GR activity for workers may be due to decreased concentration of reduced glutathione GSH effected by H₂O₂ and other free radicals which produced from oxidative stress that caused by noise, and the increasing of GR activity is maintains adequate levels of GSH and GSSG cycle (ZhenquanJia et al., 2009). In our study increasing of GPx and GR activities are to oxidative stress for workers at environment of noise (Ozgoner M F et al., 1999).

AChE was found in all the parts of cholinergic system in brain, which included acetylcholine. The exposure to noise leads to harmful behavioral and physiological roles by moderating central cholinergic system in the brain (K. Sembulingam et al., 2003). The activity of AChE is inhibit by increase production of free radicals (T. Carbonell and R. Rama, 2000) where, The free radicals modified the protein possibly, tyrosine residues were oxidized by free radicals at the surface of the enzyme caused reduction in enzyme activity (Totsune H et al., 1999) and this is the one of reasons that reduced AChE activity. The increasing elevate of free radicals produce disappointed the oxidant and antioxidant equilibrium in the brain leads to oxidative stress (T. Carbonell and R. Rama, 2000), and the exposure to stress cause many changes in adrenergic system in brain (K. Sembulingam et al., 2003). The inhibition of AChE can adequate suggests neurotoxicity in workers brain and central nervous system (Zhou JF et al., 2002) and may cause bad effects on cholinergic neurotransmission (Carlos G et al., 2010). Our study showed inhibition of AChE workers than controls. This inhibition increased with increasing the duration time of work in the station because the production of free radicals is increasing with increased noise pollution exposure.

Work supported by gas electric stations in (Babel, Iraq) and (Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Iraq) cities. And we thank Mr. Mahmmoud H Hadwan for his grateful help.

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