Inter-american commission on human rights

280 El Ciudadano. July 10, 2011. Emilio Palacio renuncia a Universo. Available at: http://www.elciudadano.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25996:emilio-palacio-renuncia-a-diario-el-universo&catid=40:actualidad&Itemid=63; Office of the President of the Republic of Ecuador. July 9, 2011. Enlace Ciudadano No. 228, Caluma – Bolívar (minute 0:50:30). Available at: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=90&func=fileinfo&id=937

281 Office of the President of the Republic of Ecuador. Enlace Ciudadano No. 229. July 16, 2011. (minute 0:52:19). Available at: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=90&func=fileinfo&id=938; El Comercio. July 20, 2011. Simpatizantes de Correa copan edificio de la Judicatura en Guayaquil. Available at: http://www.elcomercio.com/politica/simpatizantes-Rafael_Correa-manifestaciones-Guayaquil-El_Universo_0_520148052.html

282 Andean Group for Freedom of Information (EL GALI). August 1, 2011. El Universo acepta rectificar, pero abogados de Presidente se niegan a cualquier conciliación en juzgamiento contra el medio. Available at: http://www.elgali.org/monitoreo/ecuador/el-universo-acepta-rectificar-pero-abogados-del-presidente-se-niegan-cualquier-con

283 IACHR. Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. July 21, 2011. Press Release R72/11. Office of the Special Rapporteur Expresses Profound Concern Regarding Conviction of Journalist, Directors and Media Outlet in Ecuador. Available at: http://www.cidh.org/relatoria/showarticle.asp?artID=857&lID=2; Fifteenth Court of Criminal Guarantees of Guayas. Case No. 09265-2011-0457. March 21, 2011. Serious calumnious and non-calumnious defamation. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-guayas.gob.ec/portal/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=63; National Secretariat of Communication. Judgment in the case of El Universo. Official Document. July 20, 2011. Available at: http://www.secom.gov.ec/audios/sentencia_casouniverso.pdf

284 Art. 489.- Defamation shall be considered calumnious when it falsely accuses an individual of a crime, and non-calumnious when it is expressed to discredit, dishonor or scorn another person, or is part of other actions seeking the same object. (“La injuria es: Calumniosa, cuando consiste en falsa imputación de un delito; y No calumniosa, cuando consiste en toda otra expression proferida en descrédito, deshonra o menosprecio de otra persona, o en cualquier acción ejecutada con el mismo objeto”.)

Art. 491.- Any person convicted of calumnious defamation shall be punished by a term of imprisonment ranging from six months to two years and fines ranging from from six to twenty-five United States dollars when such accusations are made in public places or meetings; in the presence of 10 or more individuals; in writing, printed or not printed, or through images or emblems affixed, distributed or sold, offered for sale, or dispayed in public view; or through unpublished writings addressed or communicated to other parties, including letters (“El reo de injuria calumniosa sera reprimido con prisión de seis meses y multa de seis a veinte y cinco dólares de los Estados Unidos de Norte América, cuando las imputaciones hubieren sido hechas: En reunions o lugares públicos; En presencia de diez o más individuos; Por medio de escritos, impresos o no, imágenes o emblemas fijados, distribuidos o vendidos, puestos en venta, o expuestos a las miradas del público; o, Por medio de escritos no publicados, pero dirigidos o comunicados a otras personas, contándose entre éstos las cartas”).

Art. 493.- Any person who makes accusations against an authority that constitutes calumnious defamation shall be punished by a term of imprisonment ranging from one to three years. If accusations directed at the authorities are not considered calumnious defamtion but nonetheless serious, the penalty shall be a term of imprisonment ranging from six months to two years and and fines ranging from from six to nineteen United States dollars (“Serán reprimidos con uno a tres años de prisión y multa de seis a veinte y cinco dólares de los Estados Unidos de Norte América, los que hubieren dirigido a la autoridad imputaciones que constituyan injuria calumniosa. Si las imputaciones hechas a la autoridad constituyeren injurias no calumniosas, pero graves, las penas serán de prisión de seis meses a dos años y multa de seis a diecinueve dólares de los Estados Unidos de Norte América”).

285 IACHR. Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. September 21, 2011. Press Release R104/11. Special Rapporteur Expresses Concern Regarding Confirmation of Conviction against Journalist, Directors and Media Outlet in Ecuador Available at: http://www.cidh.org/relatoria/showarticle.asp?artID=870&lID=2; Provincial Court of Justice of Guayas. Second Criminal Chamber. Notice of Decision. Case No. 0525-2011. September 26, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-guayas.gob.ec/portal/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=63; Copies of the documents available in the archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur.

286 Article 42 of the Criminal Code of Ecuador provides: “Perpetrators shall be understood as: persons who have committed the offense, directly or indirectly, by advising or instigating another to commit it, when their advice has determined the perpetration of the offense; persons who have hindered or sought to hinder the prevention of its execution; persons who have determined the perpetration of the offense and carried it out by using other persons, regardless of whether such persons are liable to be accused, by means of a price, gift, promise, order or any other fraudulent and direct means; persons who have aided in carrying out the offense, in a significant manner, deliberately and intentionally undertaking some act without which the commission of the crime would not have been possible; and those persons who, through physical violence, abuse of authority, threat, or other coercive means, force another to commit the punishable act, even if the force applied for that purpose cannot be characterized as irresistible.” (“Se reputan autores los que han perpetrado la infracción, sea de una manera directa e inmediata, sea aconsejando o instigando a otro para que la cometa, cuando el consejo ha determinado la perpetración del delito; los que han impedido o procurado impedir que se evite su ejecución; los que han determinado la perpetración del delito y efectuándolo valiéndose de otras personas, imputables o no imputables, mediante precio, dádiva, promesa, orden o cualquier otro medio fraudulento y directo; los que han coadyuvado a la ejecución, de un modo principal, practicando deliberada e intencionalmente algúnacto sin el que no habría podido perpetrarse la infracción; y los que, por violencia física, abuso de autoridad, amenaza u otro medio coercitivo, obligan a otro a cometer el acto punible, aunque no pueda calificarse como irresistible la fuerza empleada con dicho fin”). Available at: http://www.oas.org/juridico/MLA/sp/ecu/sp_ecu-int-text-cp.pdf

287 Fifteenth Court of Criminal Guarantees of Guayas. Case No. 0457-2011. Judgment of July 20, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-guayas.gob.ec/portal/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=63

288 Provincial Court of Justice of Guayas. Second Criminal Chamber. Notice of Decision. Case No. 0525-2011. September 26, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-guayas.gob.ec/portal/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=63. Copies of the documents are available in the archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur.

289 Fifth Civil Court. Fifth Court of the Province of Pichincha, File No. 2011-0265. Available for consultation at: http://www.funcionjudicial-pichincha.gob.ec/pichincha/index.php/consulta-de-procesos

290 The book El Gran Hermano [“Big Brother”] is a journalistic investigation that documents the awarding of million-dollar State contracts to companies linked to Rafael Correa’s brother, Fabricio Correa. Hoy. March 17, 2011. Correa demanda a los periodistas Juan Carlos Calderón y Christian Zurita. Available at: http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/correa-demanda-a-los-periodistas-juan-carlos-calderon-y-christian-zurita-464630.html; America Economía. March 22, 2011. Rafael Correa demanda por US$10 millones a dos periodistas ecuatorianos. Available at: http://www.americaeconomia.com/politica-sociedad/politica/rafael-correa-demanda-por-us10-millones-dos-periodistas-ecuatorianos; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). September 1, 2011. Ecuador bajo Correa: confrontación y represión. Available at: http://www.cpj.org/es/CPJ.es.ecuador.9.1.11.pdf

291 IACHR. 2008 Annual Report. OEA/SER.L/V/II. 134 Doc.5. February 25, 2009. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Chapter II (Evaluation of the State of Freedom of Expression in the Hemisphere). Para. 104. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/relatoria/showarticle.asp?artID=742&lID=2; El Diario EC. May 2, 2009. Dos periodistas fueron encarcelados por denunciar casos de corrupción. Available at: http://www.eldiario.com.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/117213-dos-periodistas-fueron-encarcelados-por-denunciar-casos-de-corrupcion/; Provincial Court of Justice of Loja. Criminal Chamber. Case No. 2010-0641. August 26, 2010. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-loja.gob.ec/loja/index.php/consultacausas; Second Court of Criminal Guarantees of the Superior Cout of Justice of Pichincha. Case No. 2011-0010. August 9, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-loja.gob.ec/loja/index.php/consultacausas; Third Court of Criminal Guarantees of Loja. Case No. 2008-0156. February 17, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-loja.gob.ec/loja/index.php/consultacausas

292 Eleventh Criminal Court of Manabí. Case No. 13261-2011-0065. Criminal Complaint No. 049-2011. Serious calumnious and non-calumnious defamtion. April 29, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-manabi.gov.ec/index.php/consulta-de-causas

293 Actualidad. May 13, 2011. Una fiscal demanda a Ediasa por injurias. Available at: http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/una-fiscal-demanda-a-ediasa-por-injurias-475001.html; Andean Group for Freedom of Information (EL GALI). June 3, 2011. Fiscal pide prisión y $1.5 millones a directivos y periodistas de grupo de medios en Manabí. Available at: http://elgali.org/monitoreo/ecuador/fiscal-pide-prision-y-15-millones-periodistas-y-directivos-grupo-medios-manabi

294 Associated Press News Agency. May 14, 2011. Correa a favor de demanda a tres medios de comunicación del grupo Ediasa. Available at: http://www.terra.com.ec/noticias/noticias/act2847832/correa-favor-demanda-tres-medios-comunicacion-grupo-ediasa.html; Office of the President of Ecuador. May 14, 2011. Enlace Ciudadano No. 220, Manta, Manabí. (minute 0:16:10). Available at: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=90&func=fileinfo&id=832; Explored. com.ec. May 17, 2011. Agresión verbal a editor de El Diario. Available at: http://www.explored.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/una-agresion-verbal-a-editor-de-el-diario-475702.html

295 14th Court of Criminal Guarantees of Pichincha. Case No. 2011-0350. Judgment of November 24, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-pichincha.gov.ec/pichincha/index.php/consulta-de-procesos

296 El Ciudadano. November 30, 2011. “Decidimos asumir la valentía de enfrentar a las injurias”. Available at: http://www.elciudadano.gov.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29102:decidimos-asumir-la-valentia-de-enfrentar-las-injurias-&catid=40:actualidad&Itemid=63; El Comercio. November 26, 2011. Alvarado perdona a Chuji, pero dice que no aceptará más injurias. Available at: http://www.elcomercio.com/politica/Alvarado-perdona-Chuji-aceptara-injurias_0_597540425.html

297 14th Court of Criminal Guarantees of Pichincha. Case No. 2011-0350. Judgment of December 7, 2011. Available at: http://www.funcionjudicial-pichincha.gov.ec/pichincha/index.php/consulta-de-procesos

298 Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. October 2008. Available at: http://www.asambleanacional.gov.ec/documentos/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf

Article 128.- Assembly persons shall enjoy parliamentary immunity from legal proceedings by the National Court of Justice during the performance of their duties; they shall not be held civilly or criminally liable either for the opinions they give or for the decisions or actions they carry out in the performance of their duties, inside or outside the National Assembly.

To file criminal proceedings against an Assembly person, prior authorization from the National Assembly shall be required, except in those cases that are not related to the performance of their duties. If the petition filed by the competent judge requesting authorization for trial proceedings is not answered within a term of thirty (30) days, it shall be construed as granted. During the periods of recess, the time-limits indicated above shall be suspended. Assembly persons can only be arrested and imprisoned in case of a felony or final judgment of conviction […] (“Las asambleístas y los asambleístas gozarán de fuero de Corte Nacional de Justicia durante el ejercicio de sus funciones; no serán civil ni penalmente responsables por las opiniones que emitan, ni por las decisiones o actos que realicen en el ejercicio de sus funciones, dentro y fuera de la Asamblea Nacional. // Para iniciar causa penal en contra de una asambleísta o de un asambleísta se requerirá autorización previa de la Asamblea Nacional, excepto en los casos que no se encuentren relacionados con el ejercicio de sus funciones. Si la solicitud de la jueza o juez competente en la que pide la autorización para el enjuiciamiento no se contesta en el plazo de treinta días, se entenderá concedida. Durante los periodos de receso se suspenderá el decurso del plazo mencionado. Solo se les podrá privar de libertad en caso de delito flagrante o sentencia ejecutoriada”).

299 El Ciudadano. December 3, 2011. “Mientras yo sea Presidente, aplicaremos la Ley y defenderemos el Bien Común”. Available at: http://www.elciudadano.gov.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29176:mientras-yo-sea-presidente-aplicaremos-la-ley-y-defenderemos-el-bien-comun&catid=40:actualidad&Itemid=63. Hoy. December 2, 2011. Correa pide levantar inmunidad a Lara. Available at: http://www.hoy.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/noticias-ecuador/correa-pide-levantar-inmunidad-a-lara-518482.html; ANDES, Official news agency of Ecuador and South Latin America. December 9, 2011. 70 votos evitaron que el legislador Galo Lara responda penalmente por supuesta injurias. Available at: http://andes.info.ec/politica/70-votos-evitaron-que-legislador-galo-lara-responda-penalmente-por-supuestas-injurias-119567.html

300 I/A Court H.R. Case of Palamara-Iribarne v. Chile. Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of November 22, 2005. Series C No. 135.

301 I/A Court H.R. Case of Palamara-Iribarne v. Chile. Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of November 22, 2005. Series C No. 135. Para. 88.

302 I/A Court H.R. Case of Tristán-Donoso v. Panama. Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of January 27, 2009. Series C No. 193. Para. 133.

303 See: I/A Court H.R. Case of Herrera-Ulloa. Judgment of July 2, 2004. Para. 129; Case of Ricardo Canese. Judgment of August 31, 2004. Para. 103.

304 See: I/A Court H.R. Case of Herrera-Ulloa. Judgment of July 2, 2004. Para. 129; Case of Ricardo Canese. Judgment of August 31, 2004. Para. 103.

305 See: I/A Court H.R. Case of Herrera-Ulloa. Judgment of July 2, 2004. Para. 129; Case of Ricardo Canese. Judgment of August 31, 2004. Para. 103.

306 I/A Court H.R. Case of Palamara Iribarne, Judgment of November 22, 2005. Para. 82.

307 I/A Court H.R. Case of Kimel v. Argentina. Judgment of May 2, 2008. Series C No. 177. Paras. 86-88; Case of Palamara Iribarne v. Chile. Judgment of November 22, 2005. Series C No. 135. Para. 83; Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ” (Olmedo-Bustos et al.) v. Chile. Judgment of February 5, 2001. Series C No. 73. Para. 69; Case of Ivcher Bronstein v. Peru. Judgment of February 6, 2001. Series C No. 74. Paras. 152 & 155; Case of Ricardo Canese v. Paraguay. Judgment of August 31, 2004. Series C No. 111. Para. 83; Case of Herrera Ulloa v. Costa Rica. Judgment of July 2, 2004. Series C No. 107. Paras. 125-129; Case of Claude Reyes et al. Judgment of September 19, 2006. Series C No. 151. Para. 87; Case of Tristán Donoso v. Panama. Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of January 27, 2009 Series C No. 193. Para. 115.

308 I/A Court H.R. Case of Tristán-Donoso v. Panama. Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of January 27, 2009. Series C No. 193. Para. 129.

309 Communication from the State of Ecuador. Office of the Attorney General. Official Letter No. 05303. December 1. 2011. Response to the questions posed at the October 25, 2011 Thematic Hearing on the Situation of Freedom of Expression in Ecuador. pp. 4-7. Available in the Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur.

310 Communication from the State of Ecuador. Office of the Attorney General. Official Letter No. 05303. December 1. 2011. Response to the questions posed at the October 25, 2011 Thematic Hearing on the Situation of Freedom of Expression in Ecuador. pp. 7-8. Available in the Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur.

311 Communication from the State of Ecuador. Office of the Attorney General. Official Letter No. 05303. December 1. 2011. Response to the questions posed at the October 25, 2011 Thematic Hearing on the Situation of Freedom of Expression in Ecuador. pp. 10-11. Available in the Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur.

312 Communication from the State of Ecuador. Office of the Attorney General. Official Letter No. 05303. December 1. 2011. Response to the questions posed at the October 25, 2011 Thematic Hearing on the Situation of Freedom of Expression in Ecuador. p. 9. Available in the Archives of the Office of the Special Rapporteur.

313 IACHR. Annual Report 2010. OEA/SER.L/V/II. Doc. 5. March 7, 2011. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. Para. 224. Available at: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/expresion/docs/informes/RELATORIA%202010%20ESP%20P%20abril.pdf; Presentation of César Ricaurte (Fundamedios) at the hearing on the Situation of the Right to Freedom of Expression in Ecuador, held before the IACHR in Washington D.C. on March 23, 2010. The information presented was not disputed by the State.

314 Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). February 2, 2011. Gobierno ecuatoriano interrumpe programas para refutar críticas. Available at: http://cpj.org/es/2011/02/gobierno-ecuatoriano-interrumpe-programas-para-ref.php; La República. February 1, 2011. Ecuador: Gobierno interrumpe programa para criticar a presentadora. Available at: http://www.larepublica.pe/01-02-2011/ecuador-gobierno-interrumpe-programa-para-criticar-presentadora; Government of the Republic of Ecuador. January 31, 2008. Respuesta a María Josefa Coronel, de Teleamazonas. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JH9o5a6H3og

315 Andean Group for Freedom of Information (EL GALI). February 10. Cadena interrumpe por casi 10 minutos programa de entrevistas para descalificar a opositor. Available at: http://www.elgali.org/monitoreo/ecuador/cadena-interrumpe-casi-diez-minutos-programa-entrevistas-descalificar-opositor

316 El Comercio. February 16, 2011. La señal de Ecuadoradio fue interrumpida. Available at: http://www4.elcomercio.com/politica/senal-Ecuadoradio-interrumpida_0_428357163.html; Andean Group for Freedom of Information (EL GALI). February 16, 2011. Dos cadenas de radio interrumpen noticieros de radio para criticar a periodistas y oposición. Available at: http://www.elgali.org/monitoreo/ecuador/dos-cadenas-gubernamentales-interrumpen-noticieros-radio-criticar-periodistas-y-op

317 El Comercio. February 17, 2011. El gobierno no solo interrumpe los noticieros de TV; sigue con la radio. Available at: http://www.radiocolosal.com/sitio/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7849%3Ael-gobierno-no-solo-interrumpe-los-noticieros-de-tv-sigue-con-la-radio&catid=37%3Anacionales&Itemid=1; Andean Group for Freedom of Information (EL GALI). February 16, 2011. Dos cadenas de radio interrumpen noticieros de radio para criticar. Available at: http://www.elgali.org/monitoreo/ecuador/dos-cadenas-gubernamentales-interrumpen-noticieros-radio-criticar-periodistas-y-op

318 Ecuador Inmediato. March 1, 2011. Alfredo Pinoargote se ratifica en críticas al gobierno y lo responsabiliza de la inseguridad. Available at: http://www.ecuadorinmediato.com/index.php?module=Noticias&func=news_user_view&id=144774&umt=Alfredo%20Pinoargote%20se%20ratifica%20en%20cr%EDticas%20al%20Gobierno%20y%20lo%20responsabiliza%20de%20la%20inseguridad

319 Government of the Republic of Ecuador. March 28, 2011. Los autores del libro El Gran Hermano mienten. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfOZQJ4PPws; Expreso/Ecuador Inmediato. March 28, 2011. Fabricio Correa se salvó de ser demandado. Available at: http://www.ecuadorinmediato.com/index.php?module=Noticias&func=news_user_view&id=146580&umt=EXPRESO%20(Guayaquil)%20Fabricio%20Correa%20se%20salv%F3%20de%20ser%20demandado

320 Entérate Ecuador. March 28, 2011. Periodistas Calderón y Zurita no se retractan. Presentan la segunda edición del libro El Gran Hermano. Available at: http://www.enteratecuador.com/frontEnd/main.php?idSeccion=47598

321 Fundamedios. April 4, 2011. Gobierno dedica otra cadena para interrumpir y criticar a su presentadora. Available at: http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150147116452027

322 Enlace Ecuador/El Comercio. Críticas por investigación a Ecuavisa. Available at: http://www.enlaceecuador.com/component/content/article/10798-el-comercio-criticas-por-investigacion-a-ecuavisa.html; El Comercio.com. May 20, 2011. Conatel abre expediente contra Ecuavisa por presuntamente no transmitir cadenas. Available at: http://www.elcomercio.com/politica/Ecuavisa-medios_de_comunicacion-Secretaria_de_Comunicacion-Ecuador-cadenas_presidenciales_0_484151672.html

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