Lawrence of arabia and american culture
Download 0.8 Mb.
|
| Finally, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson ( 1982), Volumes 40-54 ( 19161919), contain no references to Thomas, nor do the Wilson correspondence files at the Library of Congress (400C case files, reels 260-61), except for earlier letters between Thomas and Wilson, dated 20, 23, 30 January 1917 relating to Thomas's efforts in promoting tourism in Alaska. Thomas, however, wrote that he "went abroad on instructions from the President" ( Pageant of Adventure [ 1940], p. 3).
The LTCCA, however, contains letters of introduction and other official documentation obtained while Thomas was overseas, including the following: a letter from Brigadier General Edgar Russell, Chief Signal Officer of the AEF; an Ordre de Mission of 6 December 1918; letters from the Visitors' Bureau of the AEF in Paris and from the Supply Office; letter from First Secretary Sterling, American Embassy, Paris, to Commissariat General of the French National Police, 7 December 1918; an Austrian military press pass of 17 December 1918; and German press passes of 7 and 9 January 1919. The richest source of materials relating to Thomas is the LTCCA. The collection, however, is rarely used. Presently, it is without an archivist and is sadly neglected. The Archives contain scores of metal filing cabinets and cardboard boxes of documents and memorabilia, including film footage and many photographs of the war period, and the glass slides, hand painted by Augusta A. Heyder, from the original Allenby-Lawrence lantern-slide lecture series. A transcript of and programs and advertisements for the lecture series, along with Thomas's diaries and notebooks, are also housed in the collection. The archives hold considerable correspondence, including business papers relevant to Thomas Travelogues, Inc. and previously unpublished letters from Lawrence to Thomas. ACCREDITATION BY NEWSPAPERS AND THOMAS AS CORRESPONDENT Thomas stated to Henry Veeder, a shareholder and secretary-treasurer of Thomas Travelogues, that he was accredited by twenty-five newspapers -145- letter of 21 April 1919). These included the Philadelphia Evening Ledger, Rocky Mountain News and Denver Times, Pittsburgh Dispatch, Minneapolis Journal, and Montreal Star among others (Accreditation letters of 17 May 1917, 25 May 1917, 11 June 1917, and 12 June 1917, respectively). Thomas arranged with various newspapers to send dispatches in exchange for free advertising space for his planned war travelogues. He made similar arrangements with weeklies such as Leslie's. In accordance with his promise, he drafted a newsletter, "Seeing Europe in War-Time," but apparently the newsletter was not sent. Drafts of issues, and correspondence with newspapers, are held at the LTCCA. In The First Casualty ( 1975), British author and journalist Phillip Knightley wrote that Thomas produced "romanticised dispatches" during the war. This statement was picked up and incorrectly reported by later Lawrence scholars. I have found no evidence that Thomas sent dispatches during the war, and I do not believe that he did. As Knightley notes, "some of Chase's film, including a shot of Lawrence, did appear during the war, in 'Allenby's Entry into Jerusalem', released in March 1918" (Letter to the author, 12 March 1991), but Thomas is not treated as a war correspondent in histories of journalism, such as Morrell Heald, Transatlantic Vistas: American Journalists in Europe, 1900-1940 ( Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1989). BROADCASTING AND FILM Thomas is considered in Eric Fang Those Radio Commentators ( 1977) and in several master's theses on radio-television. Only one dissertation ( John Hoy Lerch, "The Broadcasting Career of Lowell Thomas: A Historical and Critical Evaluation of His Professional Life," Ohio State University, 1965), has looked closely at the career of Lowell Thomas. Lerch relied heavily on letters from and interviews with Thomas and was unable to substantiate some of what he wrote about Thomas's activities during and immediately after World War I ( Lerch, 28). Thomas receives scant mention in standard histories of broadcasting, but his contribution to film is briefly treated in Kevin Brownlow The War, the West and the Wilderness ( 1979). THOMAS'S AND LAWRENCE'S BIOGRAPHERS Early Lawrence biographers, such as Robert Graves and Basil Henri Liddell Hart, tended to dismiss Thomas, at least until well after Lawrence's death in 1935. Liddell Hart, for instance, did not even mention Thomas and -146- his photographer Harry Chase in Colonel Lawrence: The Man Behind the Legend, published in the United States in 1934. Richard Aldington was the first Lawrence biographer to give full credit to Thomas for his part in the creation of the Lawrence of Arabia legend, which Aldington set about to debunk in Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry ( 1955). Since then, Lawrence scholars have given more space to Thomas, but often not more than a few pages. Lawrence biographers who are particularly interested in media creation and who give more than passing reference to Thomas are Michael Yardley, T. E. Lawrence: A Biography ( 1987) and Lawrence James, The Golden Warrior. The Life and Legend of T. E. Lawrence ( 1990). Fred D. Crawford, who has written on Richard Aldington's biographical interest in Lawrence, compares him to Thomas in "Richard Aldington, Lowell Thomas and the Ethics of Biography," T. E. Notes 3, no. 9 ( November 1992). However, seventy-five years after launching perhaps the most enduring media creation in modern times, Thomas still remains relatively unknown as the author of the popular legend of Lawrence of Arabia. -147- [This page intentionally left blank.] -148-
Notes INTRODUCTION 1. G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperly, eds., "Lord Kitchener's Conversation with Emir Abdulla on February 5 , 1914, and Its Aftermath," British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898-1914, Volume 10, no. 2, Appendix IV ( London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1926- 1938), pp. 826-832; Basil Henri Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia ( New York: Da Capo, 1989), p. 42; David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East ( New York: Avon Books, 1989), pp. 96-100. 2. Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire 1914-1921 ( London: Bowes & Bowes, 1956), p. 9. 3. Sir Ronald Storrs, The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs ( New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1937), p. 163; Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, pp. 96-100. 4. T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom ( Oxford, 1922), p. 281. The annotated copy I quote from was used by Lawrence as an editing copy and is in the Kilgour Collection at Houghton Library, Harvard University. Discrepancies in page numbering of the copies of the Oxford edition make it difficult to give exact page numbers. After holographs, presumably included by Lawrence, were removed from the volume in the Kilgour Collection the page was numbered 281. 5. Richard Aldington, Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry ( London: Collins, 1955); Basil Henri Liddell Hart, Colonel Lawrence: The Man Behind the Legend ( New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1934). 6. For a discussion of research about Lowell Thomas, see Appendix, "Notes on Sources about Lowell Thomas." CHAPTER 1 1. Lowell Thomas, "Letter to the Editor," Michigan Quarterly Review 21, no. 2 ( 1982): 302. -149-
2. The format and the title of the lecture changed after Thomas was invited to England. Originally, he gave two separate New York lectures on General Allenby and Lawrence. When he opened in London, he combined the lectures and called the performance "With Allenby in Palestine, including the Capture of Jerusalem and the Liberation of Holy Arabia." At one point, it was dubbed "The Last Crusade." Because of audience fascination with Lawrence, the title of the lecture was changed to "With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia." For convenience, I will refer to the lecture by its final title or simply as the Allenby-Lawrence lecture. A detailed discussion of the lecture performance and how it evolved occurs in Chapter 2. 3. D. G. Hogarth, British archaeologist and acting head of the Arab Bureau, Military Intelligence, Cairo, quoted in Malcolm Brown and Julia Cave, A Touch of Genius: The Life of T. E. Lawrence (New York: Paragon House, 1989), p. xv; The Times (25 September 1918): 7E. 4. These estimates varied widely. In his "Palestine Diary," Thomas wrote that the bounty on Lawrence was 5,000 pounds ( 13 February 1918 entry). In a later article, the amount had increased to $500,000 ( "Thomas Lawrence-Prince of Mecca," Asia 19, no. 9 [ 1919] 829). A 1927 program for Thomas's lectures on Lawrence set the amount at $250,000. Jeremy Wilson, in Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence ( New York: Athenaeum, 1990), p. 622, estimates the reward amounted to 100,000 pounds. Thomas's diary is housed at the Lowell Thomas Communications Center Archives, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. (LTCCA). 5. Ten-page letter to Henry Veeder of 21 April 1919, p. 3 (LTCCA). 6. The Times, 12 April 1919: 12C. Quotations are from an American delegate to the Paris Peace Conference, James T. Shotwell, letters home of 15 and 20 January 1919 in Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference ( New York: Macmillan Co., 1937), pp. 121, 131-132; Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries ( 1937; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 155, 157; and Harry Hansen, "The Forgotten Men of Versailles," Isabel Leighton, ed., The Aspirin Age 19191941 ( New York: Simon & Schuster, 1949), p. 9. 7. The meeting on national parks was held at the United States National Museum (now the Arts and Industry Building) from 2-6 January 1917. Report on the Progress and Condition of the United States National Museum for the Year Ending June 30, 1917 ( Washington, D.C., 1917), pp. 87-88. 8. Lowell Thomas, Good Evening Everybody: From Cripple Creek to Samarkand ( New York: William Morrow & Co., 1976), pp. 110, 112. In general outline, my account follows Thomas's autobiography, but I have tried to verify and correct his statements whenever possible. See "Notes on Sources about Lowell Thomas, Government Records" for a discussion of the problems of verification. 9. Thomas, Good Evening, p. 117; Letter to Henry Veeder, a stockholder of Thomas Travelogues, 21 April 1919, p. 2 (LTCCA). 10. See "Notes on Sources, Accreditation by Newspapers."
-150-
11. Thomas, in A. W. Lawrence, ed., T. E. Lawrence by His Friends ( London: Jonathan Cape, 1937), p. 206. 12. Copy of letter to George Creel, 10 January 1918 (LTCCA). 13. "Palestine Diary" ( LTCCA), entry undated, no page number. 14. " Malta, Egypt and Palestine / Jan 12 to (LTCCA), no page number. 15. Letter to Veeder, p. 4 (LTCCA). 16. Ibid., p. 5. 17. Ibid. 18. "Statement of Expenditures Covering Complete Cost of Obtaining Material for Present Productions," Thomas Travelogues, Inc. (LTCCA); Percy Burton, "How I Discovered Lowell Thomas," The Landmark 1 ( October 1919): 638. 19. Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, p. 489. 20. Ibid., pp. 489, 490 ; Letter from Phillip Knightley to the author, 12 March 1991. See also "Notes on Sources about Lowell Thomas as Correspondent." 21. Lowell Thomas, "War in the Land of the Arabian Nights," Asia 19 no. 10 ( October 1919): 999; London Times, 5 November 1919: 15. 22. Lawrence to Ralph Isham of 22 November 1927 in David Garnett, ed., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence ( New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1939), p. 545. Similar statements are made by Lawrence in letters to Sir A. J. Murray, 1 October 1920, Kilgour Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard; and to Fareedah El Akle, 3 January 1921 in Malcolm Brown, T. E. Lawrence: The Selected Letters ( New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1989), p. 183; Lawrence to E. M. Forster of 17 June 1925 in Brown, Selected Letters, p. 283; Cecil Falls and A. F. Becke, eds., Military Operations in Egypt and Palestine. II. History of the Great War ( London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1930). 23. Russell Gore, "Troubadour of the Heroes of To-Day," Detroit News, 30 December 1928: 9; Lowell Thomas with Kenneth Brown Collings, With Allenby in the Holy Land ( London: Cassell & Co., 1938), p. 146. 24. Lowell Thomas, So Long Until Tomorrow: From Quaker Hill to Kathmandu ( New York: William Morrow & Co., 1977), p. 310. 25. David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East ( New York: Avon Books, 1989), p. 15. CHAPTER 2 1. Quoted in 1928 program for "With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia" printed by the Affiliated Lecture Bureau, Cleveland, Ohio (Private collection in the United States). 2. Lowell Thomas, Good Evening Everybody: From Cripple Creek to Samarkand ( New York: William Morrow & Co., 1976), p. 193; "Financial Statement, covering New York engagements of Thomas Travelogues, Inc.," p. 2, -151-
Lowell Thomas Communications Center Archives, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ( LTCCA). 3. Quincy Howe, The News and How to Understand It ( New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), p. 40. 4. Letter to Henry Veeder, pp. 6-7; "Financial Statement, covering New York engagements of Thomas Travelogues, Inc." ( LTCCA). 5. Frances Ryan Thomas Diary, "Thomas Travelogues" ( LTCCA). 6. Thomas, Good Evening Everybody, p. 195. 7. Percy Burton, "How I Discovered Lowell Thomas," The Landmark 1 ( October 1919): 636-638; English-Speaking Union Central Committee Meeting Records, S eptember 1919, ESU Archives, London. 8. "Statement of Account for the Royal Albert Hall, Season 27th Oct.-to 6th Dec. 1919" ( LTCCA). Thomas's profit after six weeks at Royal Albert Hall was 3,644 pounds. He computed $4 to the pound, which equates to about $2,430 per week. 9. Thomas, Good Evening Everybody, pp. 200-201; Frances Thomas Diary ( LTCCA). The description in Thomas's autobiography may be a composite of different performances. 10. Ibid., p. 201. 11. "With General Allenby at Covent Garden," The Sphere 23 August 1919: 172. 12. Quoted from Michael Yardley, T. E. Lawrence: A Biography ( New York: Stein & Day Publishers, 1987), p. 155. 13. Transcript of the Lowell Thomas Travelogues, "With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia" ( LTCCA); "Mr. Thomas's Travelogues," The Landmark 1 ( October 1919): 624. 14. Program for the Queen's Hall performances, which commenced on 26 December 1919. That evening's performance was followed by Christmas carol fantasias and organ music. (Private collection in the United States); undated "Memo Explaining Film Edition" to Dale Carnegie ( LTCCA). 15. Lowell Thomas, "I Remember Lawrence of Arabia," TV Guide ( 27 January 1973), p. 21. 16. Captain Alan M. C.R.A.F. Bott, "A Yankee Captures London," ( 1919) in Norman Bowen, ed. The Stranger Everybody Knows ( New York: Doubleday, 1968), p. 31. 17. Asia 19, no. 9 ( September 1919): 819-829; 19, no. 10 ( October 1919): 998-1016; 19, no. 12 ( December 1919): 1205-1213. 18. Letters from Lawrence to Thomas, 18 November and 17 December 1919 ( LTCCA). 19. Frances Thomas Diary entry, 25 September 1919; two notes from Lawrence setting up meetings at Thomas London apartment ( LTCCA). 20. Joseph A. Berton and Fred D. Crawford, "How Well Did Lowell Thomas Know Lawrence of Arabia," unpublished essay, 1995.
-152-
21. Liddell Hart to Lowell Thomas, 27 November 1952, Lawrence Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center (HRHRC), University of Texas, Austin; Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence ( New York: Athenaeum, 1990), p. 624. 22. Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries ( 1937; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), p. 157. Fred D. Crawford, "Richard Aldington, Lowell Thomas, and the Ethics of Biography," T. E. Notes 3, no. 9 ( November 1992): 2. 23. "The Last of the Crusaders," Philadelphia Enquirer 2 March 1920: 3 and 7 March 1920: 16; Giles Kemp and Edward Claflin, Dale Carnegie: The Man Who Influenced Millions ( New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985), p. 127. 24. Percy Burton, "From Sherlock Holmes to T. E. Lawrence," in Lowell Thomas , Adventures among Immortals ( New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1937), p. 272. 25. Thomas lectured for the South Dakota Education Association, 54th annual meeting, reported in The Aberdeen Morning American, 24 November 1927: 1-2. 26. Thomas used this interest, when rationalizing for Henry Veeder his initial financial losses, to ask for continued support from the shareholders of Thomas Travelogues. 27. "Mr. Lowell Thomas's Travelogues," The Landmark 1 ( October 1919): 624; English-Speaking Union Central Committee Meeting Records, SeptemberOctober 1919, ESU Archives, London. CHAPTER 3 1. Letter to Colonel S. F. Newcombe, 16 February 1920, in David Garnett, ed., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence ( New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1939), p. 298. 2. Letters to E. M. Forster, 17 June 1925, and Edmund Blunden, 17 July 1923, in Malcolm Brown, ed., T. E. Lawrence: The Selected Letters ( New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1989), pp. 282-284 and p. 243, respectively. 3. Correspondence between Lawrence and Gilbert Fairchild Close and note from Stephen Samuel Wise to President Wilson in The Papers of Woodrow Wilson ( Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982) pp. 54, 195, 90; see also Stephen Bonsal chapter, "The Arabs Plead for Freedom," in Suitors and Suppliants: The Little Nations at Versailles ( New York: Prentice-Hall, 1946) and James T. Shotwell , At the Paris Peace Conference ( New York: Macmillan Co., 1937), pp. 121, 131-132. 4. Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence ( New York: Athenaeum, 1990), p. 633. 5. Asia 20, no. 3 ( April 1920): 259-266; 20, no. 4 ( May, 1920): 400-410; 20, no. 5 ( June 1920): 517-525; 20, no. 6 ( July, 1920): 596-605; 20, no. 7 ( August 1920): 670-676; Strand Magazine ( January-April 1920): 40-53, 141-153, 251261, 330-338.
-153-
6. Letter to F. N. Doubleday in Garnett, Letters, p. 301; Lawrence, The Mint ( 1936; Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 35. 7. "Lawrence, Alias Shaw," New Statesman 30 ( 19 November 1927): 178. 8. Wilson, Lawrence, pp. 624, 653. 9. Simeon Strunsky, "The Manipulation of Islam," New York Times Book Review ( 12 October 1924): 4. 10. Thomas, With Lawrence in Arabia ( New York: Century Co., 1924), pp. 28, 349. 11. Thomas, "Publicity," in A. W. Lawrence, ed., T. E. Lawrence by His Friends ( London: Jonathan Cape, 1937), p. 214; The Boys' Life of Colonel Lawrence ( New York: Century Co., 1927), pp. 12-13. 12. Thomas, With Lawrence, pp. 11-12; Richard Aldington, Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry ( London: Collins, 1955), pp. 18, 23; Paul O'Prey, ed., Between Moon and Moon, Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946-1972 ( London: Hutchison, 1984), p. 123. 13. Letters of 9 June 1927 and 26 January 1928 in T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers, Robert Graves and Liddell Hart ( Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1963) pp. 45, 147; letter to D. G. Hogarth, 23 July 1923 in Garnett, Letters, p. 429. 14. Letter to Lowell Thomas, 30 March 1923, Lowell Thomas Communications Center Archives, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ( LTCCA); letters to Charlotte Shaw, 26 March 1924, and to R. D. Blumenfeld, 4 August 1925, in Brown, Selected Letters, pp. 261, 287. 15. Letter to Liddell Hart, 9 March 1954, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center (HRHRC), University of Texas at Austin. 16. Letter to Robert Graves, 12 November 1922, in Garnett, Letters, p. 379. 17. Letter to Lawrence of 3 0 November 1920 from Melbourne, Australia, cited in David Garnett, ed., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence ( New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1939), p. 294. 18. Thomas, Good Evening Everybody: From Cripple Creek to Samarkand ( New York: William Morrow & Co., 1976), p. 209. 19. Letter to Liddell Hart, 9 March 1954; see also letter to Mrs. Eric Kennington, 31 March 1954 (HRHRC); "Statement of Expenditures Covering Complete Cost of Obtaining Material For Present Production" (LTCCA). 20. Besides his Asia articles and two biographies, Thomas wrote numerous biographical sketches about Lawrence in popular publications, ranging from World's Work in the 1920s to Family Weekly and TV Guide in later decades. He also includes sketches of Lawrence in his many adventure books, such as Thrilling Moments in Thrilling Lives ( Sun Oil Company, 1936), Adventure among Immortals ( New York: Dodd, Mead, 1937), Pageant of Adventure ( New York: P. F. Collins, 1940), Pageant of Life ( New York: P. F. Collier, 1941), and Great True Adventures ( New York: Hawthorn Books, 1955).
-154-
21. A CBS official had heard him speak on Lawrence at Covent Garden and invited him to try out. Thomas started in September 1930, replacing Floyd Gibbons, and he had the longest continuous run in broadcasting history ( Mildred Houghton Comfort , Lowell Thomas, Adventurer [ Minneapolis: T. S. Denison & Co., 1965], p. 49). 22. Thomas, Pageant of Adventure, p. 3; Thomas, "Publicity" in A. W. Lawrence , Friends, pp. 213-214, 209. 23. Aldington, Enquiry, p. 278. 24. "Lawrence: Lies or Legends?" Newsweek 43 ( 15 February 1954) 100; letters from Lowell Thomas to Liddell Hart of 9 March 1954, 4 and 5 August 1954, 31 March 1955; to Celandine Kennington, 31 March 1955; and Liddell Hart's letters to Thomas of 23 February 1954, 25 February 1955, and 14 April 1955 (HRHRC); "Excerpt from Lowell Thomas broadcast, March 4, 1954" (HRHRC). 25. Letter to Thomas, 27 November 1952 [HRHRC]); Lowell Thomas, "Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry," Middle East Journal 9 (Spring 1955): 197. 26. Thomas, "I Remember Lawrence of Arabia,"19-21; The World's Work ( February 1927): 364. 27. David Garnett, Selected Letters, p. 116. CHAPTER 4 1. Cited in Leonard Mosley, Lindbergh: A Biography ( Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1976), p. 147. 2. Estimate based on Philip O'Brien T. E. Lawrence: A Bibliography ( Boston: G. K. Hall, 1988) and on supplemental listings. 3. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 41; Ronald Blythe, The Age of Illusion: England in the Twenties and Thirties 1919-1940 ( Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964), p. 3; Edmund Blunden , The Mind's Eye ( 1934), p. 38, cited in Fussell, The Great War, p. 13. 4. Blythe, Age of Illusion, p. 63. 5. John Buchan, Memory Hold the Door ( Toronto: Musson Book Co., 1940), p. 218. 6. Lawrence James, The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia ( London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990), p. 276; T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom ( New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), p. 45. 7. Harry Irving Shumway, Lawrence The Arabian Knight Being the Life Story of T. E. Lawrence ( Boston: L. C. Page & Co., 1936), p. 272. 8. Dixon Wecter, The Hero in America: A Chronicle of Hero-Worship ( New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941), pp. 392-414. -155-
9. The Army Times Publishing Company, The Yanks Are Coming: The Story of General John J. Pershing ( New York: G. P Putnam's Sons, 1960), p. 149. 10. Eddie Rickenbacker with Lawrence La Tourelle Driggs, Fighting the Flying Circus ( New York: Frederick A. Stokes, Co., Publishers, 1919); Finis Farr, Rickenbacker's Luck: An American Life ( Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979). 11. The incident in the Argonne Forest was carefully scrutinized by an incredulous U.S. Army commission in 1919, and several official and scholarly accounts of it have been written. A dependable one is David Lee, Sergeant York: An American Hero ( Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985) because it also includes the findings of a 1929 German Reicharchiv investigation. According to Lee, the U.S. Army played only a minor role in bringing York to the attention of the American public after the war because General Pershing was promoting other candidates for heroism. Directory: fileadmin -> uni -> fakultaeten -> split lehrstuehle -> englische literatur -> Materialien -> Houswitschka -> Lawrence of Arabia fileadmin -> Comparative Politics Central Europe Mgr. Juraj MaruĊĦiak, PhD. course coordinator fileadmin -> Annex 1 to the Interim Report fileadmin -> Review of projects and contributions on statistical methods for spatial disaggregation and for integration of various kinds of geographical information and geo-referenced survey data fileadmin -> An overview of land evaluation and land use planning at fao fileadmin -> Contact information fileadmin -> Review of the literature fileadmin -> Sigchi extended Abstracts Sample Adapted to mamn25 fileadmin -> Communication and Information Sector Knowledge Societies Division Lawrence of Arabia -> T. E. Lawrence ftontispiece The bungalow at No. 2 Polstead Road, Oxford, facing page 48 Download 0.8 Mb. Share with your friends:
|