Listing: thinking process with music

• 
  Music
  
  • 
    Organization of Sound and Time
    
  • 
    Time based cognitive process
    
• 
  Listing: thinking process with music
  
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  Hearing: noise- background
  
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  3 levels of music
  
  • 
    Sensual: surface impact of sound itself, how are you feeling
    
  • 
    Perceptual: how the sound is related to one another or why is the music making you feel a certain way
    
  • 
    Imaginal: able to anticipate what is going to happen.
    
• 
  Texture
  
  • 
    Monophony
    
    • 
      Simple
      
  • 
    Poloyphony
    
    • 
      More than one melody
      
  • 
    Homophony
    
    • 
      1 + background
      
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  Melody
  
  • 
    Range
    
  • 
    Intervals: leaps or steps
    
  • 
    Modes: major minor atonal or other
    
  • 
    Length: short or long
    
  • 
    Cadence
    
  • 
    Direction
    
  • 
    Shape: smooth or jagged
    
  • 
    Register
    
  • 
    Structure
    
  • 
    Usage
    
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  Rythem
  
  • 
    Tempo
    
  • 
    Beat
    
    • 
      Grouping: 2 or 3rds
      
    • 
      Strength
      
  • 
    Quality
    
    • 
      Duration
      
    • 
      Articulation
      
    • 
      Accents
      
    • 
      Rubato
      
    • 
      Patterns
      
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  Harmony
  
  • 
    Structure
    
  • 
    Quality
    
  • 
    Tonality
    
  • 
    Density
    
  • 
    Cadences
    
  • 
    Modulation
    
  • 
    Harmonic rhythm
    
  • 
    Prominence
    
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  Timbre/ colour
  
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  Dynamics
  
  • 
    Forte
    
  • 
    Piano
    
  • 
    Adjective mezzo
    
  • 
    Fortissimo
    
  • 
    Pianissimo
    
  • 
    Crescendo
    
  • 
    Diminuendo
    
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  Tempo
  
  • 
    Largo
    
  • 
    Adagio
    
  • 
    Andante
    
  • 
    Moderato
    
  • 
    Allegretto
    
  • 
    Allegro
    
  • 
    Presto
    
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  Diatonic: belongs to the same scale
  
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  Chromatics: uses notes outside of the scale
  
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  Orchestra
  
  • 
    String
    
  • 
    Woodwinds
    
  • 
    Brass
    
  • 
    Percussion
    
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  Other ways to make sound
  
  • 
    Chordophones: String interements
    
    • 
      zither
      
    • 
      lates
      
    • 
      lyres
      
    • 
      harps
      
    • 
      musical bow
      
  • 
    Aerophones: sound created be vibrating air
    
  • 
    Membranophones: sound created by vibration over a stretch membrane
    
  • 
    Idiophones: source of sound: drum stick
    
  • 
    Electrophones: electronic sound
    
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  Form
  
  • 
    Organization of structures in music
    
  • 
    Planned structures (we will talk more about these when we get to chapters 5-20)
    
  • 
    Melodic repetition
    
  • 
    Ordering of timbres
    
  • 
    Text rhyme (for songs)
    
  • 
    Affects the Imagenial level
    
  • 
    Theme and variation
    
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  Early Music overview
  
  • 
    600 A.D
    
  • 
    Controlled by the catholic church
    
    • 
      Music was sung in
      
      • 
        Mass
        
        • 
          Kyrie
          
        • 
          Gloria
          
        • 
          Credo
          
        • 
          Sanctus
          
        • 
          Agnus dei
          
      • 
        Divine office
        
    • 
      Plainchant
      
      • 
        Only voices, steady beat, no meter
        
      • 
        Plain chant
        
      • 
        Monophonic
        
      • 
        Melisma
        
      • 
        Organum
        
      • 
        Antiphone: call and echo
        
    • 
      Polyphony
      
      • 
        2 or more melodies are uses
        
    • 
      Trinity: music in 3
      
    • 
      ARS Antique: old way
      
    • 
      ARS Nova: New Way 1300
      
      • 
        composers carried rhythmic complexities to extraordinary degrees. Rhythm seems to have obsessed them.
        
  • 
    School of Notre Dame- 1600
    
  • 
    Tonic: final note
    
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  Resonance: 1350-1600 14^th-16^th centuries
  
  • 
    Italy
    
  • 
    Intellectual movement
    
  • 
    Paraphrase: Used chants from the church and change the bits
    
  • 
    Imitation was used
    
  • 
    Homopony was created in the 15^th centrenty
    
  • 
    High Resonance 15^th century
    
    • 
      The creation of music to illustrate specific feelings or moods
      
    • 
      Creation of word painting
      
  • 
    Slowly started to add in instruments
    
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  The Reformation- part of the late reformation
  
  • 
    Rebellion against the authority of the catholic church
    
  • 
    Martian Luther (1483-1546): created the Lutheran Church, took parts of the C. church and change parts
    
  • 
    Giovanni Gabrieli (1525/1526-1594)
    
    • 
      Wrote the Pope Marcellous Mass
      
    • 
      Used 2 choirs, 3 voice parts, 4 instrumenal parts plus and organ
      
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  Gesualdo (1580)
  
  • 
    Used harmony to alter feelings
    
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  Baroque start of the 1600s
  
  • 
    Florence Italy
    
  • 
    Text is the mistress of music
    
  • 
    The mistress of music is the text
    
  • 
    Creation of musical instruments
    
  • 
    Dance
    
  • 
    Fugue: Music a contrapuntal composition in which a short melody or phrase (the subject) is introduced by one part and successively taken up by others and developed by interweaving the parts
    
    • 
      Once complete the subject can play a counter subject
      
  • 
    Inversion: making the subject upside down
    
  • 
    Oggentation: change in speed: longer
    
  • 
    Diminution: change in speed: shorter
    
  • 
    Episode: related to the subject but not the subject
    
  • 
    The Music
    
    • 
      Rhythms became more definite, regular and insistent
      
      • 
        No floating rhythms, same time through out the whole piece
        
    • 
      Creation of the bar line
      
    • 
      Basso Continuo: constant bass to fill in the background
      
    • 
      Ground bass: ostinato, keeps coming back
      
    • 
      Evolved harmony: Functional harmony
      
  • 
    Opera- early baroque
    
    • 
      Recitative: Storyline
      
    • 
      Aria: Emotions
      
      • 
        Extended piece for a solo singer
        
    • 
      Orchestra had more variety due to the story line
      
  • 
    Orchestra
    
    • 
      Strings
      
    • 
      1^st violins
      
    • 
      2^nd violins
      
    • 
      violas
      
    • 
      Cello
      
    • 
      Winds and brass and percussion
      
  • 
    King Louis (XIV- 14)
    
    • 
      24 violinistes du roi: violinist of the king
      

Study Guide 2:

• 
  Concerto
  
  • 
    
    
    • 
      Contrast between an orchestra and soloist
      
      • 
        1 vs. the many
        
    • 
      Concerto-vivaldi
      
      • 
        3 movements
        
      • 
        2 different organizational principles
        
        • 
          1^st and 3^rd are writing in ritornello
          
        • 
          2^nd ground bass
          
    • 
      Concerto Grasso
      
      • 
        Several solo instruments and orchestra
        
  • 
    Arcangelo Corelli (1700)
    
    • 
      First to:
      
      • 
        Musician to make money publishing
        
      • 
        Wrote only for instruments
        
      • 
        Clearly in a major or minor scale
        
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  Opera sierra
  
  • 
    Upper scale
    
  • 
    More serious
    
  • 
    Appled to the upper class
    
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  Recitative
  
  • 
    The music accomplices the words
    
  • 
    Used for plot action dialog where the words are brought more b/c it is a important/ intense part of the story
    
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  Aria
  
  • 
    A set piece for a solo singer
    
  • 
    More elaborate and coherence
    
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  Libertto
  
  • 
    Words of the opera
    

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  Classical Genres
  
  • 
    The Sonata
    
    • 
      Created in the classical period
      
    • 
      Way of creating the music
      
    • 
      A : B A
      
    • 
      A is the expostion usally is repeated
      
    • 
      B is the delvopment
      
    • 
      A is the replication: hear the first theme again
      
    • 
      The bridge is between to different themes
      
  • 
    The Classical Concerto
    
    • 
      Mozart
      
  • 
    The string Quartet
    
    • 
      Only strings
      
    • 
      Ussly 4 people
      
  • 
    Opera Buffa
    
    • 
      Comic opera
      
    • 
      Offered to the public
      
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  Forms
  
  • 
    Binary
    
    • 
      Simple only 2 sections
      
    • 
      A B format
      
  • 
    Ronda
    
    • 
      Alternates
      
    • 
      A B A B A or A B A C A
      
  • 
    Sonta- allergro
    
    • 
      Complex
      
    • 
      Started Classical period
      
    • 
      Exposition: development/ recapitulation: Coda
      
  • 
    Introduction
    
    • 
      Happens before the exposition
      
    • 
      Never repeated
      
    • 
      Part of Sonta- allergro
      
  • 
    Coda
    
    • 
      End of piece
      
    • 
      Independent section
      
    • 
      Closing theme
      
  • 
    Harmonic
    
    • 
      Key structure(s) of the different sections (including in general …modulations)
      
  • 
    Melodic
    
    • 
      What melodies are heard, how they are typically contrasting, exposed, developed, recapitulated
      
  • 
    Motivic
    
    • 
      What happens to the melody (ies) (in the development section of sonata form)
      

• 
  Periods
  
  • 
    Late Brouque 1700- 1750
    
    • 
      Style by periods
      
      • 
        Melody
        
        • 
          Longer, more complex, asymmetrical, instruments influenced vocal melodies
          
      • 
        Harmony
        
        • 
          Chords
          
      • 
        Rhythm
        
        • 
          Driving constant
          
        • 
          Bass creates the consistent
          
      • 
        Colour
        
      • 
        Texture
        
        • 
          Homophonic
          
      • 
        Form
        
        • 
          Binary
          
    • 
      J.S Bach 1685- 1750
      
      • 
        Church- wrote music for them
        
      • 
        Local fame: Did not move
        
      • 
        His music died with him
        
      • 
        Wrote a ton of music
        
    • 
      G.F Handel 1685- 1756
      
      • 
        Famous
        
      • 
        Traveled
        
      • 
        Brought opera to London
        
      • 
        International fame
        
    • 
      Telemann
      
    • 
      Vivaldi
      
  • 
    Classical 1750- 1800
    
    • 
      Style by periods
      
      • 
        Melody
        
        • 
          Short , balanced create tuneful melodies
          
        • 
          More influenced by vocals
          
      • 
        Harmony
        
        • 
          Chord changes verity
          
      • 
        Rhythm
        
        • 
          Varies
          
        • 
          Stop and go
          
        • 
          Depends on the movement
          
      • 
        Colour
        
      • 
        Texture
        
        • 
          Homophonic
          
      • 
        Form
        
    • 
      Mozart 1756-1791
      
      • 
        Started young
        
      • 
        Wrote in popular Genre
        
      • 
        Toured all of Europe with his father and sister
        
    • 
      FJ Haydn 1732- 1809
      
      • 
        Started his real first job in 1751
        
      • 
        Father of symphony
        
      • 
        Created orginal pieces
        
      • 
        Worked for a rich family
        
    • 
      Jean- jaques Rousseau
      
      • 
        Philoshper, significant impact on music
        
      • 
        Comic opera about “real” people
        
  • 
    Romantic period
    
    • 
      Style by period
      
      • 
        Melody
        
        • 
          Long, sing able lines with powerful climaxes and chromatic inflections for expressiveness
          
      • 
        Harmony
        
        • 
          More colorful and richer
          
        • 
          Helps with expessing emotin through the music
          
        • 
          More dissonance to convey feeling of anxiety and longing
          
      • 
        Rhythm
        
        • 
          Fexlible
          
        • 
          Not very clearly articulated
          
      • 
        Colour
        
        • 
          Orchestra becomes HUGE
          
        • 
          This gave new effects to the music
          
          • 
            Variation in dynamics
            
        • 
          Piano becomes larger and more powerful
          
      • 
        Texture
        
        • 
          Homophonic
          
      • 
        Form
        
        • 
          No new forms are created, stay with traditional forms but length them
          
        • 
          Lied is created: symphonic poem and orchestral song or mini opera
          
      • 
        Composers
        
        • 
          Beethoven
          
        • 
          Schubert
          
        • 
          Schumann
          
        • 
          Chopin
          
        • 
          Strauss
          
        • 
          Wagner
          
      • 
        Genres
        
        • 
          NEW
          
          • 
            Symphonic poem
            
          • 
            Leid
            
          • 
            Character piece for the piano
            
    • 
      Impressionism (1820-1920)
      
      • 
        Style by period
        
        • 
          Melody
          
          • 
            Varies from short dabs to long free flowing lines
            
          • 
            Chromatic scales whole tone scale and pentatonic scale often replace major and minor scales
            
        • 
          Harmony
          
          • 
            Homophonic
            
        • 
          Rhythm
          
          • 
            Free flexible with irregular accents
            
        • 
          Colour
          
          • 
            Focus on the woodwinds and brass to carry the melody
            
          • 
            More soloistic writing -> brings out the colour more
            
        • 
          Texture
          
          • 
            Can vary from thin and airy to heavy and dense
            
        • 
          Form
          
          • 
            Tried to use a unique form and particulcular to each musical work.
            
        • 
          Composers
          
          • 
            Debussy
            
          • 
            Ravel
            
          • 
            faure
            
• 
  Composers
  
  • 
    Late baroque
    
    • 
      J.S Bach 1685- 1750
      
      • 
        Church- wrote music for them
        
      • 
        Local fame: Did not move
        
      • 
        His music died with him
        
      • 
        Wrote a ton of music
        
    • 
      G.F Handel 1685- 1756
      
      • 
        Famous
        
      • 
        Traveled
        
      • 
        Brought opera to London
        
      • 
        International fame
        
  • 
    Classical (1750- 1800)
    
    • 
      Mozart 1756-1791
      
      • 
        Started young
        
      • 
        Wrote in popular Genre
        
      • 
        Toured all of Europe with his father and sister
        
    • 
      FJ Haydn 1732- 1809
      
      • 
        Started his real first job in 1751
        
      • 
        Father of symphony
        
      • 
        Created original pieces
        
      • 
        Worked for a rich family
        
  • 
    Romantic (1800-1900)-> Individuality
    
    • 
      Beethoven Early (1700-1827)
      
      • 
        Wrote 9 symphonies
        
        • 
          1-2: first period of his life: pushes the envelope of classical period
          
        • 
          3-8: second period of life -> more emotional
          
        • 
          9: 3^rd period of life
          

• 
  Schubert (1797-1828) early
  
  • 
    Spont. Melodist
    
  • 
    Combined music with lyrics
    
    • 
      Lied: Love poems with music
      
• 
  R. Schumann (1810- 1856) traditionalist early
  
  • 
    Character pieces
    
  • 
    Wrote many Lieds for his wife
    
• 
  Strauss
  
• 
  Mendelssohn (1809 – 47)
  
  • 
    Created program music
    
• 
  Berlioz (1803- 1847)
  
  • 
    Created the transformation from one motif (Music a short succession of notes producing a single impression; a brief melodic or rhythmic formula out of which longer passages are developed: the motif in the second violin is submerged by the first violin's countermelody.) to another
    
• 
  Wagner (1813-1883) late romantic
  
  • 
    German
    
  • 
    Nationalist
    
  • 
    Gesamtkunstwerk
    
    • 
      Ultimate art work art
      
  • 
    Romantic opera
    
• 
  Lizet
  
  • 
    Symphonic poem
    
  • 
    Created crazy melodies
    
  • 
    Mainly a pianist
    
• 
  J. Brahms
  
  • 
    Traditionalist
    
  • 
    Followed Beethoven
    
  • 
    Sonata form
    
• 
  Gustan Mahler
  
  • 
    Pushing boundaries
    
• 
  20^th century
  
  • 
    Oliver Messiaen
    
    • 
      changes the concepts of time