Malware and harmful software



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Malware and harmful software

Consumer views on software threats and use of protections

OCTOBER 2013



Canberra

Red Building

Benjamin Offices

Chan Street

Belconnen ACT
PO Box 78

Belconnen ACT 2616

T +61 2 6219 5555

F +61 2 6219 5353



Melbourne

Level 44

Melbourne Central Tower

360 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC


PO Box 13112

Law Courts

Melbourne VIC 8010
T +61 3 9963 6800

F +61 3 9963 6899



Sydney

Level 5


The Bay Centre

65 Pirrama Road

Pyrmont NSW
PO Box Q500

Queen Victoria Building

NSW 1230
T +61 2 9334 7700

1800 226 667

F +61 2 9334 7799











© Commonwealth of Australia 2013

This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced

by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction

and rights should be addressed to the Manager, Editorial Services, Australian Communications and Media Authority,

PO Box 13112 Law Courts, Melbourne Vic 8010.
Published by the Australian Communications and Media Authority




Executive summary 4

Perceived likelihood of experiencing malware infections 4

Protection of home computers and laptops against harmful software 5

Protection of mobile devices from harmful software 5

Who is responsible for protecting consumers against harmful software? 5

Introduction 7

Research objectives 7

Research methodology 7

Background information 8



Overview of internet use 10

Key findings 14

Introduction—what is malware? 14

Perceived likelihood of experiencing malware 14

Protections against harmful software and viruses 20

Who is responsible for protecting users against harmful software? 25

Appendixes 29

Appendix A—Survey design and methodology 29

Appendix B—Survey questionnaire (malware component) 31

Executive summary

In 2012, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (the ACMA) commissioned a national telephone survey with 1,500 Australians aged 18 years and over and four focus group discussions also conducted with adults. Part of this research examined Australians’ awareness of possible threats from malware (malicious software), the use of protections against harmful software, and views on whose responsibility it is to protect computers against malware.
Malware infections enable computers, and potentially tablets and smartphones, to be controlled remotely for illegal or harmful purposes without the users’ knowledge. Possible repercussions for internet users include the mass distribution of spam, hosting of phishing sites or identity theft.
This research provides a context for the ACMA’s activities relating to malware, notably the Australian Internet Security Initiative (AISI) under which participating internet providers—mainly internet service providers (ISPs) and universities—are notified of malware infections affecting their customers; and the ACMA’s Cybersmart program, which helps children and families to use the internet safely and securely.
Summary of internet use

To provide context for these research findings on malware, the study found that 86 per cent of Australian adults used the internet for personal purposes. Personal internet users comprised almost all of the 18–24 age group (99 per cent) and usage declined with age. People aged 65 years and over were least likely to be internet users (60 per cent).


Almost three-quarters of Australian adults (74 per cent)—or 88 per cent of internet users—reported making online financial transactions which included online banking, shopping or paying bills. Australians aged 18–34 years were more likely to make online financial transactions (91 per cent) than the 65 years and over age group (43 per cent).

Perceived likelihood of experiencing malware infections


More internet users reported that harmful software or malware was an unlikely risk to their computer (43–50 per cent) than a likely risk (28–33 per cent).1 A substantial minority (22–25 per cent) gave a neutral response (that is, neither likely nor unlikely) or said they did not know if there was a risk.
Perceptions of likely risk from malware increased with the age of internet users, and risk was regarded as more likely by people who speak languages other than English at home. The risk of their computers being infected by malware was perceived as ‘highly unlikely’ by more internet users who did not make online financial transactions compared to those who did make these transactions.



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