Microprocessors von Neumann (Princeton) architecture



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Microprocessors
von Neumann (Princeton) architecture
instructions and data reside in same memory space (same address and data busses)
cannot fetch a new instruction and read/write data at the same time (bottleneck)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/computer_system_bus.svg/1280px-computer_system_bus.svg.png

Harvard architecture
separate memory for instructions and data
data stored in RAM, program often stored in EEPROM with external serial load



Microprocessor history
Apollo guidance computer = 12,300 transistors (4,100 chips, one 3-input NOR gate per chip)



Intel

Instructions

Data

Addr

Transistors

Year




4004

46

4b

12b

2,300

1971




8008

48

8b

14b

3,500

1972




8080

256

8b

16b

4,500

1974

several support chips with different voltages

8085

256

8b

16b

6,500

1977

single +5V supply

8086




16b

20b

29,000

1978




8087













1980

first floating point coprocessor

8088




8b

20b

29,000

1979

IBM-PC

80186




16b

20b

55,000

1982




80286




16b

24b

134,000

1983




80386




32b

32b

275,000

1985




80486




32b

32b

1,180235

1989




Pentium




64b

32b

3,100,000







Pentium Pro




64b

32b

5,500,000







Pentium II




64b

32b

7,500,000







Pentium III










9,500,000







Pentium IV










42,000,000




























MOS Technology



















6502

256

8b

16b

3,510

1975

Apple II






















Zilog



















Z80

256

8b

16b

8,500

1976

8085 clone






















Motorola



















6800

72

8b

16b

4,100

1974




68000




16b

24b

68,000

1979

Macintosh, UNIX

68020




32b

32b

200,000

1984

UNIX



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/transistor_count_and_moore%27s_law_-_2011.svg/800px-transistor_count_and_moore%27s_law_-_2011.svg.pngMain functions of Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Registers for temporary storage

Typically size of external data bus

Accumulator or Working (input and output of ALU)

Temporary (second input to ALU)

Flag status register (Carry, Zero, Negative, Interrupt Disable, etc.)

Instruction buffer

Control buffer

Data buffer

General purpose

Typically size of external address bus

Address buffer

Program counter (PC)

Stack pointer (SP)
Instruction decode lookup table (LUT)
Bus drivers
6502 CPU
8085 architecture

Classic one byte instruction (8b internal data, 8b external data, 16b external address)
move content of PCL to address buffer low

move contents of PCH to address buffer high

set MEMR

fetch instruction byte from memory into data buffer

move contents of data buffer into instruction buffer

decode instruction to set internal control lines

increment PC by one
typical functions

a) arithmetic operations - result in W

single operand on W - zero, NOT, increment/decrement, two's complement, set/clear bit, rotate/shift

two operand on W and TEMP - add, AND, OR, XOR

b) internal move from register source to register destination

Classic two byte instruction (8b internal data, 8b external data, 16b external address)
same as one byte instruction

decode instruction to set internal control lines

increment PC by one

fetch a second byte into data buffer (usually contains a constant value)

move contents of data buffer into W (or another register)

increment PC again


typical functions

load constant into register destination



Classic three byte instruction (8b internal data, 8b external data, 16b external address)
same as one byte instruction

decode instruction to set internal control lines

increment PC by one

fetch a second byte into data buffer (usually contains low byte of an address)

move contents of data buffer into W (or another register)

increment PC again

fetch a third byte into data buffer (usually contains high byte of an address)

move contents of data buffer into TEMP (or another register)

increment PC again

move W into address buffer low

move TEMP into address buffer high

if read from memory

set MEMR

fetch byte from memory location into data buffer

move data buffer into W

if write to memory

move content of a register into data buffer

set MEMW


write data buffer into memory location
typical functions

a) read variable from memory

b) write variable to memory

c) conditional jump - JZ, JNZ, JC, JNC, JPOS, JNEG

move W and TEMP into PCL and PCH instead of address buffer if test is true

d) unconditional jump - JMP

e) jump to subroutine - JSR (see below)



Arduino program compiled into AVR instructions
int a, b, c; // 16b signed

a = 4;


b = 6;

c = a + b;


first pass of compiler assigns memory locations for data
hex location data

0x0100 lsB(a)

0x0101 msB(a)

0x0102 lsB(b)

0x0103 msB(b)

0x0104 lsB(c)

0x0105 msB(c)
second pass of complier creates instructions (hex opcode)
hex opcode command,args comment
a = 4;

84 e0 ldi r24, 0x04 Load Immediate - load lsB(a) into register 24 (r24)

90 e0 ldi r25, 0x00 Load Immediate - load msB(a) into register 25 (r25)

90 93 01 01 sts 0x0101, r25 Store Direct to Data Space - store msB(a) to memory

80 93 00 01 sts 0x0100, r24 Store Direct to Data Space - store lsB(a) to memory
b = 6;

86 e0 ldi r24, 0x06 Load Immediate - load lsB(b) into r24

90 e0 ldi r25, 0x00 Load Immediate - load msB(b) into r25

90 93 03 01 sts 0x0103, r25 Store Direct to Data Space - store msB(b) to mem

80 93 02 01 sts 0x0102, r24 Store Direct to Data Space - store msB(b) to mem
c = a + b;

80 91 02 01 lds r24, 0x0102 Load Direct from Data Space - load lsB(b) from mem into r24

90 91 03 01 lds r25, 0x0103 Load Direct from Data Space - load msB(b) from mem into r25

20 91 00 01 lds r18, 0x0100 Load Direct from Data Space - load lsB(a) from mem into r18

30 91 01 01 lds r19, 0x0101 Load Direct from Data Space - load msB(a) from mem into r19

82 0f add r24, r18 Add without Carry – add lsB(b) plus lsb(a), result in r24

93 1f adc r25, r19 Add with Carry – add msB(b) plus msb(a), result in r25

90 93 03 01 sts 0x0105, r25 Store Direct to Data Space - store msB(c) to mem

80 93 02 01 sts 0x0104, r24 Store Direct to Data Space - store lsB(c) to mem
11 bytes of text (excluding spaces and semicolons), 6 bytes of data, 52 bytes of opcode instructions
Historic evolution of CPU

More registers

More arithmetic functions

More instructions in instruction set

Bigger instruction decoder LUT due to propagation delay

Slower performance per instruction


Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)

Fewer registers

Fewer instructions

Smaller decoder LUT

Faster performance per instruction

PIC and Atmel are RISC with modified Harvard architecture




Call subroutine

1) push contents of PC onto stack and increment SP

2) load address of instructions for subroutine into PC

3) execute subroutine


Return from subroutine

4) pop old value of PC from stack and decrement SP

5) load value from stack into PC

Maximum size of stack limits number of levels of subroutine nesting



Interrupt

hardware generated subroutine - use stack to remember old PC


need special interrupt handler instructions
need list of addresses for different handler routines (interrupt vector)
mask off other interrupts



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