Title: Separation and Purification Reviews

Title: Separation and Purification Reviews

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JCR Abbreviated Title:

ISSN:

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: Impact Factor

? Kyriakopoulos, G. and Doulia, D. (2006), Adsorption of pesticides on carbonaceous and polymeric materials from aqueous solutions: A review. Separation and Purification Reviews, 35 (3), 97-191.

Full Text: 2006\Sep Pur Rev35, 97.pdf

Abstract: Carbonaceous and polymeric materials have been extensively used in adsorption processes for the removal of pesticides from aqueous solutions. The aim of this review is the systematic and comparative presentation of the possibilities of the above adsorbents, arising from the data reported in the literature for the period 1990 - 2004. A brief description of each article is given in tables. The data is divided into two groups, based on the chemical structure of adsorbent (carbonaceous or polymeric material) and is given in tables. In each table information on the type of adsorbent (powder, granular, fibers, cloths, resins, cartridges etc), pesticide structure, experimental conditions, aim and results of each work, is reported. In addition, data is included concerning single pesticides adsorption, competitive adsorption, parameters of adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich) and kinetic model’s parameters (homogeneous surface diffusion model-HSDM, equivalent background compound-EBC, Peel model), such as surface diffusion coefficients and mass transfer coefficients. Information on adsorption yields, effect of various factors on adsorption effectiveness, static or continuous operation, laboratory, pilot or industrial scale process and combination of adsorption with other methods, is also included.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Aqueous Solutions, Combined Physicochemical Processes, Competitive Adsorption, Data, Diffusion, Drinking-Water, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Equilibrium Model’S Parameters, Fibers, Floc-Blanket Reactors, Freundlich, Humic Substances, Industrial, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Model’S Parameters, Langmuir, Literature, Mass Transfer, Model, Natural Organic-Matter, Pesticides, Polymeric Adsorbents, Pore-Size Distribution, Powdered Activated Carbon, Process, Processes, Removal, Review, Surface Diffusion, Surface Diffusivities, Water-Treatment

Title: Separation and Purification Technology

ISO Abbreviated Title: Sep. Purif. Technol.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Sep Purif Technol

ISSN: 1383-5866

Issues/Year: 4

Journal Country Netherlands

Language: English

Publisher: Elsevier Science BV

Publisher Address: PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands

Subject Categories:

Chemistry, Analytical: Impact Factor 0.091, 64/65 (1998), Impact Factor 0.707, 51/66 (1999), Impact Factor 0.539, 50/117 (2000)

Engineering, Chemical: Impact Factor 0.091, 100/113 (1998), Impact Factor 0.707, 31/110 (1999), Impact Factor 0.539, 50/117 (2000), Impact Factor 0.552, 61/123 (2001), Impact Factor 1.004, 25/126 (2002), Impact Factor 1.355, 14/119 (2003), Impact Factor 1.227, 29/116 (2004), Impact Factor 1.752, 15/116 (2005), Impact Factor 2.879, 11/128 (2009)

Furuya, E.G., Chang, H.T., Miura, Y. and Noll, K.E. (1997), A fundamental analysis of the isotherm for the adsorption of phenolic compounds on activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology, 11 (2), 69-78.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec11, 69.pdf

Abstract: The Freundlich isotherm has been widely used in the design of activated-carbon adsorption processes. The isotherm is easy to use and is applicable to a wide spectrum of organic compounds and adsorbents. The main drawback for the isotherm is that it is an empirical formula requiring experiments to determine its coefficients. To alleviate this drawback, a procedure is developed in this study to correlate the Freundlich coefficients-with the basic properties of three components involved in adsorption (adsorbate, adsorbent and solvent). Chloro-and nitrophenols were used as the test adsorbates, and granular activated carbon (GAG) was used as the adsorbent. The isotherm data showed that the percentage of the GAC pore surface covered by phenolic molecules was a better measurement for the amount adsorbed than the traditional mass-based solid concentration. A solution concentration normalized with respect to the solubility of the phenolics was used to account for the effects of phenol-water interactions. Isotherms of surface coverage versus normalized concentration conformed very well to a modified Freundlich model. The modified Freundlich exponent (l/n’) was found to have an inverse linear relationship with the electron density of phenolics calculated from molecular orbital theory. The correlation will allow the prediction a priori of l/n’ from the molecular structures of the adsorbate and adsorbent. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption Isotherm, Chlorophenol, Molecular Orbital, Nitrophenol, Surface Coverage

Shu, H.T., Li, D.Y., Scala, A.A. and Ma, Y.H. (1997), Adsorption of small organic pollutants from aqueous streams by aluminosilicate-based microporous materials. Separation and Purification Technology, 11 (1), 27-36.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec11, 27.pdf

Abstract: Organic pollution in industrial waste streams is of growing environmental concern. Adsorption has been applied to remove organics from aqueous solutions. Activated carbon and polymer resin are the most commonly used adsorbents. In this work, a novel class of aluminosilicate-based microporous materials with good adsorption capacity and high selectivity are investigated.

In order to adsorb organic molecules selectively from aqueous solution, the adsorbents must be hydrophobic. Phenol and chlorinated phenols were adsorbed by three different adsorbents: pillared clays, silicalite and zeolite beta. Pillared clays were modified by incorporating a non-ionic surfactant of the general formula C₁₂-14H₂₅-29O (CH₂CH₂O)₅H (Tergitol 15S-5). Also, high Si/Al ratio zeolites were used for this purpose. Factors which are important in determining the selectivity and adsorption capacity of these adsorbents are the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent, the size of the organic, and the diameter of channels which are accessible to the adsorbate. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption, Phenol, Pillared Clays, Silicalites, Zeolite Beta, Immobilized Enzymes, Silicalite, Clays, Sorption, Complexes, Benzene

Furuya, E.G., Chang, H.T., Miura, Y. and Noll, K.E. (1997), A fundamental analysis of the isotherm for the adsorption of phenolic compounds on activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology, 11 (2), 69-78.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec11, 69.pdf

Abstract: The Freundlich isotherm has been widely used in the design of activated-carbon adsorption processes. The isotherm is easy to use and is applicable to a wide spectrum of organic compounds and adsorbents. The main drawback for the isotherm is that it is an empirical formula requiring experiments to determine its coefficients. To alleviate this drawback, a procedure is developed in this study to correlate the Freundlich coefficients-with the basic properties of three components involved in adsorption (adsorbate, adsorbent and solvent). Chloro-and nitrophenols were used as the test adsorbates, and granular activated carbon (GAG) was used as the adsorbent. The isotherm data showed that the percentage of the GAC pore surface covered by phenolic molecules was a better measurement for the amount adsorbed than the traditional mass-based solid concentration. A solution concentration normalized with respect to the solubility of the phenolics was used to account for the effects of phenol-water interactions. Isotherms of surface coverage versus normalized concentration conformed very well to a modified Freundlich model. The modified Freundlich exponent (l/n’) was found to have an inverse linear relationship with the electron density of phenolics calculated from molecular orbital theory. The correlation will allow the prediction a priori of l/n’ from the molecular structures of the adsorbate and adsorbent. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption Isotherm, Chlorophenol, Molecular Orbital, Nitrophenol, Surface Coverage

Feng, M.H., Mei, J., Hu, S.W., Janney, S., Carruthers, J., Holbein, B., Huber, A. and Kidby, D. (1997), Selective removal of iron from grape juice using an iron(III) chelating resin. Separation and Purification Technology, 11 (2), 127-135.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec11, 127.pdf

Abstract: This work reports the results of iron removal from grape juice with an iron(III) chelating resin in both batch separation and column separation processes. The separation experiments indicated that the iron(III) chelating resin removed iron selectively and effectively from grape juice.

The iron content in grape juice was reduced from 1000 ppb to 2 ppb with a batch separation at a ratio of 1 g of the resin to 100 ml of grape juice. By using a sequential multi-batch separation process or a column separation process, the iron level in grape juice could be reduced to 1 ppb with the iron(III) chelating resin. It was found that selective removal of iron was completed within 3 h.

The chelating resin did not remove other metals such as Co, Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, K and Na in the grape juice. Mo and Cu, however, were partially removed. Preliminary microbial tests indicated that the growth of the wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was partially inhibited in the iron-deficient grape juice. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Iron Removal, Selective Metal Separation, Grape Juice, Chelating Resins, Inhibition of Microbial Growth

White, D.A. and Bussey, R.L. (1997), Water sorption properties of clinoptilolite. Separation and Purification Technology, 11 (2), 137-141.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec11, 137.pdf

Abstract: This paper describes the preparation and testing of various ionic forms of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, and a study of their properties for the removal of water vapour from air. The calcium form of the zeolite showed the highest uptake of 0.127 g of water per gram of zeolite and the potassium form was the worst with a capacity of half this value. The sorption data were correlated by a ‘Langmuir’ isotherm. The size of the cation sorbed had a direct effect on the water sorption data. The results are compared with the properties of other desiccants. The zeolite uptake of water is less than that of silica gel. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Natural Zeolites, Drying

Dutta, M., Baruah, R. and Dutta, N.N. (1997), Adsorption of 6-aminopenicillanic acid on activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology, 12 (2), 99-108.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec12, 99.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption and desorption of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) in aqueous solution has been studied using activated carbon as the adsorbent. The extent of adsorption was found to tie strongly dependent on the aqueous phase pH and this dependence could be interpreted from a model for neutral species adsorption. Desorptionstudies suggest that a small fraction of 6-APA adsorbs irreversibly on activated carbon. Adsorption equilibrium data were correlated with the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson expressions with the Langmuir model being found to provide the best fit of the experimental data. The rates of adsorption and desorption appear to follow the first-order kinetics under the experimental conditions used in the study. However, more precise rate expressions requires the inclusion of the external mass transfer effect initially and the particle diffusion effect at the later stage. Adsorption enthalpy calculated from the Van’t Hoff plot was found to be 3.92 kcal mol^-1. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Enthalpy, Activated Carbon, 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid, Langmuir Isotherm, Freundlich Isotherm, Redlich-Peterson Isotherm, Cephalosporin-C, Liquid Membrane, Antibiotics, Equilibria, Products

Lee, S.H., Vigneswaran, S. and Moon, H. (1997), Adsorption of phosphorus in saturated slag media columns. Separation and Purification Technology, 12 (2), 109-118.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec12, 109.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of phosphorus (P as phosphates) in saturated slag media (dust and cake) columns was studied to assess the slag media’s capability in removing P from wastewater. Prior to the experiments, slag media were completely washed to rinse off the soluble metal ions which are generally responsible for forming insoluble precipitates. Experimental data revealed that the adsorption capacities of washed slag media are still much higher than that of a sandy roam soil. Two dynamic models were tested for simulating the adsorption behavior of phosphorus in columns packed with slag media. The model employing the intraparticle transport through surface diffusion is successful, while a simplified model based on the linear driving force approximation (LDFA) could not predict the column behavior properly at low concentrations, particularly on the cake slag.

Keywords: Orthogonal Collocation, Removal, Simulation, Column Adsorption, Model Simulation, Phosphorus Removal, Washed Slag Media

Díez, S., Leitão, A., Ferreira, L. and Rodrigues, A. (1998), Adsorption of phenylalanine onto polymeric resins: Equilibrium, kinetics and operation of a parametric pumping unit. Separation and Purification Technology, 13 (1), 25-35.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec13, 25.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of D, L-Phenylalanine onto polymeric adsorbents (Amberlite XAD-4 and XAD-16, Sephabeads SP206 and SP207) was studied. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms were measured by batch equilibration at 15 and 40°C, showing the possibility of using a parametric pumping technique for aminoacid purification/recovery. Dynamic studies in a laboratory adsorption column Amicon Column (22×500 mm) were carried out to further screen adsorbents and obtain mass transfer parameters to be used in the modeling, simulation and operation of the pilot parametric pumping unit. The pilot plant includes a Amicon Columnn (90×1000 mm) and is completely automated. A package for the simulation of this cyclic operation was developed. Simulated and experimental results using Sephabeads SP206 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, Japan) are in good agreement. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption, Parametric Pumping, Phenylalanine, Purification, Amino-Acids, Separation, Chromatography, Adsorbents

Arévalo, E., Rendueles, M., Fernández A, Rodrigues, A. and Díaz, M. (1998), Uptake of copper and cobalt in a complexing resin: Shrinking-core model with two reaction fronts. Separation and Purification Technology, 13 (1), 37-46.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec13, 37.pdf

Abstract: The kinetics of simultaneous ion exchange of copper and cobalt with iminodiacetic chelating resins has been studied. Microscopic studies of the ion-exchange process clearly show two different reaction fronts allowing the use of shrinking-core type models. The influence of system parameters is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Experimental results obtained at different total ion concentrations for various copper-cobalt ratios and particle diameters are reasonably predicted by the shrinking-core model, allowing diffusivity calculations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Chelate Ion-Exchanger, Kinetics, Protonation

Ahmed, S., Chughtai, S. and Keane, M.A. (1998), The removal of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution by ion exchange with Na-Y zeolite. Separation and Purification Technology, 13 (1), 57-64.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec13, 57.pdf

Abstract: Lead and cadmium removal from aqueous solution by batch ion exchange with a solid Na-Y zeolite has been studied under competitive and non-competitive conditions. The extent of heavy metal (KM) removal is found to be independent of the nature of the anion, and equilibrium exchange isotherms are presented for Na-Y treatment of lead and cadmium nitrate and chloride solutions at 293 K. An increase in solution phase HM concentration lowers the affinity of the zeolite for the in-going HM ion, but lead was preferred to the indigenous sodium ion over the entire range of initial metal concentration to zeolite weight ratios (0.3-13×10^-2 mol dm^-3 g(z)^-1) that were studied. Lead removal was much greater than that of cadmium under identical experimental conditions and Na-Y exchange efficiency is Shown to increase in the order Ni²⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Cd²⁺ < Pb²⁺. Exchange selectivity is discussed in terms of metal ion hydration and siting within the zeolite framework. A Pb/Cd/Na-Y ternary exchange isotherm was constructed from 38 pairs of experimental points, and is treated quantitatively in terms of ternary and pseudo-binary separation factors. Treatment of the lead/cadmium solutions resulted in a greater depletion (by a factor of 2) of the lead component. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Cadmium, Ion Exchange, Lead, Water Treatment, Y Zeolite, Metal Co-Cation, Equilibrium Properties, Natural Zeolites, Heavy-Metals, Water, Stabilization, Systems, Copper, Soil, Zinc

Lin, Y.S. and Deng, S.G. (1998), Removal of trace sulfur dioxide from gas stream by regenerative sorption processes. Separation and Purification Technology, 13 (1), 65-77.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec13, 65.pdf

Abstract: This work compares the characteristics and SO₂ removal capacity of four physical adsorbents (sillicalite, DAY zeolite, polymer and carbon) and a chemical adsorbent (CuO/gamma- Al₂O₃)prepared in our laboratory by a sol-gel process. SO₂ sorption capacity and kinetics of CuO/gamma- Al₂O₃, silicalite and DAY zeolite were measured gravimetrically and compared with those of the polymer and carbon adsorbents reported in the literature. The sol-gel derived granular CuO/gamma- Al₂O₃ adsorbent has the characteristics of large surface area, high crush strength and attrition resistance, and good sulfation properties. Simulated SO₂ breakthrough curves from a fixed-bed adsorber packed respectively with each of the five adsorbents are presented to examine the performance of these adsorbents for SO₂ removal in the fixed-bed process. Among the four physical adsorbents silicalite exhibits the best properties in terms of adsorption capacity and breakthrough time. Simulated and experimental results show that a fixed-bed packed with a chemical adsorbent (CuO/gamma-Al₂O₃) is far more effective (with much longer breakthrough time) than that with a physical adsorbent (silicalite) for removal of trace SO₂ from gas stream. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption, Copper Oxide, Desulfurization, SO₂ Removal, Zeolites, Flue-Gas, Sorbent Catalyst, Desulfurization, Separation, Stability, Copper

? Valsaraj, K.T., Jain, P.M., Kommalapati, R.R. and Smith, J.S. (1998), Reusable adsorbents for dilute solution separation. 1. Adsorption of phenanthrene on surfactant-modified alumina. Separation and Purification Technology, 13 (2), 137-145.

Full Text: 1998\Sep Pur Tec13, 137.pdf

Abstract: Activated gamma-alumina surface was modified by adsorption of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) from the aqueous phase. Typical S-shaped isotherms of surfactants on mineral oxides were observed for the adsorption of SDS on alumina. The formation of surfactant aggregates (hemi-micelles) on the surface made the alumina hydrophobic and increased the capacity of the oxide surface for an organic compound, namely, phenanthrene (PHE). The sorption of phenanthrene was directly related to the concentration of surfactant adsorbed. The partitioning of phenanthrene normalized to the adsorbed surfactant concentration was independent of pH. The linear sorption constant for a number of organic compounds was correlated to the octanol-water partition constant and activity coefficient in water, which are indicators of compound hydrophobicity. It is suggested that the ability to easily regenerate a modified alumina surface could be exploited in using it for wastewater treatment of contaminants at dilute concentrations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Activity, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Aggregates, Alumina, Anionic Surfactant, Aqueous Phase, Capacity, Concentration, Contaminants, Hydrophobic, Hydrophobicity, Indicators, Isotherms, Made, Mineral, Mineral Oxides, Modified, Organic, Organic Compounds, Organic-Compounds, Oxides, Partition, Partition Constant, Partitioning, pH, Phenanthrene, Separation, Sodium, Sodium Dodecylsulfate, Sorption, Surface, Surfactant, Surfactant-Modified Alumina, Surfactants, Treatment, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment, Water

Takeuchi, Y., Hino, M., Yoshimura, Y., Otowa, T., Izuhara, H. and Nojima, T. (1999), Removal of single component chlorinated hydrocarbon vapor by activated carbon of very high surface area. Separation and Purification Technology, 15 (1), 79-90.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec15, 79.pdf

Abstract: Experimental results are reported on the application of a new type of activated carbon having very high specific surface area, 3000 m²/g, formed in granular or supported on a honeycomb board, to the recovery of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent vapors. The activated carbon showed an excellent adsorption capacity and the type of its adsorption was found to be volume-filling. Intraparticle diffusion was found to be the same as that for conventional activated carbons, i.e. the intraparticle diffusion proceeds mostly by surface migration.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Equilibria, Breakthrough Curves, Chlorinated Hydrocarbon, Fixed-Bed Adsorption, High Surface Area Carbon, Honeycomb Shaped Carbon, R– Method, Solvent Recovery

Hernández-Huesca, R., Díaz, L. and Aguilar-Armenta, G. (1999), Adsorption equilibria and kinetics of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂ in natural zeolites. Separation and Purification Technology, 15 (2), 163-173.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec15, 163.pdf

Abstract: The ability of natural zeolites (ZAPS, ZNT and ZN-19) to adsorb pure CO₂, CH₄ and N₂, was studied experimentally. The volume of CO₂ adsorption in the monolayer (Langmuir) was found to be close to the micropore volume estimated by the Dubinin-Astakhov model (N₂, 77 K) for all three zeolites. Considerable differences in the adsorption of CO₂, CH₄, and Na with these zeolites were observed, a factor that can be used for the separation of CO₂-CH₄ and N₂-CH₄ mixtures. The mechanism of activated diffusion was detected in the adsorption of CH₄ with ZN-19. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Diffusion, Gas Adsorption, Isosteric Heat, Sorption

Balagopal, S., Landro, T., Zecevic, S., Sutija, D., Elangovan, S. and Khandkar, A. (1999), Selective sodium removal from aqueous waste streams with NaSICON ceramics. Separation and Purification Technology, 15 (3), 231-237.

Full Text: S\Sep Pur Tec15, 231.pdf

Abstract: Recent developments in the synthesis and application of the sodium ion conducting polycrystalline Nasicon ceramics allow for selective removal of sodium from aqueous wastes at ambient temperatures by electrochemical salt splitting. In the presence of an applied electric field, sodium ions are transported through the Nasicon structure. The size and electroneutrality constraints allow for selective transport of sodium ions, and exclude other monovalent, divalent and trivalent ions present in the impure reactants from migrating through the membrane. The sodium transport efficiency for generating pure NaOH from nitrate and sulfate industrial wastes is greater than 90%. These ceramic membranes provide the added benefit of very low parasitic losses due to absence of fouling by precipitants. Electro-osmotic transport of H₂O through the membrane which is common to polymeric membrane technology is also not observed. While the initial electrochemical evaluation of the ceramic membranes showed high sodium selectivity over other metal cations, the need for improvements in sodium conductivity, long term stability, and durability in strong acid was identified. A new series of Nasicon compositions have shown considerable improvements in properties and exhibit the potential for large-scale, industrial applications. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Conducting Ceramics, Nuclear Waste, Salt Splitting, Sodium Conductor

Kong, J. and Li, K. (1999), Oil removal from oil-in-water emulsions using PVDF membranes. Separation and Purification Technology,