Przykładowe Materiały Egzaminacyjne JĘzyk angielski poziom 3 Czytanie

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Kyrgyzstan Link-up to Foil Insurgents

In preparation for an expected escalation of militant Islamist activity in mid-year, Kyrgyzstan has held mobilisation and staff exercises involving groups from neighbouring Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

The three-day exercises, held in mid-April under the direction of Kyrgyz Defence Minister Esen Topoyev, reportedly aimed to improve planning and coordination between the Ministry of Defence and other central and regional departments, with emphasis on the southern regional administrations of Osh, Jalalabad, and Batken. The involvement of staff groups from the defence ministries of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan reflects stepped-up efforts to mount a more integrated response to what is increasingly a trans-national threat.

Over the past two years, southern Kyrgyzstan has been the scene of incursions by the Afghanistan-based Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), which has sought to move from bases in northern Tajikistan through Kyrgyz territory to reach the Ferghana Valley region of Uzbekistan. Kyrgyz authorities are also concerned over local support for both the IMU and the Hizb ut Tahrir, another banned Islamist party, which has mounted a leaflet campaign in southern parts of the country calling for the overthrow of the government and the establishment of a Central Asian caliphate.

In late March, police in the southern capital of Osh held anti-riot exercises practising the use of water cannons and tear gas.

1. 
   The three countries held joint exercise to …
   

1. 
   improve their national mobilization plans
   
2. 
   train for a possible increase of rebellious actions
   
3. 
   set up a trans-national regional administration
   

2. 
   IMU’s headquarters is located in …
   

1. 
   Afghanistan
   
2. 
   Uzbekistan
   
3. 
   Kyrgyzstan
   

3. 
   A Central Asian caliphate has been advocated by the …
   

1. 
   Hizb ut Tahrir
   
2. 
   IMU
   
3. 
   Kyrgyz public
   

The service is spending the money on a five-year contract with the University Of Southern California to establish a center for developing cutting-edge virtual-reality training systems. Army Secretary Louis Caldera opened the center— the Institute for Creative Technologies — Sept. 26 in Marina del Rey, Calif.

The center plans to team with computer game manufacturers and other entertainment companies to develop simulation technologies that can be used in both Army training systems and computer games.

Virtual reality simulation technology is nothing new for the Army. The service already uses it in simulators like the Close Combat Tactical Trainer. The CCTT simulates the operational characteristics and performance of a variety of combat vehicles — complete with the sights and sounds of armored vehicle combat. Troops use it to practice and perfect small-unit skills of shooting, moving and communicating with each other.

At present, the only way soldiers can train for the challenges of operating in tense environments like those in the Balkans is to go through rigorous — and expensive — exercises at the Army’s combat training centers. These exercises feature role players performing as civilians, presenting the troops with the sort of difficult situations they are likely to encounter during peacekeeping operations.

While the new simulations won’t replace such training, they will allow soldiers to rehearse numerous scenarios in a cost- and risk-free environment.

1. 
   The Institute for Creative Technologies is financed by …
   

1. 
   the Army
   
2. 
   the University
   
3. 
   the games companies
   

2. 
   The Close Combat Tactical Trainer simulates …
   

1. 
   hand-to-hand fighting
   
2. 
   armored vehicle operation
   
3. 
   peacekeeping tactics
   

3. 
   The combat training center exercises are expensive because …
   

1. 
   they take place in the Balkans
   
2. 
   they have to employ people as actors
   
3. 
   they present difficult situations
   

The move, to be announced officially today, comes as military planners are wrestling with plans to deploy ground troops in Afghanistan which they know could be extremely risky.

About 150 reservists will be asked to volunteer for specialist jobs, including interpreting photographs taken by specially equipped Canberra aircraft, defence sources said.

They have been called up to assess the damage done to Taliban military targets, including mobile forces, and Bin Laden training camps over the past seven nights of air strikes.

Their mobilisation suggests that military intelligence officers are having difficulty in analysing the impact of “precision” weapons, including cruise missiles aimed at small targets over large areas.

The reservists are likely to be summoned to the joint air reconnaissance interpretation centre at RAF Brampton, in Cambridgeshire. Most of the reservists are being asked to help with “battle damage assessment”, defence sources said yesterday.

They insisted there were no moves to call up medical staff. The Defence Medical Services are suffering serious shortages, including estimated shortfalls of more than 70% in consultant anaesthetists, more than 80% in accident and emergency consultants, and 70% in burns and plastic surgery consultants. Defence officials are coy about discussing the prospect of ground forces in Afghanistan. Operations involving ground troops are “not imminent”, one official said yesterday.

1. 
   The reservists are being called up to ...
   

1. 
   increase the efficiency of work already being done
   
2. 
   join a ground force in Afghanistan
   
3. 
   replace officers going to Afghanistan
   

2. 
   The reservists are going to …
   

1. 
   take photographs of bomb damaged areas
   
2. 
   indicate targets to be attacked
   
3. 
   analyse air reconnaissance information
   

3. 
   The MOD aren’t calling up reservists for the Defence Medical Services because …
   

1. 
   they do not have properly trained reservists
   
2. 
   they don’t want to admit they have a problem
   
3. 
   there is no immediate need for them