INTRODUCTION 2
BOARD STRUCTURE OF THE CHOCTAWHATCHEE, PEA, AND YELLOW RIVERS WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 3
WATERSHED ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3
DESCRIPTION OF WATERSHEDS 4
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING 5
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY 5
LAND USE 7
GEOLOGY 8
CRETACEOUS SYSTEM 9
UPPER CRETACEOUS SERIES 9
TUSCALOOSA GROUP 9
COKER FORMATION 9
MIDDLE MARINE SHALE 10
GORDO FORMATION 10
EUTAW FORMATION 10
BLUFFTOWN FORMATION 11
CUSSETA SAND MEMBER OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION 11
RIPLEY FORMATION 11
PROVIDENCE SAND 12
TERTIARY SYSTEM 12
PALEOCENE SERIES 12
CLAYTON FORMATION 12
PORTERS CREEK FORMATION 12
SALT MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE 13
NANAFALIA FORMATION 13
TUSCAHOMA SAND 14
EOCENE SERIES 14
HATCHETIGBEE FORMATION 14
TALLAHATTA FORMATION 14
LISBON FORMATION 15
JACKSON GROUP UNDIFFERENTIATED 15
EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE SERIES 16
RESIDUUM AND CRYSTAL RIVER FORMATION 16
OLIGOCENE SERIES 16
CHICKASAWHAY LIMESTONE 16
MIOCENE SERIES 16
MIOCENE SERIES UNDIFFERENTIATED 16
QUARTERNARY SYSTEM 17
PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE SERIES 17
TERRACE AND ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS 17
BIOLOGY 17
SOILS 18
CLIMATE 19
PREDICTIONS 21
POTENTIAL IMPACTS 23
RECOMMENDATIONS 25
POLICY OPTIONS 25
DROUGHT 25
POPULATION TRENDS 29
ECONOMIC IMPACTS 29
RECOMMENDATIONS 31
POLICY OPTIONS 31
WATERSHED TRENDS 31
LAND USE 31
RECOMMENDATIONS 32
POLICY OPTIONS 32
WATER USE 32
RECOMMENDATIONS 37
POLICY OPTION 37
INTERSTATE ISSUES 37
TRI-STATE WATER WARS 37
FLORIDAN AQUIFER 38
RECOMMENDATIONS 39
POLICY OPTIONS 40
DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY 40
RECOMMENDATIONS 41
FLORIDA COASTAL ZONE IMPACTS 41
RECOMMENDATION 42
FLORIDA NUTRIENT CRITERIA 42
SOUTHEAST ALABAMA ISSUES 42
WATER/ENERGY NEXUS 43
RECOMMENDATION 43
POLICY OPTIONS 43
WATER USE REPORTING PROGRAM 44
WATER RESOURCES 45
SURFACE WATER 45
MAIN STEMS AND TRIBUTARIES 45
UPPER CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER (03140201) 45
LOWER CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER (03140203) 48
PEA RIVER (03140202) 49
YELLOW RIVER (03140103) 51
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 52
TUSCALOOSA GROUP AQUIFER 53
COKER AQUIFER 53
GORDO AQUIFER 53
EUTAW AQUIFER 54
RIPLEY AQUIFER 54
CUSETTA SAND MEMBER 54
PROVIDENCE SAND AQUIFER 54
CLAYTON AQUIFER 55
SALT MOUNTAIN AQUIFER 55
NANAFALIA AQUIFER 55
LISBON AQUIFER 56
CRYSTAL RIVER AQUIFER 56
WATER QUANTITY 56
GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE 56
GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY 60
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 60
UNCONFINED OR PARTIALLY CONFINED AQUIFER RECHARGE 62
CONFINED AQUIFER RECHARGE 65
SUBSURFACE GROUNDWATER STORAGE 66
RECOMMENDATION 68
POLICY OPTIONS 68
SURFACE-WATER AVAILABILITY 68
RECOMMENDATION 69
POLICY OPTIONS 69
INSTREAM FLOW 69
RECOMMENDATION 72
POLICY OPTIONS 72
SUSTAINABLE YIELD 73
DROUGHT IMPACTS 74
RECOMMENDATION 77
POLICY OPTIONS 77
ESTIMATION OF WATER USE AND DEMAND 77
SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER INTERACTION 77
RECOMMENDATION 78
POLICY OPTIONS 79
WATER MONITORING 79
STREAM DISCHARGE GAUGES 79
RECOMMENDATIONS 79
REAL-TIME GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM 80
RECOMMENDATION 81
POLICY OPTION 81
PRECIPITATION MONITORING 81
RECOMMENDATION 82
POLICY OPTION 82
NATIONAL SOIL MOISTURE DATA 82
RECOMMENDATION 82
INTERSTATE SURFACE WATER AND CONTAMINATION TRANSPORT 82
RECOMMENDATION 84
MONITOR QUALITY AND FLOW ENTERING AND LEAVING STATE 84
IDENTIFICATION OF FUTURE WATER SOURCES 84
SURFACE WATER 84
RECOMMENDATION 85
WATER POLICY OPTION 85
GROUNDWATER 85
RECOMMENDATION 86
WATER POLICY OPTIONS 86
HYBRID WATER SOURCES 86
RECOMMENDATION 86
WATER POLICY IMPLICATIONS 87
WATER SOURCE SUSTAINABILITY 87
HOLISTIC WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 89
WATER CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENCY 95
RECOMMENDATION 98
POLICY OPTION 98
WATER REUSE 98
WASTEWATER RETURN DISCHARGE 98
WATER REUSE OPTIONS 99
RECOMMENDATION 99
POLICY OPTION 99
WATER QUALITY 100
SURFACE-WATER QUALITY ISSUES 100
CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPERFUND SITES 100
CHARACTERIZATION OF KEY NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION 101
SURFACE-WATER CLASSIFICATIONS 101
WATER USE CLASSIFICATIONS 101
STRATEGIC HABITAT UNITS 102
ECOREGIONS 103
303(d) LIST OF IMPAIRED WATERS 104
RECOMMENDATION 104
STORMWATER RUNOFF ISSUES 104
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES 105
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES 105
MUNICIPAL SEPARATE STORM SEWER SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES 106
NPDES PERMITS 106
RECOMMENDATION 106
GROUNDWATER QUALITY 107
METALS IN GROUNDWATER 107
RADIONUCLIDES IN GROUNDWATER 109
MAJOR GEOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS BY COUNTY 110
BARBOUR COUNTY 111
BULLOCK COUNTY 111
COFFEE COUNTY 112
COVINGTON COUNTY 113
CRENSHAW COUNTY 113
DALE COUNTY 114
GENEVA COUNTY 114
HENRY COUNTY 115
HOUSTON COUNTY 115
PIKE COUNTY 115
DOWNGRADIENT LIMITS OF FRESHWATER 116
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 117
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL WELLS 117
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS 118
IMPACTS OF SEPTIC SYSTEMS ON SHALLOW WELLS 119
ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES 120
CHARACTERIZATION OF IMPERILED SPECIES 120
FRESHWATER MUSSELS 121
CRAYFISH 125
FISH 126
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 128
BIRDS 130
MAMMALS 134
PLANTS 137
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, HABITAT CONDITIONS, AND FISH CONSUMPTION ADVISORIES 138
BIOLOGICAL CONDITION 138
AQUATIC HABITAT ASSESSMENT 139
HABITAT 141
AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY 141
FISH CONSUMPTION ADVISORIES 141
GENERAL ECOSYSTEM CONDITIONS (DCNR STRATEGIC HABITAT PLAN) 142
RECOMMENDATION 143
AGRICULTURAL ISSUES 143
IRRIGATION 144
SURFACE WATER IRRIGATION 146
GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION 146
WATER HARVESTING 147
RECOMMENDATION 148
POLICY OPTION 148
IRRIGATION TAX CREDITS 148
RECOMMENDATION 149
ANIMAL FEEDING OPRERATIONS 150
NUTRIENTS 151
EUTROPHICATION 152
SEDIMENTATION 154
RECOMMENDATION 156
POLICY OPTIONS 156
RECREATIONAL ISSUES 156
ALABAMA SCENIC RIVER TRAIL 158
WATER ACCESS ISSUES 159
RECOMMENDATION 161
FORESTRY ISSUES 161
RECOMMENDATION 161
POLICY OPTIONS 161
TIMBERLAND PROTECTION 161
INCENTIVE PROGRAMS 161
COST SHARE PROGRAMS 162
REPLANTING 165
HARVESTING BMPS 165
FIRE CONTROL 166
INVASIVE SPECIES 167
BUFFERS 168
FLOOD CONTROL 168
IDENTIFICATION OF FLOOD-PRONE AREAS 170
HISTORICAL FLOOD EVENTS 173
FEDERAL AND STATE FLOOD MAPPING 174
ORDINANCES FOR FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT 176
FLOOD MITIGATION 178
FLOOD WARNING PREPAREDNESS PLAN 181
RECOMMENDATION 184
EDUCATION 184
DEVELOP “RECOMMENDED WATER CONSERVATION GUIDE” 184
DEVELOP PLANS FOR WATERSHED EDUCATION 185
WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT AND ENHANCEMENT 185
LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION BRIEFING 185
SCHOOL WATERSHED EDUCATION INITIATIVES 185
CPYRWMA BOARD OF DIRECTORS WORKSHOP 186
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA 186
GOALS 186
TARGET AUDIENCE 186
INTERAGENCY EFFORTS 186
INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION PLAN 187
ARTIFACT HUNTING 187
RECOMMENDATION 187
POLICY OPTIONS 188
EMERGING ISSUES 188