Semantics I acknowledgements
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| 3. 3 Material Logic Material logic then has three kinds of operation, they are the concept, the judgment, and reasoning. These are in accordance with the fundamental operational of the intellect. The three operations can be charted as follows (based on Sullivan, 1963 : First operation The concept Predicable Predicaments Definition and division Second operation The judgment In necessary matter In contingent matter Demonstrative Dialectical Third operation : Reasoning Syllogism Rhetorical Literary Induction and scientific Method Fallacies SEMANTICS Page 37 3.4 Logical System 3.4.1 Proposition Proposition or propositions are the part of argument and they function either as premises or as the conclusion. A proposition can be defined as what declarative sentence means (Robert Sharvy, 1964 : According to the definition, these two sentences ; The news that Reagan will visit Indonesia is true and it is true that Reagan will come to Indonesia, express one proposition since they have the same meaning. Also, the two sentences ; All thief are dishonest and No thief are honest express one proposition. Sentence like : Move to the seashore. Are you a coward? do not express propositions as they are not declarative sentences. Robert Sharvy then said : Logic is concerned with propositions and not with sentences, except as they express propositions, because inference is a connection between meanings and not between marks on apiece paper” (p.3). thus we can understand that proposition is on a par with meaning, not with the structure of the sentence (marks on apiece of paper, and from this its true that proposition is sentence, but sentence is not proposition (not all sentence are proposition). What has been described above will be somewhat different to the following : A Statement or sentence that signifies truth or falsity distinguishes proposition from other kinds of sentences which ask question, give commands, and so on. Sullivian emphasizes on the truth and falsity of the sentence or sentences, while Sharvy emphasizes on what declarative sentence means. It is in fact that we can make inference or signify the truth and falsity in declarative sentence, on the other hand, questions, commands are not SEMANTICS Page declarative that cannot be proved the truth and falsity. We can see from example in Open the door. - Open the book. are not found the truth value, for how we determine something to be true or false if we are commanding or asking question. Unlike in declarative, it is statement which we always accept whether true or false. Thus those definition reflect the same meaning. Download 332.89 Kb. Share with your friends:
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