The Restless Earth

Chap.16

Q.1 What are the factors that affect climate?

• Latitude

• Distance from sea or ocean

• Prevailing winds

• Altitude

• Relief

Q.2 What is latitude?

The latitude of a place is its distance north or south of the equator. The farther a place is from

The wind which blows most frequently in an area is known as the prevailing wind.

Altitude means the height above sea level. The higher a place is the cooler its climate will be.

This decrease is known as lapse rate.
Q.5 Why do temperatures decrease with height?

The atmosphere forms a blanket above us which absorbs and holds in the heat radiated from

the earths surface. The higher we climb the thinner this ‘air blanket’ above us becomes, and

the less heat it can hold. So temperatures fall as altitudes increase.

Relief means the shape of the surface of the land, such as slopes.

Aspect is the direction which a place faces.

A natural region is a large area which is distinct in itself, the thing which most distinguishes

natural regions from each other is the climate type. Each climate has a distinctive natural

vegetation , animal species and human activities.

• 
  Equatorial
  
• 
  Savanna
  
• 
  Hot desert
  
• 
  Monsoon
  

Q.3 Name two temperate climates?

• 
  Warm temperate oceanic
  
• 
  Cool temperate oceanic
  

Q.4 Name two cold climates?

• 
  Tundra
  
• 
  Boreal
  

Q.5 Name three countries that have hot climates?

• 
  Cuba
  
• 
  India
  
• 
  Mexico
  

Q.6 Name three countries that have temperate climates?

• 
  Britian
  
• 
  Italy
  
• 
  Ireland
  

Q.7 Name three countries that have cold climates?

Canada Greenland Iceland

Chap.19

Q.1 What is desertification?

The deserts of the world are gradually spreading. This spread of desert lands is called

desertification.

Irrigation is the artificial watering of the land in order to encourage plant growth and increase

soil fertility.

Chap.21

Q.1 What are the main features of Mediterranean Climate?

Summers are dry and hot (25 degrees in August). Winters are mild and moist (400-1000mm).
Q.2 How can climate influence tourism?

Europe’s most popular tourist areas are located along the Mediterranean coast because of a

warm Mediterranean climate. There is an anti-cyclone in June, July and August and hot, dry,

sunny conditions which are perfect for beach holidays.

Chap.23 Our Living Soil

Q.1 What is a natural resource?

A natural resource is something that has been created by nature.
Q.2 What are the ingredients for soil?

Mineral particles, micro-organisims, plant remains, water and air.

Humus is a black, jelly-like substance that is formed by the decaying of plant litter and it helps

make soil more fertile.
Q.4 What is leaching?

Leaching is the process where by water washes minerals and nutrients down past the reach of

the plant’s roots and deprives the plant of the nutrients and minerals
Q.5 What is a hard pan?

The hard pan is a layer of leached material and is impermeable.

Podzols are the grey soil type that occur beneath coniferous forests. They are leached heavily

and contain very little or no humus.

Q.7 What are brown soils?

plentiful supplies of humus.

Q.8 What are tropical red soils?

These red soils occur in wet rain forests and are severely leached.

Brown soils

It is a vertical section of the soil from the surface downward.

Natural vegetation is plant life which has not been planted or altered by people.

Example was deciduous forest.

Vegetation is scant. Cacti and varieties of scrub are well adapted to dry conditions.

Examples are such as pine, spruce and fir. Most are evergreen.

1 Slender shape

2 Downward sloping branches

3 Thin needle-like foliage

4 Thick bark

5 Shallow roots

The birth rate is the number of live births in one year per thousand of the population.

The death rate is the number of deaths in one year per thousand of the population.

Natural increase is when there are more births than deaths.

Natural decrease is when there are more deaths than births.

Immigration is movement into a country.

Emigration is movement out of a country.

• 
  Measure the birth rate against the death rate.
  
• 
  Count the number of migrants in and out of the country.
  

Q.8 Name the five stages in the population cycle.

• 
  The high stationary stage.
  
• 
  The early expanding stage.
  
• 
  The late expanding stage.
  
• 
  The low stationary stage.
  
• 
  The ‘senile’ stage.
  

Q.9 Name the factors which influence population change?

Food supplies War

Health Education

The place of women in society Improved technology
Chap.34 Where are all the People
Q.1 What is population density?

Population density is the average number of people per square kilometre.

Population distribution is the spread of people in any given area.

The total population DIVIDED BY the total area.

• 
  Climate Mineral wealth
  
• 
  Communications Relief
  
• 
  Soils Manufacturing.
  

Chap.35 Population Make – up

This is the proportion of people who are in different age groups.

Q.2 What is the sex structure of population?

This is the proportion of males to females.

This is a series of bar graphs laid on top of one another which illustrates the age and sex

structures of a population.
Q.4 What problem is associated with a country having an unbalanced sex structure?

Some members of the majority sex being unable to find marriage partners.

It is important because by knowing the age group of the majority of the population they

can work out the services they need to improve.
Chap.36
Q.1 List some effects of high population densities?

• 
  Overcrowding
  
• 
  Lack of open space
  
• 
  Lack of clean water
  
• 
  Pollution
  

Q.2 List some effects of low population densities?

• 
  Abandonment of agricultural land
  
• 
  Low marriage rates
  
• 
  Political and economical isolation
  

Q.3 What are core areas?

Core areas tend be highly populated and very wealthy, they contains the centre of Government

and are usually regarded as the centre of industry and business. All these cause people to

migrate into core areas.

Q.4 What are peripheral areas?

Peripheral areas tend to have low population densities are not very wealthy. This is partly

because of their distance from the centre of industry and business. They tend to be

economically and politically isolated from the rest of the country.

Chap.37 Life and Death in an Unequal World

The wealthy region of the world is called the North.

The poorest countries of the world are referred to as the South or the Third World.

The term child mortality rate refers to the number of children under the age of five who die

every year in relation to every 1,000 live births during that same year.
Q.4 What does the term life expectancy rate mean?

The term life expectancy rate means the average number of years that a newborn infant can be

expected to live.
Chap.38 People on the Move

Q.1 Name the six types of migration?

• 
  International
  
• 
  Internal
  
• 
  Local
  
• 
  Regional
  
• 
  Individual
  
• 
  Organised
  

Q.2 What is push and pull factors?

Push factors means repellent reasons for migration. They push or repel the people from the

area. Pull factors are attractive reasons for migration.

In the rural areas there would be rural depopulation and this would reduce unemployment. In

the urban areas the population would increase and may result in overpopulation.
Q.4 In the time of famine in Ireland, give two pull factors that attracted people to the U.K. and

U.S.A. and two push factors?

Q.5 Name one organised migration?

The Plantation of Ulster.
Q.6 Name one pull factor for the planters and one push factor for the Irish?

The planters were attracted to Ireland by promises of cheap, fertile land and one push factor for

the Irish was that they were forced to move from their land by the planters.
Q.7 Name three effects of the Ulster Plantation?

• 
  Culture
  
• 
  Divisions between Catholic and Protestant planters
  
• 
  Settlement patterns, the planters built planned towns
  

Q.8 What countries colonised South America?

Spain and Portugal
Q.9 Give four reasons why people began to migrate to South America?

• 
  Military men and their armies came in search of conquest and loot.
  
• 
  Catholic missionaries came to convert the native South Americans.
  
• 
  Planters came in search of land, minerals and other wealth.
  
• 
  Black slaves were brought into South America from Africa.
  

Chap.40

Q.1 What are nucleated settlements?

Nucleated settlements are these which buildings are grouped together.
Q.2 What the following terms about settlement mean-

• 
  Scattered, dispersed settlements- settlements dotted evenly over an area.
  
• 
  Linear settlements- settlements occur in a line.
  
• 
  Clustered, nucleated settlements- settlements occur in a group or cluster.
  
• 
  Random settlements- settlements have no definite arrangement.
  

Q.3 What is the primate city?

When the largest city in any country has a population whish is at least twice that of the next

largest city.

This is when settlements avoid wet lowlands. The sites are raised.

The lowest bridging point of rivers are those places nearest the coast, where rivers are usually

bridged.

Chap.41 New Settlement Patterns on the Dutch Polder lands

Q.1 What are polders?

They are protected by dykes and drained by canals.

• 
  Planned rural settlements
  
• 
  Planned urban settlements
  
• 
  Planned towns and villages
  
• 
  Overspill towns
  

Q.4 How are the planned rural settlements laid out?

Rural settlements form a linear pattern along minor roadways and each farm has one side

bordering a canal and one side bordering a road each farm has an out building and farmhouse.

farms are rectangular in shape.
Q.5 How are towns and villages planned in the polders?

Towns are centrally planned. Villages are planned in circles around new towns. Overspill

towns are built on new polders
Q.6 What do centrally placed towns in polders do?

They are the focus for their hinderlands it provides inhabitants with goods and services.

Q.1 What are functions?

Functions are the services provided by a nucleated settlement for the people of the

town and its hinterland.

The area serviced by the village is called the hinterland.

A market settlement A dormitory settlement

A recreational settlement A defence settlement

An ecclesiastical settlement A resource-based settlement.

1 Located on the Shannon Estuary. 2 Natural gas supplies.

3 Plenty of level land. 4 Grants are available.

5 It’s near Shannon airport.

A steady growth in both the number and size of urban areas (towns and cities throughout the

World).

Q.2 What are economic activities?

Q.3 What are administrative activities?

These include and involve the management of the affairs of city itself, as well as those of larger

areas such as a county or an entire country.

These include the having of citizens or the provision of leisure opportunities for the inhabitants

of the city and it’s hinterland.
Q.5 What is the economic reason for the change?

1 The railway made cheap and fast transport available between inner Dublin and the pleasant

seaside areas around Dublin Bay.

2 Many well to do people went to live in seaside suburbs such as Kingston and Dun Laoghaire.

1. 
   Central business district.
   
2. 
   Smaller shopping areas.
   
3. 
   Shopping centres.
   
4. 
   Industry
   
5. 
   Residential areas
   
6. 
   Open spaces.
   

Q.2 What is a Central Business District?

A CBD is the busy core of a given city.
Chap.47 How Land Values Affect Land Use in Cities
Q.1 How are city-centre sites intensively used?

1 Build very tall buildings

2 Use each building for a variety of purposes.
Q.2 What happens to land value as you move away from the city-centre?

Land value decreases gradually as one moves away from the busy city-centre. As land values

decrease, so does the intensity with which land is used.
Chap.48 On the Move –City traffic Patterns
Q.1 What are City Traffic Patterns?

These are clear patterns in the daily movements of people in cities.

The daily movement of working people to and from the same part of the city at the same

time results in serious traffic congestion.
Q.3 Name some ways of reducing traffic Congestion?

1. 
   Use one-way traffic systems.
   
2. 
   Suburban railways
   
3. 
   Ring roads
   
4. 
   Motorways
   
5. 
   City bus services.
   

They are grouped into three categories:

And water.

already processed materials and process them further.

hairdressing.

The good things provided by nature are called natural resources.

Water is a renewable resource. This means that it can be used again and again, provided it is

properly used and conserved.

Q.3 What is precipitation?

Precipitation refers to all forms of moisture which reaches the earth’s surface from the

atmosphere e.g. rain, hail, snow etc.

The sun evaporates the seawater and turns it to water vapour. The vapour rises, cools and

condenses to make clouds which are blown by the wind and precipitation occurs. Rivers

and soakage return the water to the sea.

They collect, store, treat and distribute.

About 5% of Ireland consists of peat bogs.

In 1946, the Irish Government set up Bord na Mona to develop our peat industry.

It concentrated mainly on the “raised bogs” of the midlands, where the land surface is relatively

flat and where the peat was about eight metres thick.
Q.4 How much raised bog does Bord na Mona?

Bord na Mona now owns 23% of all raised bog in the country.

Most bogs have a95% water content.

Most peat is now harvested in the form of milled peat.

Huge quantities of milled peat is now used to generate electricity.

Chap. 58 Systems
Q.1 What is a System?

A system is anything which takes in inputs and processes or changes them into useful

products or outputs.
Q.2 What are Inputs, Processes, Outputs?

Inputs are what is entered into the system.

Processes are those activities which change some of the inputs into outputs.

Outputs are those things which leave the system as a result of the processes.

Chap. 59 Secondary Activities as Systems.
Q.1 What are the three types of Economic activities?

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

Secondary activities refer to manufacturing industries.

Inputs, Processes and Outputs.

Raw materials, labour, land factory buildings and power supplies.

Manufactured products, by-products and any waste.

Money → Inputs → Processes → Outputs → Markets → Money → Profit.

Q.1 What are the factors which influence the location of an industry?

They are resource materials, labour force, transport facilities, markets, services, capital

government/EU policy, personal factors and local factors.

Transport infrastructure is the network of roads, ports, airports and railways that an area has.

An industrialist is a person who sets up a factory or industry.

This refers to spreading industry more evenly throughout a country, not having it all in one place.

A heavy industry is one, which processes heavy or bulky goods into finished products,

e.g. steel manufacture.
Q.6 What is light industry?

This is an industry, which processes light or non-bulky materials into finished products

e.g. computer manufacture.

Q.7 What is a multinational?

This is a company, which has branches in many countries.
Q.8 What is a footloose industry?

This is an industry, which can locate in a wide range of places. There is no dominant

factor affecting location e.g. computer manufacture.

Chap.62 Women and Work

Q.1 What work do women in the South do?

• 
  Care for children
  
• 
  Fetch water and fuel
  
• 
  Prepare food
  
• 
  Till the land
  

Q.2 What work do women in the North do?

• 
  Work outside the home (manufacturing)
  
• 
  Light work
  
• 
  Low paid jobs
  

Q.3 What factors hinder change in the roles of women?

e.g. man → Manager, boss

woman → secretary.

Education: Young men and women receive different types of education and training

e.g. boy → Metal work, Woodwork

girl → Home economics.

Women are expected to do child minding and household duties, so this causes many of them to

leave the labour force.
Q.4 What could be done?

• 
  Educational campaign to break down sexist views.
  
• 
  State assisted childminding facilities.
  
• 
  Equality officers appointed in workplace would prevent discrimination.
  

Acid rain is rain that is mixed with weak sulphuric and nitric acid and fall to the earth and cause

harm to trees , crops, animals.

Chap.67 Fun in the Sun

Q.1 How many people each year visit Spain?

Because Spain is Europe’s most popular tourist country over 50 million people

visit it each year.

It has high atmospheric pressure, which results in long periods of hot, dry, sunny

and calm conditions.
Q.3 What is Spain’s most famous tourist resort town?

Benidorm.

Transport refers to the movement of people and goods between places.

Communications refers to the exchange of ideas and information as well as the movement of

people and goods between places.
Q.3 Name 4 types of transport?

1. 
   Road
   
2. 
   Rail
   
3. 
   Sea
   
4. 
   Air.
   

Q.4 Name 4 types of communication?

1. 
   TV and Radio
   
2. 
   Fax machine and telephone
   
3. 
   Computer links- the internet
   
4. 
   Printed matter.
   

Q.5 How does Transport and Communication develop?

1. 
   Large – scale tourism creates a need for good communication links to and within
   

2. 
   Development of transport and communications
   
3. 
   Improved communication links make tourist regions easier to reach.
   
4. 
   Development of tourism.
   

Types of energy, which can be used again and again without being completely used up

are known as renewable or infinite resources e.g. sun, wind, tides, waves and falling water.
Q.2 What is Non-renewable energy?

A non-renewable energy source is one which, once it is used it can’t be used again. They are

limited or finite resources e.g. coal, oil, natural gas and peat. These sources are called fuels.
Q.3 Where is energy mainly consumed?

Energy is mainly consumed in domestic or household activities, manufacturing industry,

commercial activities and in transport.
Q.4 What are the two most important primary sources in Ireland?

In Ireland, coal and oil are the most important primary sources.

Q.5 What is Ireland’s main secondary source?

Ireland’s main secondary source is electricity.

It gives out a great amount of energy, it is easy to transport, it is cleaner to handle and burn than

solid fuels e.g. coal and peat.
Q.7 What are the good and bad effects of finding oil and gas in the Celtic Sea?

Good: For domestic heating, electricity and as a raw material. There would be a boom in the

building trade, roads, port facilities and other services would improve.

face the threat of pollution from oil spills.