The word ceaster The river Thames (timesis meaning calm)

LOANS

The river Thames (timesis meaning calm)

Cumb in place names like Duncombe

Candle < Latin candela (a light or torch)

Port < Latin portus, munt < Latin mons, montem

Torr < Latin or possibly from celtic.

Wic (O.E. Eoforwic, earlier Eborakon (c.150), an ancient Celtic name, probably meaning "Yew-Tree Estate,")

Note that most Celtic loans are toponymic (place names). There are very few independent Celtic words coming in at this time. Reasons?

1. 
   No need to borrow words for common items already have. Took from Celt-Roman
   
2. 
   Celts (Britains) were considered inferior. Why borrow from a race you considered slaves? Even Wealtheow’s name in Beowulf means “Welsh Slave.”
   

originally "two-wheeled Celtic war chariot," from Gaulish karros (cf. Welsh carr "cart, wagon," Breton karr "chariot"), from PIE *krsos, from base *kers- "to run." Extension to "automobile" is 1896. Car bomb first 1972, in reference to Northern Ireland.

Christian Conversion

CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY

563: Celtic Christianity. Columba founds Iona (off the coast of Scotland)

634: Lindisfarne founded

597: Roman Christianity: Augustine arrives in Kent, converts Aethelbert, whose wife Bertha is already a Christian and being tutored by a priest named Liudhard.

625: Roman Paulinus succeeds in converting Northern (Northumbrian) lord Edwin.

664: Synod of Whitby: Roman Christianity trumps Celtic in controversy over calculation of Easter.

LOANS

SCANDINAVIAN INVASIONS

787: FIRST WAVE. Lindisfarne hit in 793, Iona in 795

865: SECOND WAVE. A GREAT HEATHERN ARMY UNDER IVAR THE BONELESS AND HALFDANE THE WIDE EMBRACE. KILL THE NORTHUMBRIAN AELLE IN 867 (IN VENGEANCE FOR DEATH OF FATHER RAGNAR LOTHBROK PROBABLY), AND THE EAST ANGLIAN EDMUND IN 870 (WHO IS CANONIZED AS CHRISTIAN MARTYR).

871: ALFRED AND BROTHER AETHELRED SCORE VICTORY AT ASHDOWN

878 AND 879: ALFRED SCORES CONCLUSIVE VICTORY AT EDDINGTON; FORCES THE VIKING GUTHRUM TO CONVERT AND SIGN TREATY OF WEDMORE—

CREATING THE DANELAW.

991: THIRD WAVE OF INVASIONS, RESULTING ULTIMATELY IN CANUTE (1016-1035) AND HIS DESCENDANTS HOLDING THRONE UNTIL 1942, WHEN EDWARD THE CONFESSOR COMES BACK FROM EXILE.

LOANS IN STAGES:

LEGAL TERMS LIKE HUSBAND, LAW, FELON CAME IN EARLY, PROBABLY DURING THE DANELAW.

possibly from O.Dan. døja or O.N. deyja "to die, pass away," both from P.Gmc. *dawjanan (cf. O.Fris. deja "to kill," O.S. doian, O.H.G. touwen, Goth. diwans "mortal"), from PIE base *dheu- (3) "to pass away, become senseless" (cf. O.Ir. dith "end, death," O.C.S. daviti, Rus. davit' "to choke, suffer"). It has been speculated that O.E. had *diegan, from the same source, but it is not in any of the surviving texts and the preferred words were steorfan (see starve), sweltan (see swelter), wesan dead, also forðgan and other euphemisms.

(Sources: Erik Björkman, Scandinavian loanwords in Middle English, Halle 1900:

Niemeyer; Carl Buck’s comparative dictionary, 1949. ON = Old Norse, cited in

“classical” Old Icelandic spellling; OEN = Old East Norse, i.e. Old Danish and/or

Old Swedish.)

• Words with initial /sk/:

scant ← ON skammt, neut. & adv. of skammr ‘short’

scathe ‘injury’ (cf. unscathed) ← ON skadi ‘harm, damage’

sky ← ON sky ‘cloud’ (heaven < OE heofon ‘sky’; OE wolcen ‘cloud’)

skill ← ON skil ‘discernment’

skin ← ON skinn (hide < OE hȳd)

skirt ← ON skyrta (shirt < OE scyrte)

score ← ON skor ‘notch’

scot ‘tribute’ ← ON skot

scrape ← ON skrapa (but also Old French escraper ‘scratch off’ ← ON)

scream ← ON skroemask ‘take to flight’

bask ← ON badask ‘bathe (intransitive)’

• Other words with non-palatalized velars (and not Northumbrian):

(with the two preceding contrast: begin < OE beġinnan (/j-/) but past begann, pl.

• Other words with unexpected consonants:

much less often rinnan)