Topicality General Definitions of Topic Phrases
Military Presence Excludes Nuclear Umbrella
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- Military Presence-Laundry List
- Military presence includes access, bases, facilities, port visits, overflights and military advisors
- The word ‘in’ means throughout
- In means position within or belonging to
- In means within the limits or bounds of
- “One or more” means any number. Legal interpretations support.
- “One or more” means any or some. Legal interpretation support.
- “One or more” means at least once and can occur more than once
- “One or more” implies affirmative case choice between one or more than one
- Of means possessed by or located in
- Of, in context of predication, means possessing
- “The” is used to modify generic nouns
- “The” is used before a comparative
- Preceding an enumeration of items, “following” means “that which follows”
- Arab States of the Persian Gulf
- Iran is not an Arab state
- US State Department contextually uses “Arab States of the Persian Gulf” to exclude Iran
- IGAD defines as Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Sudan. SADC defines it as including Yemen and excluding Uganda.
- ICPAC defines as Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda
- Broadest definition includes China, Japan, Mongolia, eastern Russia, North Korea, and South Korea
Military Presence Excludes Nuclear UmbrellaThe nuclear umbrella is distinct from military presenceKugler 92 Richard, senior consultant at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP) of the National Defense University, previously Distinguished Research Professor, “The Future of U.S. Military Presence in Europe,” http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/2008/R4194.pdf) Conversely, any wholesale U.S. military withdrawal from Europe could leave still-existing American nuclear commitments in Europe that are no longer credible to allies or adversaries. Meanwhile, there would be no U.S. military presence in Europe to exert influence over security affairs in peace, crisis, and war. Beyond this, withdrawal could have destabilizing consequences that would reverberate across the entire continent. The NATO alliance could be weakened and perhaps fractured, thereby producing a military and political power vacuum in Europe at a time of great change, stress, and uncertainty. Deterrence could be eroded, potential aggressors would face fewer incentives to exercise restraint, and crisis management would be rendered more problematic. Prospects for democracy, free enterprise, cooperative diplomacy, and smooth trade relationships also could suffer.
Military Presence is defined as bases, military aid, active duty personnel, and combat threatsNekoomaram 2009 Ladan, “US military presence in foreign countries exceeds rest of world”, November 10, https://ladannekoomaram.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/569/ Military presence is defined by any nation where the U.S. has a military base, where the U.S. is providing military aid, active duty military personnel, or where U.S. soldiers are engaged in combat theaters. Military presence includes access, bases, facilities, port visits, overflights and military advisorsHarkavy 1989 Robert E, Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, Bases Abroad: the global foreign military presence, p. 15, http://books.google.com The above discussion of definitions- revolving mainly around the terms foreign military presence, access, strategic access, base, facility, installation, and so on- serves to initiate a discussion of the boundaries of this study. Those boundaries are cast rather wide to encompass virtually anything that might satisfy the virtually self-explanatory criterion of fitting all three of the words which constitute FMP- ‘foreign’, ‘military’ and ‘presence’. That incorporate not only the obvious- large air and naval bases, satellite tracking facilities, etc.- but also port visits, overflights and perhaps cadres of military advisors beyond the usual handful normal to an arms transfer relationship. But there are some other issues: those historical location in time and of geographical scope or emphasis. InThe word ‘in’ means throughoutWords and Phrases 08 Permanent Edition, vol. 20a, p. 207 Colo. 1887. In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction “in” their respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, the word “in” should be construed to mean “throughout” such counties. Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in 1in preposition —used to indicate location or position within something —used to indicate that someone or something belongs to or is included as part of something In means within the limits or bounds ofOxford English Dictionary 89 (Second Edition, www.oed.com) 1. a. Of place or position in space or anything having material extension: Within the limits or bounds of, within (any place or thing).
In means within an areaCambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 15 (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/in_2) in preposition ( INSIDE ) inside or towards the inside of a container, place or area, or surrounded or closed off by something One or more“One or more” means any number. Legal interpretations support.Words and Phrases 29 Third Series, Volume 5, 1929, p. 616 ONE OR MORE PERSONS Rev. Codes, §§ 1337, 1340, respectively, declare that all highways, roads, streets, and alleys laid out by the public or now used in travel are public highways, and that a highway so laid out, worked, and used shall not be vacated, until so ordered by the board of county commissioners, but that no route of travel used by one or more persons over another's land shall hereafter become a public road by use, until so declared by the board of county commissioners or by dedication by the owner. Held that, after the enactment of these statutes, the public use of land for a highway could never ripen into adverse title unless it was so declared by the county commissioners; the expression "one or more persons" being equivalent to any number of persons and therefore necessarily as broad in its meaning as "the public." Barnard Realty Co. v. City of Butte, 136 P. 10'64, 10'67, 48 Mont. 10'2.
2008, Volume 29A, p. 297 Iowa 1944. Instruction that insurer to establish defense that life policy sued on was obtained by false answers to questions contained in application would have to prove false representations or "some" of them directed jury that defense would be established if "one or more" of alleged false representations was shown, and was not objectionable for failure to use the phrase "one or more," since "any" may be used as a synonym for "some".Kayser v. Occidental Life Ins. Co. of California, 12 N.W.2d 582, 234 Iowa 310.-Tria1228(3).
HTML 5: The Markup Language (ARIA Edition), Section 2.02, http://dev.w3.org/html5/markup/aria/terminology.html, accessed August 6, 2015 (one or more) The "+" (plus sign) symbol after an element name, pattern name, or group indicates that is must occur at least once, and can occur more than once.
Dr. Beytullah Gultekin, Associate Professor of Computer Science, Istanbul Technical University“Data Modeling Using Barker Notations.” Course notes. http://web.itu.edu.tr/~cetinerg/notes/ie424t1.pdf “One or more” means “one, or any number”. “One or more” usually used in optional relations. “One or more” allows the CUSTOMER to place one ORDER, a hundred or a thousand. The CUSTOMER may also be in database with zero orders. This relation is called “many-valued relationship”. “Each CUSTOMER may be the originator of one or more ORDERs.” Heinze 08 William F., Intellectual property attorney living near Atlanta, Georgia I/P Updates, http://ip-updates.blogspot.com/2008/01/means-one-or-more-unless-clear-intent.html, January 15, 2008, ELLIPSIS IN ORIGINAL "A" Means "One or More" Unless Clear Intent to Limit to One In Baldwin Graphic Systems v. Siebert (January 15, 2007), the Federal Circuit reiterated that the indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘an’ in patent parlance carries the meaning of ‘one or more’ in open-ended claims containing the transitional phrase "comprising:" . . . . That "a" or "an" can mean "one or more" is best described as a rule, rather than merely as a presumption or even a convention. The exceptions to this rule are extremely limited: a patentee must "evince[ ] a clear intent" to limit "a" or "an" to "one." Id. The subsequent use of definite articles "the" or "said" in a claim to refer back to the same claim term does not change the general plural rule, but simply reinvokes that non-singular meaning. An exception to the general rule that "a" or "an" means more than one only arises where the language of the claims themselves, the specification, or the prosecution history necessitate a departure from the rule. See, e.g., Abtox Inc. v. Exitron Corp., 122 F.3d 1019 (Fed. Cir. 1997); Insituform Techs., Inc. v. Cat Contracting, Inc., 99 F.3d 1098 (Fed. Cir. 1996). OfOf means possessed by or located inWords and Phrases 08 Volume 29, p. 432 The word “of,” having different meanings, may be used in a statute either in its possessive sense or to indicate geographic location. – People v. Hallner, 277 P.2d 33, 43 Cal.2d 715—Statut 199. Of, in context of predication, means possessingWords and Phrases 08 Volume 29, p. 431 U.S. Wash. 1930. Use of the word “of” within statutes levying tax on net income of individuals, denotes ownership. Revenue Act 1926, §§ 210(a), 211(a), 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Acts, page 160—Poe v. Seaborn, 51 S. Ct. 58, 282 U.S. 101, 75 L. Ed. 239—Int Rev 3069.
The“The” is used to modify generic nounsMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary 15 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the a -- Used as a function word before a singular noun to indicate that the noun is to be understood generically b -- used as a function word before a singular substantive adjective to indicate an abstract idea “The” is used to indicate as a function
1 a -- used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is definite or has been previously specified by context or by circumstance b -- used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is a unique or a particular member of its class c-- used as a function word before a noun denoting time to indicate reference to what is present or immediate or is under consideration.
1. Because of that. Used before a comparative 2. To that extent; by that much 3. Beyond any other FollowingPreceding an enumeration of items, “following” means “that which follows”OED 89 Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed. following, adj. Second edition, 1989; online version June 2011. http://www.oed.com.view/Entry/72573; accessed 03 August 2011. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897. 1. That follows or moves after another. 2. a. That comes after or next in order or in time; succeeding, subsequent, ensuing. In most collocations placed indifferently before or after the n.; as, in the following year, in the year following.
Kuwait, Bahrain, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab EmiratesWikipedia 15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf, Accessed July 22, 2015 The Arab states of the Persian Gulf are the seven Arab states which border the Persian Gulf, namely Kuwait, Bahrain, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[1][2][3] All of these nations (with the exception of Iraq) are part of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. Iran is not an Arab stateGold 09 [Dore, former Israeli Ambassador to the UN, The Rise of Nuclear Iran: How Tehran Defies the West, p. 20] Iran is not an Arab state; Iranians are distinguishable from their Arab neighbors by virtue of the language, ethnicity, and their historical memory. In fact, to refer to an Iranian as an “Arab” is considered an insult. US State Department contextually uses “Arab States of the Persian Gulf” to exclude IranBarzegar 10 Kayhan, faculty member at Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University. He is also an associate at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, a research affiliate at the MIT Center for International Studies, and a senior research fellow at the Center for Strategic Research (CSR) and the Center for Middle East Strategic Studies in Tehran. “Balance of Power in the Middle East: An Iranian View,” Middle East Policy, Fall 2010, p. 80, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/20359/balance_of_power_in_the_persian_gulf.html From Iran’s perspective, the highly visible presence of American forces in the Persian Gulf is perceived as related to attempts at balancing Iran’s power in the region. Arguably, it is for just such a reason that U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has introduced a new containment policy vis-à-vis Iran, predicated upon the establishment of a “nuclear security umbrella” for the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. 15 Such developments attest to the emergence of a new security dilemma in which the United States has to balance Iran’s power and influence on its own initiative and through direct intervention in the Persian Gulf region.
Greater Horn of AfricaIGAD defines as Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Sudan. SADC defines it as including Yemen and excluding Uganda.Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation 15 https://www.eda.admin.ch/deza/en/home/countries/horn-africa.html, accessed August 6, 2015 The Greater Horn of Africa, as defined by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), comprises eight countries (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda). Based on the priorities decided by the Swiss Federal Parliament (Message on International Cooperation 2013–2016) as well as important migratory flows and regional droughts affecting the entire region, Yemen – but not Uganda – is conceptually also considered by Switzerland into the Horn of Africa region, and operations in Kenya are limited to the North and North-East only. ICPAC defines as Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and UgandaIGAD Climate Predictions and Application Centre 12 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT IGAD CLIMATE PREDICTION AND APPLICATIONS CENTRE (ICPAC), http://www.icpac.net/Activities/bidding/ TERMS_OF_REFERENCE_FOR_IMPACTS_AND_VULNERABILITY.doc, 2012. The climate variability and climate change impacts and vulnerability assessment shall cover the Eleven (11) ICPAC member countries in the Greater Horn of Africa namely, Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.
Northeast AsiaBroadest definition includes China, Japan, Mongolia, eastern Russia, North Korea, and South KoreaWikipedia 15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Asia, accessed July 22, 2015 The definition of Northeast Asia (more commonly and accurately known as East Asia) is not static, but often changes according to the context in which it is discussed. In geopolitics, the Council on Foreign Relations defines Northeast Asia as Japan, North Korea, and South Korea.[1] China and Russia are often included in geopolitical discussion of the region to the extent their interests and policies interact with those of Japan and Koreas. The East Sea, the Yellow Sea, and sometimes the East China Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk are included in discussions of the region. In common usage, however, the term Northeast Asia typically includes China.[2][3] In this form, the core countries constituting Northeast Asia are China, Japan, North Korea, and South Korea.[4] The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as consisting of "China, Japan, the Koreas, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation."[5] The World Bank refers to the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. China, Japan, and South Korea", and also acknowledges a broader definition that embraces China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Taiwan, Japan, the Koreas, Mongolia, and the Russian Far East and Siberia.[6] Lee-Jay et al 11 Dr. CHO Lee-Jay, Chairman, Northeast Asia Economic Forum; Prof. MA Junlu, School of Economics, Nankai University; Prof. ZHANG Jianping, Director, Dept. of International Cooperation Research Institute for International Economic Research, NDRC, PRC; Dr. LIU Ming Nankai University, “The Necessity and Feasibility for Establishing the Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development (NEABCD).” Establishing the NEABCD. Zhang. May 11 http://www.neaef.org/public/neaef/files/documents/publications_pdf/Northeast_asia_bank/Establishing%20the%20NEABCD.%20Zhang.%2020110511.doc. Northeast Asia region includes Northeastern and Northern of China, Japan, Republic of Korea (ROK), Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Mongolia and the Far East Area of Russia . These countries are unevenly developed in socio-economic aspect. According to the GDP and GDP per capita, Japan is a developed country and ROK is medium-developed country. China is the biggest developing countries and China and Russia are both BRIC countries. Mongolia is low income developing country as well and DPRK, however, is a least-developed country . It is necessary to develop this region rapidly, continuously and evenly and the proposed NEABCD would be very critical. Directory: file -> fetch fetch -> 11 th Lit Semester 1 Final Study Guide!!! fetch -> Industrial Revolution Inventors fetch -> Analysis for Galveston Hurricane of 1900 fetch -> The Illuminators (Team 2) 1900 Galveston Hurricane Cycle a team Assignment fetch -> Team csi-utb ruth Reyes Jose Ferrer fetch -> Galveston Hurricane of 1900 Cycle a-teacher as a Problem Solver fetch -> Is Climate Change Starting a New Dust Bowl? Cycle A fetch -> What makes a storm a hurricane fetch -> The 1950s were the "Happy Days" because it was a time of economic prosperity, technology development, new entertainment, new fashion and family growth. The 1950s was a great time fetch -> Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age Download 139.8 Kb. Share with your friends:
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