*Topicality/Definitions Democracy Promotion Includes Military Intervention
Democracy Promotion Includes Democracy Assistance
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- Democracy Promotion Includes Post-Conflict Reconstruction- DDR
- Democracy Promotion: Foreign Policy With Intended to Increase Democracy
Democracy Promotion Includes Democracy AssistanceDEMOCRACY PROMOTION RANGES FROM SUASIAN TO FORCE – ASSISTANCE ONLY THE MIDDLE VARIETY Carothers, ‘96 (Thomas, vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, A.B., Harvard College; M.Sc., London School of Economics; J.D., Harvard Law School, Assessing Democracy Assistance: The Case of Romania, pg 1-2) The tools available to U.S. policy-makers seeking to promote democracy abroad range from mild moral suasion to outright military force. In the middle of that range lie assistance programs that-, aim to support democratic development-including programs to reform judiciaries, draft constitutions, strengthen parliaments, fortify local government, build human rights organizations, support independent media, monitor elections, modify civil-military relations, bolster unions, and improve civic education. Such assistance has been increasingly pursued by the U.S. government since the early 1980s, in close parallel with the overall growth of democracy promotion as a general U.S. policy goal. In the early and mid- 1980s, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) began to develop democracy related assistance programs, particularly in Latin America. The semi-autonomous National Endowment for Democracy (NED) was established by Congress in that period and began to operate in many parts of the world. Democracy assistance grew rapidly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as the Cold War ended and the , global democratic trend spread dramatically to Central and Eastern I, Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, and parts of Asia. The Clinton administration has solidified the place of democracy pro- motion as one of the four core priorities of U.S. foreign assistance; during the past five years, several hundred million dollars of U.S. funds have been devoted annually to encouraging democracy's spread.3 DEMOCRACY PROMOTION INCLUDES MILITARY ACTION, POLITICAL CONDITIONALITY, AND DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE Huber ‘08 (Daniela, Department of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, “Democracy Assistance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Comparison of US and EU Policies,” 2-7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629390701864836) Democracy promotion employs different instruments including military means, political conditionality or democracy assistance. This article focuses on the latter, as despite the increasing national and international budgets assigned to DA, systematic research about it is still lagging behind. Nonetheless, Carothers (2003, 2004) provides detailed accounts of democracy assistance for the US and Youngs (2001a, b, 2004a) for the EU, specifically also for EU efforts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)2 (Youngs, 2004b; Gillespie and Youngs, 2002). US and EU efforts at democracy promotion are briefly compared by Hu¨llen and Stahn (2007), Kopstein (2006), Youngs (2001a: 46 – 52) and Whitehead (1986).3 To the knowledge of the author, there is no work, however, that compares US and EU democracy assistance on the basis of an extended empirical study and this article will thus fill this research gap. Democracy Promotion Includes Post-Conflict Reconstruction- DDRDEMOCRACY PROMOTION HAS MERGED WITH POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION MISSIONS Benjamin MacQueen, Sr. Lecturer in Political Inquiry-Monash University, 2013, American Democracy Promotion in the Changing Middle East: From Bush to Obama, eds. Akbarzadeh, MacQueen, Piscattori & Saikal, p. 45 The reconstruction of political institutions has been seen conventionally as a process largely separate from the goals of promoting democracy. Here, democracy has been viewed as an ideational goal, something that is seen as a preferred outcome but not essential to the process of building functional political institutions themselves in the wake of conflicts. However, in recent years, the goals of political reconstruction and democracy promotion have increasingly merged, where democratic development is now seen in more utilitarian terms, as a mechanism for establishing necessary legitimacy in nascent post-conflict state institutions. Democracy Promotion: Foreign Policy With Intended to Increase DemocracyDEMOCRACY PROMOTION IS A FOREIGN POLICY WITH THE GOOAL OF FOSTERING DEMOCRACY IN OTHER COUNTRIES – MUST BE POLICY GOAL – NOT EFFECT Daniela Huber, Senior Fellow Instituto Affari Internazionali, Rome, 2015, Democracy Promotion and Foreign Policy: Identity and Interests in US, EU, and Non-Western Democracies, p. 22-3 Democracy promotion is a specific type of foreign policy. Adapting the definitions of Christopher Hill on the one hand, and Stephan Keukeleire and Tom Delreux on the other, foreign policy is here defined as the sum of official activities conducted by an independent actor that are directed at the external environment with the objective of influencing that environment and the behavior of other actors within it. This definition is sufficiently wide to allow for the foreign policies of states, as well as other important actors in world politics such the EU. Furthermore, by focusing on “sum”, it includes all kinds of output from diverse parts of their governing mechanisms and thus reflects the growing reality that foreign policy nowadays is conducted not only by foreign offices but by an array of domestic institutions and actors. Finally, this definition alludes to the differentiation between relational and structural foreign policy as suggested by Keukeleire and Delreux according to which the former is a “foreign policy that seeks to influence the attitude and behavior of other actors as well as the relations with and between other actors,” while the latter is a “foreign policy which, conducted over the long-term, aims at sustainably influencing or shaping political, legal, economic, social, security or other structures in a given space.” Democracy promotion—even though it might also rely on relational foreign policy activities—is in its essence a structural foreign policy as it complies with one of its main characteristics, that is to “shape the organizing principles and rules of the game and to determine how others will play that game” as will be further elaborated in the theory part of this book. Democracy promotion is then defined as all those foreign policy activities which aim at fostering the transition to, consolidation of, or improvements of democracy in other states and their societies. Since this study examines the motivations of democracy promoters, this definition focuses on the goals of the democracy promoter and not the effectiveness of this policy. It excludes cases where a foreign policy is not explicitly aimed at promoting democracy, even though it might effectively do so as an unintended side effect, of where a foreign policy is propagated as democracy promotion, even though this just serves as window dressing. 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