Turkey sector Operational Programme Environment and Climate Change

• 
  Availability of EU financial and technical support.
  
• 
  Ongoing studies to transpose and implement the Acquis, including a number of impact assessment studies.
  
• 
  Initiation of setting the standards for spatial data sharing.
  
• 
  The presence of environmental information right.
  
• 
  The presence of EU encouragements.
  

• 
  Insufficient implementation of legislation
  
• 
  Long adoption period compared to project life cycles
  
• 
  High cost of applicability of the directives.
  
• 
  The necessity for changing and adoption of strategies due to revised directives and thresholds,
  
• 
  Long implementation period of legislations due to large geographical coverage of the country (e.g. There are 25 river basins in Turkey for which River Basin Management Plans will be prepared.)
  

• 
  More environmental Organisations, including NGOs, are becoming involved in decision-making and legal enforcement in environmental protection.
  
• 
  Incentive to encourage Private Public Partnership (PPP) or Private Sector Participation (PSP) in environmental investment as well as in operations according to modern environmental management principles.
  
• 
  Financial grants
  
• 
  The environmental investments had the chance to initiate in compliance with the EU legislations.
  
• 
  Making use of the previous EU experiences.
  
• 
  The obligation of legal adaptation.
  
• 
  With the establishment of Metropolitan Municipalities, the opportunity of preparation of projects which are suitable for the public, increased.
  
• 
  Increased awareness on sustainable development, climate change and disaster management
  
• 
  Recently developed disaster management reference documents and policy papers such as National Disaster Management Strategy Document and National Disaster Response Plan
  

• 
  Comparatively low level of integration of environmental requirements into sectoral policies e.g. agriculture, energy, tourism, transportation
  
• 
  Revisions of the EU regulations (require re-adaptation).
  
• 
  Turkey’s vulnerability to disasters on different types
  
• 
  Turkey’s vulnerability to climate change
  
• 
  Increasing numbers of man-made disasters
  

• 
  EU supports for capacity building and Twinning projects.
  
• 
  National scientific and research institutes may have the opportunity to develop their expertise in this sector.
  
• 
  All line Ministries are open to include environmental issues as a priority within their planning process, as well as being involved with horizontal issues (e.g. participation in EIA evaluation process, planning various environmentally related programmes and providing civil society participation in relation to environment related issues).
  
• 
  By improving environmental infrastructure, public health benefit and economic benefit are expected for all segments of society.
  
• 
  The increase of awareness in IT related issues.
  
• 
  The availability of the personnel in the rural areas to the IT trainings (remote access)
  
• 
  During the EU adoption period, the institutional capacity works were accelerated.
  
• 
  The internal auditing mechanisms in the institutions are developing.
  
• 
  Readiness of the institutions (at the central level) for the transfer of know-how and technical support (EU and other donors) in the area of climate change and disaster management
  

• 
  Employment opportunities in the private sector may attract key staff away from Government services.
  
• 
  An increase in the rate of migration from rural areas to the cities may necessitate additional investments in infrastructure to a greater level than planned.
  
• 
  Rapid institutional structure and management changes.
  
• 
  As a result of the institutional structuring works, the projects are unattended.
  

• 
  EU support for environmental investments and innovative solutions.
  
• 
  Opportunity to develop realistic environmental tariffs, taxes and fees enabling long term planning, operations, maintenance, investment in infrastructure, especially DSIPs.
  
• 
  Infrastructure investments are attractive to external donors (IFIs).
  
• 
  Law allows for additional financial resources in the environmental sector.
  
• 
  Potential for greater inclusion of the business community in environmental-protection efforts.
  
• 
  Increased financial capacity for environmental projects due to alternative financing of environmental protection activities through participation of Turkey in various global funds/projects. e.g. Developing Turkey’s National Climate Change Action Plan financed by UK Embassy, Enabling Activities for the Preparation of Turkey’s Second National Communication co-financed by GEF, Partnership for Market Readiness Programme financed by the World Bank. Realization of accelerated economic growth and increase of national financial resources for investments in the environmental sector especially in the utilities infrastructure field.
  
• 
  Potential for a certain degree of self-financing for utilities projects through adequate development of PPP opportunities.
  
• 
  Projects on nature protection are supported and funded by many donors at national and international platforms.
  

• 
  Risk of price escalations (e.g. inflation) impacting upon present and future investments.
  
• 
  Financing institutions may not adequately service environmental issues due to unexpected economic crises.
  
• 
  The banking sector and other financial intermediaries need to be persuaded to treat environmental infrastructure as an investment.
  
• 
  Delayed project preparation and implementation of projects may lead to loss of IPA funds
  
• 
  The excess demand of Municipalities in the initial stages of projects since they think the grant is without payback, and thus the project becoming infeasible in the progressive stages.
  

• 
  Well-developed electronic information and satellite systems in the country for the project areas.
  
• 
  Presence of existing strong communication and publicity and information dissemination channels (newspapers, radio, TV) in Turkey.
  
• 
  Introduction of effective and contemporary techniques applied in other EU countries (e.g. implementation of Best Available Techniques to the industry) in relation to the environment sector.
  
• 
  Existence of huge amount of unspoiled natural resources and biodiversity in the country: These areas are generally owned by state and not subject to expropriation. Since there will be no need to persuade land owners and due to fewer human influences, the declaration and operation costs of unspoiled areas are relatively too low comparing to areas which are under pressure.
  
• 
  Municipalities are acquiring more information and becoming more aware of environmental issues and the need for up-dating and improving their infrastructure.
  
• 
  Developing recycling industry for SW management (much more recycling firms than before, but still a low total ratio of recycling.)
  
• 
  Convergence of smaller municipalities with metropolitan municipalities in some cities (with Municipality Law No 6360) may result in capacity building in smaller municipalities and improve operation of WWTPs.
  
• 
  Readiness of the institutions (at the central level) for the transfer of know-how and technical support (EU and other donors) in the area of climate change and disaster management.
  
• 
  Variety of project ideas and on-going initiatives by public institutions in the area of climate change and disaster management.
  

• 
  Water and coastal zone pollution from many sources (e.g. the Danube - the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara and Mediterranean) are outside the control of the Turkish authorities.
  
• 
  Difficulties regarding operation of infrastructure by metropolitan municipalities.
  
• 
  During the operational stage of some projects, the Municipality not having resources to operate the facility and discharging polluters to the environment not efficiently using the facility.
  
• 
  A new transition period due to new municipality law in terms of planning, construction and operation of investments.
  
• 
  Regarding climate change and disaster management, lessons learned not heavily understood and integrated into the current policies and practices.
  

E: Estimation

1. 
   The sample corresponding to the functional distribution containing 77% of the total investments for municipalities is developed for 100% of municipality investments.
   

2. 
   The investments as the 112 coded protection of environment and pureness, the 116 coded agriculture and the 119 coded water-sewer system are considered as environmental investments.
   

3. 
   The duties of The General Directorate of Abolished Rural Affairs are transferred to KÖYDES starting from 2005
   

1. 
   Central Administration
   

2. 
   Local Administrations
   

3. 
   Private sector
   

4. 
   Public economic enterprises
   

5. 
   Funds (EU + Other grants)