U. S. History I the Shaping of North America



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AP

U.S. History I




The Shaping of North America
225 million years ago-Pangaea “supercontinent”

10 million years ago- Rocky Mountains exist

Appalachians exist

Continents are separated

2 million years ago- an Ice Age envelopes the planet and the water level lowers

35 000 years ago- the Bering Land Bridge appears

animals cross, followed by nomadic Asian hunters

10 000 years ago- the Ice Age ends

nomadic people create civilization

10 000 years ago-1492 AD, the population grows to 72 million

*only 7-10 million live in North America (South America has better conditions for farming)
Powerful Civilizations


  • Aztecs

  • Incas

  • Mayans

  • Iroquois

      • Over 2000 languages created

      • Religion

      • Culture

      • Farming techniques

People who came to America before 1492:

-Scandinavians

led by Leif Erickson (Newfoundland)

-Nomadic Asian hunters

-Irish


-Africans

-Chinese
[1492] Columbus “discovered” the New World (arrived at Hispañola/ Haiti)

brought 20 people back-only two survive the ship ride

was sent to get more for slavery in mines (creates slavery)

Europeans bring smallpox into the Americas

[1492] Haiti’s population totals 3 million

[1512] Haiti’s population totals 12 000

Columbus’s “discovery” affects the futures of three groups:

Europeans – migrate to the Americas

Native Americans – dealt with harshly

Africans – source of labor leads to mass enslaving

Explorers
Amerigo Vespucci [sails for Spain in 1499] [sails for Portugal in 1501]

Writes vivid accounts of the East coast of North and South America

Mapmakers base their maps on his accounts – hence “America”
Vasco Nunez de Balboa [sails for Spain in 1513]

First European to set eyes on the Pacific Ocean

Says “All land that touches the Pacific is Spain’s”

Basis for Spanish claims in America


Ferdinand Magellan [sails for Spain from 1519-1522]

First to circumnavigate the globe


Hernando Cortez [sails for Spain in 1519]

Crushes the Aztecs (attack and smallpox)

Claims Mexico for Spain
Ponce de Léon [sails for Spain in 1513]

Explores Florida – lays claim of Florida for Spain

Looking for gold
Francisco Coronado [sails for Spain in 1540]

Searches for the fabled “cities of gold”

First European to see the Grand Canyon

First European to see herds of buffalo


John Cabot [sails for England in 1497]

Italian – explores the East coast of New England

Basis for English claims in the Americas
Giovanni de Verrazano [sails for France in 1524]

Hudson River and areas of NYC


Henry Hudson [sails for the Dutch in 1608?]

Hudson Bay and Hudson River

Claims Manhattan for the Dutch
Jacques Cartier [sails for France in 1534]

Explores parts of Canada and claims area for France


Hernando de Soto [sails for Spain from 1539-1542]

First European to see the Mississippi River




Settling the New World
Spain

Reasons for exploration:

Gold

Glory


God

Goods


Lay claim to:

New Mexico

West coast of South America

Florida


All of Central America

Texas


Arizona

California


[1565] settled the first permanently occupied settlement in the Americas

-St. Augustine, FL

[1588] Spanish Armada is defeated – marks the decline of the Spanish Empire
encomienda system and hacienda system – places Native Americans in state of slavery
France

Lay claim to:

Canada

Areas around the Mississippi


[1608] First French settlement – Quebec “New France”

[1750] <60 000 people live in New France

Why won’t people live in New France?


  1. Poor farmland

  2. Isolated

  3. Subject to Native American attacks

  4. only French Catholics allowed

  5. keep the discontented in France


England

[1558] Elizabeth I comes to the throne of England

wants to expand the navy


  1. Spread Protestant

  2. Plunder and attack Spanish ships

Gets “seadogs” to do the work (pirates)

Sir Francis Drake is knighted for his success

Settling

Sir Walter Raleigh

[1585] attempts to settle at Roanoke – people didn’t like it and came back

[1587] tries again – Virginia Dare is the first child from Britain born

[1590] supply ship is sent to Roanoke Island – no one is found

“the Lost Colony of Roanoke”

one word found – “Croatoan”

Joint stock company

Group of people invest money together

[1606] Virginia Company of London receives charter for a colony

[1607] Jamestown, VA is settled – 104 males looking for gold

[1608] 40 are left – John Smith takes control of Jamestown

“if you don’t work, you don’t eat”

[1609] a terrible winter hits – resorts to cannibalism

[1610] out of 400 settlers, 60 are left

[1612] John Rolfe perfects the growing of tobacco and begins the tobacco craze

one of the first cash crops grown

[1619] House of Burgesses created

-first legislative assembly in America

First slave ship shows up in America with 19 African slaves


Types of Colonies


  1. Royal Colony

-king/queen has total control over the colony


  1. Proprietary Colony (most popular form)

-king/queen picks a representative (friend/trusted) to run the colony

-that representative picks a governor and sets up laws




  1. Self-governing Colony

-the colonists control the colony

-least popular form


Southern Colonies

1. Virginia [1607] Jamestown – began as proprietary

[1624] (King James disgusted by tobacco) becomes a royal colony

tobacco-based economy

plantation system develops

-indentured servants

pay back debts

after 7-10 years of service, given own land

-African slaves

demand for land

-push westward

-angers the Native Americans

this all creates an aristocratic society (wealthy)

lack of cities in the South


2. Maryland [1634] founded by Lord Baltimore

tobacco-based economy

plantation system

aristocratic society

created because:

-make profit

-safe haven for Catholics

as times goes on – Protestants outnumber the Catholics

Act of Toleration [guarantees rights to all Christians]

But Death Penalty if Jewish/atheist do not recognize Jesus as the Lord

3. South Carolina [1670] proprietary

supposed to work in connection with the West Indies (sugar cane)

‘supply station’ for the West Indies

principal crop is rice

plantation system

4. North Carolina [1691, formally 1712]

population – outcasts from South Carolina and Virginia

pride themselves on being outlaws and outcasts (rich plantations owners pushing them off)

hospitable to pirates

resistant to authority

[1691] break away informally

[1712] officially becomes a colony

5. Georgia “the Buffer Colony” [1733] by James Olgethorpe (last colony founded)

protects South Carolina against Spanish Florida

population “the Charity Colony”

-drunks


-criminals

-outlaws


-very poor

produce silk and wine

prohibits alcohol

granted some religious toleration

try to get slavery outlawed – failed in 1750 – it was made legal
New England Colonies
1. Massachusetts [1620] Plymouth

Separatist – Puritans

[1609] move to Holland-don’t want children to be Dutchified

102 settlers on the Mayflower

supposed to land in Virginia

instead, land in Massachusetts

Miles Standish and William Bradford

Make the Mayflower Compact



44 survive the first winter

William Bradford becomes governor 30 times



Massachusetts Bay Colony [1629]

One of the most successful settlements in America

Founded by non-Separatist Puritans

John Winthrop is the governor

Industries:


    • Fishing

    • Ship-building

    • Fur-trading

Jon Winthrop

Wants the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be an example

“a city upon a hill”

MBC- “The Bible Commonwealth” is extremely religious

Dissenters in Massachusetts

Anne Hutchinson

Challenges the Puritan way

Put on trial – claims to have spoken with God

Kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Goes to Rhode Island, then New York – killed by Natives

Roger Williams

Challenges to break away from the Church of England

Escapes to Rhode Island – founds his own colony

2. Rhode Island [1636] by Roger Williams

colony known for religious toleration

strongly independent

not well-liked by the other colonies

other colonies call Rhode Island “the Lord’s Debris”

made up of people that no one wants

self-governing colony

3. Connecticut [1635] by Reverend Thomas Hooker

self-governing

created the Fundamental Orders

a document that creates a democratically controlled government

4. New Hampshire [1623]

good for fishing and trading

the overgrowth of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

becomes an official colony in 1679


The Middle Colonies
1. New York

After Hudson’s explorations in 1608 – Dutch start settlement along the Hudson

Called New Netherlands

Manhattan was called New Amsterdam

Problems for the Dutch


    • Poor leaders – only decent one was Peter Stuyvesant

    • More concerned with profit

    • No democracy

    • No freedom of religion

    • Poorly run

    • Constantly attacked by Native Americans

    • Surrounded by the English

[1664] Charles II gives the land of NY to the Duke of York (James)

after threatening the Dutch with an invasion, Dutch give up the land

Dutch legacy


    • Sleighing

    • Golf

    • Waffles

    • Easter eggs

    • Santa Claus

    • Skating

    • Bowling

    • Harlem

    • Brooklyn

Chief crop is wheat

2. Pennsylvania [1681]

The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

Persecuted by England

William Penn emerges as a leader

William Penn

Idea to create land for Quakers

[1681] founds Pennsylvania – one of the best-advertised colonies

Characteristics of Pennsylvania


    • Peaceful [Native Americans move in]

    • Liberal

    • Freedom of worship

    • Disliked slavery

    • Against military service

    • Chief crop is wheat

    • Well-planned cities

    • Very successful colony

3. New Jersey [1702]

[1664] Duke of York gives parts of NJ to Berkeley and Carteret (proprietors)

sold land to the Quakers

split land into East and West Jersey

gave land back to crown

becomes royal colony [1702]

4. Delaware [1638] by the Swedes

taken over by the Dutch

after the Dutch leave in 1664 – Delaware controlled by Pennsylvania
Early Native American and Colonial Wars
colonial militia – a practice learned from Europe

each colony creates their own unit

able-bodied men ages 16-60

why?


English provide no money for colonial defense (exception of Georgia)

Militia meet every few weeks for training

“Militia Day” turns into a party and meets annually


  1. Anglo-Powhattan War [1610-1614]

Jamestown

New governor – Lord de la Warr

Declares war against the Native Americans

[1614] Pocahontas marries John Rolfe – better relations



  1. The First Tidewater War [1622]

Native Americans attack white settlers – kill ¼ of Jamestown’s population

John Rolfe is also killed



  1. The Second Tidewater War [1644]

Opechanough takes over Powhattans – renews attack against white settlements

Opechanough is killed and Native American Confederacy dissolves

Native Americans are pushed further west


  1. Pequot War [1636-1637]

New England Colonies

Results in the killing of 500 Pequot Indians in Connecticut – end of the Pequots



  1. King Philip’s War [1675]

New England Colonies

Metacom (King Philip)

After being forced to pledge allegiance to the English crown

Vows revenge – starts the Native American Confederacy

After killing many settlers – captured, quartered, and killed

Halts the western boundary at New England Colonies for 40 years

First large-scale military action by the colonial militia


  1. Bacon’s Rebellion

Displays colonial anger and hatred to Native Americans

Displays colonial hatred toward the Southern Aristocracy

Nathaniel Bacon

Gathered 1 000 men

Vows to kill all Native Americans

Gets called an outlaw

Gets so angry

Burns down the settlement of Jamestown

Dies as Jamestown burns

Reveals the growing social gap between small farmers and plantation owners


Colonial unity

[1643] New England Colonies – the New England Confederation

first time to have colonies working together for a better cause

created by the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Rhode Island is not included
The Southern Plantation Economy
Plantation owners constantly want land

Near the end of the 1600s, price of tobacco falls dramatically

So the plantation owners continue to grow more tobacco/cash crops

*more land needs more labor

Indentured servants

Contract usually ran for seven years

Voyage would be paid for

At the end of the contract, receive “freedom dues”

Small piece of land

Tools


Animals

Clothes


Eventually the plantation owners stopped giving freedom dues

Headright System [Virginia and Maryland]

Gives to each plantation owner 50 acres of land for every indentured servant brought into the colony

Hit the Appalachian Mountains – pause and indentured servitude dies

Need another source of labor – end of the 1600s, indentured servitude dies out


    • Market for jobs gets better in England

    • Royal African Company [1698] loses its monopoly on the sale of slaves

    • Bacon’s Rebellion leads plantation owners to fear the small farmer

Slavery

[1670] 2 000 slaves in Virginia

[1750] slaves represent 50% of the population in Virginia

The Middle Passage

-the forced voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas

-7.5 million from Africa to Americas, 400 000 to the 13 colonies

-slaves were sold into slavery by the kings and princes of tribes

Conditions


      • Dark

      • Dirty

      • Overcrowded – put 600 in a ship built for 300

      • Disease

      • Smelly

      • Death

      • Suicide

      • Humiliated – not seen as people but as property

      • 20%-50% would die during the voyage

upon arrival, slaves were unloaded and sold at slave auctions

-Charleston, SC

-Newport, RI

-New York City, NY

-Philadelphia, PA

Once sold, slaves were subject to slave codes

-slaves were not allowed to marry

-illegal to teach a slave to read or write

-slaves had no legal rights

-punished severely for any wrongdoing

-slave owners took ownership of the children

Worst place to be sold into slavery was SC-life expectancy the lowest

Lonely

Rice fields brought diseases



Virginia and Maryland

-expect a longer life span

-slave population grows much

“best” place to be sold as a slave were the Northern Colonies

-work in the cities

-learn a skill

-earn money

-possible to be able to buy their freedom



Slavery in the Colonies

Resistance

Everyday resistance

Worked slowly

Break tools

Leave gates open

Try to run away (not easy)

Occasional revolts

[1712] NYC – Nine white deaths, 21 executed

[1739] the Stono Rebellion – 20 slaves uprising

deaths of 80 whites

GA militia captures the 20 slaves

Sets the heads of the executed on mileposts for warning

Colonial Social Structure


  1. Aristocrats, Merchants, Planters, Lawyers, Officials, Clergymen, Professional men

  2. Small farmers (largest group)

  3. Manual workers – hired hands, lesser tradesmen

  4. Indentured servants, jailbirds

  5. Slaves

Life in the Colonies

Family Life

Mother (Woman)

Most important person in the family

Has children - average of 10-11 children (about 3-4 die before adulthood)

Raises children

Cook

Clean


Sew, make clothes

Help on the farm

Father

Work on the farm



Work in shop

Children


Help out on the farm

Male


Learning trade from the father

Help on the farm

Female

Help around the house



Learn how to be a mother

[1700] population 250 000

[1775] population 2.5 million – average age of a colonist is 16

*if live in the North, live about 10 years longer than South (average lifespan is 70)

Education

Only males were given formal education

New England has a well set-up of formal education

For every town with 50+ families, a school is required

Southern Colonies – taught at home by a tutor

Education in the colonies was not reserved for only the elite

Goal of School

Learn to read (especially the Bible, be a better Christian)

Learn to write

Colonial Colleges (only taught religion and languages – eventually replaced with more modern classes)



  1. Harvard [1636]

  2. William and Mary [1693]

  3. Yale

  4. Princeton

  5. University of Pennsylvania

  6. Brown

  7. Columbia

  8. Rutgers [1766]

  9. Dartmouth

Journalism

[1704] first successful colonial newspaper

[1733] John Peter Zengor Case

-writes criticisms of governor of NY

-Governor of NY sues him for libel for writing about him in the news

-court agrees to have Zengor not guilty for writing the truth

-becomes the basis for freedom of press

Art


Colonies are very behind the rest of the world

John Goddard – designs desks

John Smibert – paints family portraits

Science


Benjamin Franklin

The colonies’ greatest inventor, scientist, thinker, writer and ‘good guy’

Some inventions


      • Lightning rod

      • Electrical battery

      • Bifocals

      • Odometer

      • Stove

      • Library

      • Volunteer fire department

Wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac (second most popular in colonies, behind the Bible)

Comes up with arithmetic puzzles (ex. Magic Square)



Immigration in the Colonies

Scots-Irish

From Scotland

Make up 7% of the colonies’ population by 1775

Spoke English

Known as “frontier people”

Settle from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas

Germans


Make up 6% of the colonies’ population by 1775

Tended to settle in Pennsylvania

Kept to themselves and kept their own culture and language

Inventions

Conestoga Wagon

-cloth tops

-big wheels

Replace the musket with the more accurate rifle

Improved the iron stove

French Huguenots

[1685] Edict of Nantes is repealed – persecution of the Huguenots

famous descendant is Paul Revere, the silversmith

Africans

Forced to immigrate to the colonies

400 000 by 1775 – 90% of 400 000 in the Southern Colonies

Religion

As population rises, importance of religion goes down

Late 1600s, people begin to question accepted Christian ideas (ex. Calvinism)

Result:

Church creates the Half-Way Covenant

Allows people to join church even if they have not officially converted

Results in increased church membership

…but taints the purity of the church


  1. Salem Witch Trials – Salem, MA [1692]

      • A group of girls begin to experience fits of rages

      • The girls blame the rages on women who “bewitched” them

      • Start a massive witch hunt

      • 174 people are put on trial

      • 19 women are executed (hung)

      • 1 man is executed (pressed to death)

      • 2 dogs are executed

      • Governor Phips puts an end to the witch hunt after his wife is accused

  1. The Great Awakening – [1730s to the 1740s]

A religious revival that sweeps across the nation

Preach about:

The emptiness of material goods

Fury of divine wrath

The need for repentance

Preachers give very dramatic performances

George Whitefield “The Great Awakener”

Jonathan Edwards – writes Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Gatherings of 20 000+ people

By the mid-1740s the Great Awakening dies out

Effects:

-Stimulated the founding of more colonial colleges (Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth)

-Revival that encompasses all of colonial society – becomes the first shared colonial experience

-Undermines the power of the older clergy

-Makes religion more accessible to people
Church Membership of the colonial period [by 1775]


  1. Congregationalists

575 000 people

out of Puritanism



  1. Anglicans

500 000 people

Church of England



  1. Presbyterians

410 000 people

similar to the Congregationalists



  1. German churches

200 000 people

Found in Pennsylvania



  1. Dutch-reformed

75 000 people

  1. Quakers

40 000 people

  1. Baptists

  2. Roman Catholics

25 000 people

Maryland


  1. Methodists

  2. Jewish

2 000 people

Ruling over the Colonies


Indifferent to the colonies, allowing the colonies to grow independent from English rule

James I [1603-1625]

Does not like the colonies

Hates tobacco

Charles I [1625-1649]

Beheaded in 1649

Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate [1649-1660]

Very strict

Charles II is restored [1660-1685]

Decides to take a more hands-on approach to the colonies

Tries to harness colonial trade

[1675] Lords of Trade

supposed to control colonial trade

[1685] Charles II dies
James II [1685-1688] (Charles II’s brother and also the Duke of York)

Continues to place restrictions on colonial trade

-especially the North, who are growing very independent

creates the Dominion of New England

to combat the New England Confederation

to enforce the Navigation Acts

Navigation Acts [1650-1733]

Rooted in mercantilism – a nation’s power depends on its wealth



  • Acquire gold and silver

  • Favorable balance of trade (exports up, imports low)

  • Acquire colonies

  • All ships trading in Europe must be built in England or the colonies

  • 75% of crew had to be English or colonial

  • All European nations wishing to trade with the colonies must first stop at England (taxed twice)

  • England creates a list of enumerated articles (what colonies supposed to trade with England)

Colonists, instead of heeding these laws – smuggling (esp. NYC), bribes

Dominion of England

Led by Sir Edmund Andros

Ends town meetings in MA, NJ, NY, RI, and CT

Restrictions on schools, newspapers, courts

Taxes without authority of colonial representative

William and Mary/Glorious Revolution [1688-1707]

Relaxes the rules of the colonies

Known as the period of “salutary neglect”

Results:

Control over the colonies is relaxed, but the English officials stay

Colonists begin to resent the English officials

Wars of North America

England – east coast, parts of Canada

Spain – Florida, Central America, Southwest North America

France – Canada, along the Mississippi River (pop. 60 000 only)

(Russia)

Native Americans are everywhere

Thirteen Colonies – east coast


  1. King William’s War [1689-1697]

French soldiers and Native American Allies attack frontier settlements in NY

Colonial militia invades Canada and fails



  1. Queen Anne’s War [1702-1713]

Deerfield Massacre

French and Native American allies attack Deerfield, MA

Killed 50, captured 111 colonists



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