AP
U.S. History I
The Shaping of North America
225 million years ago-Pangaea “supercontinent”
10 million years ago- Rocky Mountains exist
Appalachians exist
Continents are separated
2 million years ago- an Ice Age envelopes the planet and the water level lowers
35 000 years ago- the Bering Land Bridge appears
animals cross, followed by nomadic Asian hunters
10 000 years ago- the Ice Age ends
nomadic people create civilization
10 000 years ago-1492 AD, the population grows to 72 million
*only 7-10 million live in North America (South America has better conditions for farming)
Powerful Civilizations
Aztecs
Incas
Mayans
Iroquois
Over 2000 languages created
Religion
Culture
Farming techniques
People who came to America before 1492:
-Scandinavians
led by Leif Erickson (Newfoundland)
-Nomadic Asian hunters
-Irish
-Africans
-Chinese
[1492] Columbus “discovered” the New World (arrived at Hispañola/ Haiti)
brought 20 people back-only two survive the ship ride
was sent to get more for slavery in mines (creates slavery)
Europeans bring smallpox into the Americas
[1492] Haiti’s population totals 3 million
[1512] Haiti’s population totals 12 000
Columbus’s “discovery” affects the futures of three groups:
Europeans – migrate to the Americas
Native Americans – dealt with harshly
Africans – source of labor leads to mass enslaving
Explorers
Amerigo Vespucci [sails for Spain in 1499] [sails for Portugal in 1501]
Writes vivid accounts of the East coast of North and South America
Mapmakers base their maps on his accounts – hence “America”
Vasco Nunez de Balboa [sails for Spain in 1513]
First European to set eyes on the Pacific Ocean
Says “All land that touches the Pacific is Spain’s”
Basis for Spanish claims in America
Ferdinand Magellan [sails for Spain from 1519-1522]
First to circumnavigate the globe
Hernando Cortez [sails for Spain in 1519]
Crushes the Aztecs (attack and smallpox)
Claims Mexico for Spain
Ponce de Léon [sails for Spain in 1513]
Explores Florida – lays claim of Florida for Spain
Looking for gold
Francisco Coronado [sails for Spain in 1540]
Searches for the fabled “cities of gold”
First European to see the Grand Canyon
First European to see herds of buffalo
John Cabot [sails for England in 1497]
Italian – explores the East coast of New England
Basis for English claims in the Americas
Giovanni de Verrazano [sails for France in 1524]
Hudson River and areas of NYC
Henry Hudson [sails for the Dutch in 1608?]
Hudson Bay and Hudson River
Claims Manhattan for the Dutch
Jacques Cartier [sails for France in 1534]
Explores parts of Canada and claims area for France
Hernando de Soto [sails for Spain from 1539-1542]
First European to see the Mississippi River
Settling the New World
Spain
Reasons for exploration:
Gold
Glory
God
Goods
Lay claim to:
New Mexico
West coast of South America
Florida
All of Central America
Texas
Arizona
California
[1565] settled the first permanently occupied settlement in the Americas
-St. Augustine, FL
[1588] Spanish Armada is defeated – marks the decline of the Spanish Empire
encomienda system and hacienda system – places Native Americans in state of slavery
France
Lay claim to:
Canada
Areas around the Mississippi
[1608] First French settlement – Quebec “New France”
[1750] <60 000 people live in New France
Why won’t people live in New France?
Poor farmland
Isolated
Subject to Native American attacks
only French Catholics allowed
keep the discontented in France
England
[1558] Elizabeth I comes to the throne of England
wants to expand the navy
Spread Protestant
Plunder and attack Spanish ships
Gets “seadogs” to do the work (pirates)
Sir Francis Drake is knighted for his success
Settling
Sir Walter Raleigh
[1585] attempts to settle at Roanoke – people didn’t like it and came back
[1587] tries again – Virginia Dare is the first child from Britain born
[1590] supply ship is sent to Roanoke Island – no one is found
“the Lost Colony of Roanoke”
one word found – “Croatoan”
Joint stock company
Group of people invest money together
[1606] Virginia Company of London receives charter for a colony
[1607] Jamestown, VA is settled – 104 males looking for gold
[1608] 40 are left – John Smith takes control of Jamestown
“if you don’t work, you don’t eat”
[1609] a terrible winter hits – resorts to cannibalism
[1610] out of 400 settlers, 60 are left
[1612] John Rolfe perfects the growing of tobacco and begins the tobacco craze
one of the first cash crops grown
[1619] House of Burgesses created
-first legislative assembly in America
First slave ship shows up in America with 19 African slaves
Types of Colonies
Royal Colony
-king/queen has total control over the colony
Proprietary Colony (most popular form)
-king/queen picks a representative (friend/trusted) to run the colony
-that representative picks a governor and sets up laws
Self-governing Colony
-the colonists control the colony
-least popular form
Southern Colonies
1. Virginia [1607] Jamestown – began as proprietary
[1624] (King James disgusted by tobacco) becomes a royal colony
tobacco-based economy
plantation system develops
-indentured servants
pay back debts
after 7-10 years of service, given own land
-African slaves
demand for land
-push westward
-angers the Native Americans
this all creates an aristocratic society (wealthy)
lack of cities in the South
2. Maryland [1634] founded by Lord Baltimore
tobacco-based economy
plantation system
aristocratic society
created because:
-make profit
-safe haven for Catholics
as times goes on – Protestants outnumber the Catholics
Act of Toleration [guarantees rights to all Christians]
But Death Penalty if Jewish/atheist do not recognize Jesus as the Lord
3. South Carolina [1670] proprietary
supposed to work in connection with the West Indies (sugar cane)
‘supply station’ for the West Indies
principal crop is rice
plantation system
4. North Carolina [1691, formally 1712]
population – outcasts from South Carolina and Virginia
pride themselves on being outlaws and outcasts (rich plantations owners pushing them off)
hospitable to pirates
resistant to authority
[1691] break away informally
[1712] officially becomes a colony
5. Georgia “the Buffer Colony” [1733] by James Olgethorpe (last colony founded)
protects South Carolina against Spanish Florida
population “the Charity Colony”
-drunks
-criminals
-outlaws
-very poor
produce silk and wine
prohibits alcohol
granted some religious toleration
try to get slavery outlawed – failed in 1750 – it was made legal
New England Colonies
1. Massachusetts [1620] Plymouth
Separatist – Puritans
[1609] move to Holland-don’t want children to be Dutchified
102 settlers on the Mayflower
supposed to land in Virginia
instead, land in Massachusetts
Miles Standish and William Bradford
Make the Mayflower Compact
44 survive the first winter
William Bradford becomes governor 30 times
Massachusetts Bay Colony [1629]
One of the most successful settlements in America
Founded by non-Separatist Puritans
John Winthrop is the governor
Industries:
Fishing
Ship-building
Fur-trading
Jon Winthrop
Wants the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be an example
“a city upon a hill”
MBC- “The Bible Commonwealth” is extremely religious
Dissenters in Massachusetts
Anne Hutchinson
Challenges the Puritan way
Put on trial – claims to have spoken with God
Kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Goes to Rhode Island, then New York – killed by Natives
Roger Williams
Challenges to break away from the Church of England
Escapes to Rhode Island – founds his own colony
2. Rhode Island [1636] by Roger Williams
colony known for religious toleration
strongly independent
not well-liked by the other colonies
other colonies call Rhode Island “the Lord’s Debris”
made up of people that no one wants
self-governing colony
3. Connecticut [1635] by Reverend Thomas Hooker
self-governing
created the Fundamental Orders
a document that creates a democratically controlled government
4. New Hampshire [1623]
good for fishing and trading
the overgrowth of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
becomes an official colony in 1679
The Middle Colonies
1. New York
After Hudson’s explorations in 1608 – Dutch start settlement along the Hudson
Called New Netherlands
Manhattan was called New Amsterdam
Problems for the Dutch
Poor leaders – only decent one was Peter Stuyvesant
More concerned with profit
No democracy
No freedom of religion
Poorly run
Constantly attacked by Native Americans
Surrounded by the English
[1664] Charles II gives the land of NY to the Duke of York (James)
after threatening the Dutch with an invasion, Dutch give up the land
Dutch legacy
Sleighing
Golf
Waffles
Easter eggs
Santa Claus
Skating
Bowling
Harlem
Brooklyn
Chief crop is wheat
2. Pennsylvania [1681]
The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Persecuted by England
William Penn emerges as a leader
William Penn
Idea to create land for Quakers
[1681] founds Pennsylvania – one of the best-advertised colonies
Characteristics of Pennsylvania
Peaceful [Native Americans move in]
Liberal
Freedom of worship
Disliked slavery
Against military service
Chief crop is wheat
Well-planned cities
Very successful colony
3. New Jersey [1702]
[1664] Duke of York gives parts of NJ to Berkeley and Carteret (proprietors)
sold land to the Quakers
split land into East and West Jersey
gave land back to crown
becomes royal colony [1702]
4. Delaware [1638] by the Swedes
taken over by the Dutch
after the Dutch leave in 1664 – Delaware controlled by Pennsylvania
Early Native American and Colonial Wars
colonial militia – a practice learned from Europe
each colony creates their own unit
able-bodied men ages 16-60
why?
English provide no money for colonial defense (exception of Georgia)
Militia meet every few weeks for training
“Militia Day” turns into a party and meets annually
Anglo-Powhattan War [1610-1614]
Jamestown
New governor – Lord de la Warr
Declares war against the Native Americans
[1614] Pocahontas marries John Rolfe – better relations
The First Tidewater War [1622]
Native Americans attack white settlers – kill ¼ of Jamestown’s population
John Rolfe is also killed
The Second Tidewater War [1644]
Opechanough takes over Powhattans – renews attack against white settlements
Opechanough is killed and Native American Confederacy dissolves
Native Americans are pushed further west
Pequot War [1636-1637]
New England Colonies
Results in the killing of 500 Pequot Indians in Connecticut – end of the Pequots
King Philip’s War [1675]
New England Colonies
Metacom (King Philip)
After being forced to pledge allegiance to the English crown
Vows revenge – starts the Native American Confederacy
After killing many settlers – captured, quartered, and killed
Halts the western boundary at New England Colonies for 40 years
First large-scale military action by the colonial militia
Bacon’s Rebellion
Displays colonial anger and hatred to Native Americans
Displays colonial hatred toward the Southern Aristocracy
Nathaniel Bacon
Gathered 1 000 men
Vows to kill all Native Americans
Gets called an outlaw
Gets so angry
Burns down the settlement of Jamestown
Dies as Jamestown burns
Reveals the growing social gap between small farmers and plantation owners
Colonial unity
[1643] New England Colonies – the New England Confederation
first time to have colonies working together for a better cause
created by the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Rhode Island is not included
The Southern Plantation Economy
Plantation owners constantly want land
Near the end of the 1600s, price of tobacco falls dramatically
So the plantation owners continue to grow more tobacco/cash crops
*more land needs more labor
Indentured servants
Contract usually ran for seven years
Voyage would be paid for
At the end of the contract, receive “freedom dues”
Small piece of land
Tools
Animals
Clothes
Eventually the plantation owners stopped giving freedom dues
Headright System [Virginia and Maryland]
Gives to each plantation owner 50 acres of land for every indentured servant brought into the colony
Hit the Appalachian Mountains – pause and indentured servitude dies
Need another source of labor – end of the 1600s, indentured servitude dies out
Market for jobs gets better in England
Royal African Company [1698] loses its monopoly on the sale of slaves
Bacon’s Rebellion leads plantation owners to fear the small farmer
Slavery
[1670] 2 000 slaves in Virginia
[1750] slaves represent 50% of the population in Virginia
The Middle Passage
-the forced voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas
-7.5 million from Africa to Americas, 400 000 to the 13 colonies
-slaves were sold into slavery by the kings and princes of tribes
Conditions
Dark
Dirty
Overcrowded – put 600 in a ship built for 300
Disease
Smelly
Death
Suicide
Humiliated – not seen as people but as property
20%-50% would die during the voyage
upon arrival, slaves were unloaded and sold at slave auctions
-Charleston, SC
-Newport, RI
-New York City, NY
-Philadelphia, PA
Once sold, slaves were subject to slave codes
-slaves were not allowed to marry
-illegal to teach a slave to read or write
-slaves had no legal rights
-punished severely for any wrongdoing
-slave owners took ownership of the children
Worst place to be sold into slavery was SC-life expectancy the lowest
Lonely
Rice fields brought diseases
Virginia and Maryland
-expect a longer life span
-slave population grows much
“best” place to be sold as a slave were the Northern Colonies
-work in the cities
-learn a skill
-earn money
-possible to be able to buy their freedom
Slavery in the Colonies
Resistance
Everyday resistance
Worked slowly
Break tools
Leave gates open
Try to run away (not easy)
Occasional revolts
[1712] NYC – Nine white deaths, 21 executed
[1739] the Stono Rebellion – 20 slaves uprising
deaths of 80 whites
GA militia captures the 20 slaves
Sets the heads of the executed on mileposts for warning
Colonial Social Structure
Aristocrats, Merchants, Planters, Lawyers, Officials, Clergymen, Professional men
Small farmers (largest group)
Manual workers – hired hands, lesser tradesmen
Indentured servants, jailbirds
Slaves
Life in the Colonies
Family Life
Mother (Woman)
Most important person in the family
Has children - average of 10-11 children (about 3-4 die before adulthood)
Raises children
Cook
Clean
Sew, make clothes
Help on the farm
Father
Work on the farm
Work in shop
Children
Help out on the farm
Male
Learning trade from the father
Help on the farm
Female
Help around the house
Learn how to be a mother
[1700] population 250 000
[1775] population 2.5 million – average age of a colonist is 16
*if live in the North, live about 10 years longer than South (average lifespan is 70)
Education
Only males were given formal education
New England has a well set-up of formal education
For every town with 50+ families, a school is required
Southern Colonies – taught at home by a tutor
Education in the colonies was not reserved for only the elite
Goal of School
Learn to read (especially the Bible, be a better Christian)
Learn to write
Colonial Colleges (only taught religion and languages – eventually replaced with more modern classes)
Harvard [1636]
William and Mary [1693]
Yale
Princeton
University of Pennsylvania
Brown
Columbia
Rutgers [1766]
Dartmouth
Journalism
[1704] first successful colonial newspaper
[1733] John Peter Zengor Case
-writes criticisms of governor of NY
-Governor of NY sues him for libel for writing about him in the news
-court agrees to have Zengor not guilty for writing the truth
-becomes the basis for freedom of press
Art
Colonies are very behind the rest of the world
John Goddard – designs desks
John Smibert – paints family portraits
Science
Benjamin Franklin
The colonies’ greatest inventor, scientist, thinker, writer and ‘good guy’
Some inventions
Lightning rod
Electrical battery
Bifocals
Odometer
Stove
Library
Volunteer fire department
Wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac (second most popular in colonies, behind the Bible)
Comes up with arithmetic puzzles (ex. Magic Square)
Immigration in the Colonies
Scots-Irish
From Scotland
Make up 7% of the colonies’ population by 1775
Spoke English
Known as “frontier people”
Settle from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas
Germans
Make up 6% of the colonies’ population by 1775
Tended to settle in Pennsylvania
Kept to themselves and kept their own culture and language
Inventions
Conestoga Wagon
-cloth tops
-big wheels
Replace the musket with the more accurate rifle
Improved the iron stove
French Huguenots
[1685] Edict of Nantes is repealed – persecution of the Huguenots
famous descendant is Paul Revere, the silversmith
Africans
Forced to immigrate to the colonies
400 000 by 1775 – 90% of 400 000 in the Southern Colonies
Religion
As population rises, importance of religion goes down
Late 1600s, people begin to question accepted Christian ideas (ex. Calvinism)
Result:
Church creates the Half-Way Covenant
Allows people to join church even if they have not officially converted
Results in increased church membership
…but taints the purity of the church
Salem Witch Trials – Salem, MA [1692]
A group of girls begin to experience fits of rages
The girls blame the rages on women who “bewitched” them
Start a massive witch hunt
174 people are put on trial
19 women are executed (hung)
1 man is executed (pressed to death)
2 dogs are executed
Governor Phips puts an end to the witch hunt after his wife is accused
The Great Awakening – [1730s to the 1740s]
A religious revival that sweeps across the nation
Preach about:
The emptiness of material goods
Fury of divine wrath
The need for repentance
Preachers give very dramatic performances
George Whitefield “The Great Awakener”
Jonathan Edwards – writes Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Gatherings of 20 000+ people
By the mid-1740s the Great Awakening dies out
Effects:
-Stimulated the founding of more colonial colleges (Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth)
-Revival that encompasses all of colonial society – becomes the first shared colonial experience
-Undermines the power of the older clergy
-Makes religion more accessible to people
Church Membership of the colonial period [by 1775]
Congregationalists
575 000 people
out of Puritanism
Anglicans
500 000 people
Church of England
Presbyterians
410 000 people
similar to the Congregationalists
German churches
200 000 people
Found in Pennsylvania
Dutch-reformed
75 000 people
Quakers
40 000 people
Baptists
Roman Catholics
25 000 people
Maryland
Methodists
Jewish
2 000 people
Ruling over the Colonies
Indifferent to the colonies, allowing the colonies to grow independent from English rule
James I [1603-1625]
Does not like the colonies
Hates tobacco
Charles I [1625-1649]
Beheaded in 1649
Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate [1649-1660]
Very strict
Charles II is restored [1660-1685]
Decides to take a more hands-on approach to the colonies
Tries to harness colonial trade
[1675] Lords of Trade
supposed to control colonial trade
[1685] Charles II dies
James II [1685-1688] (Charles II’s brother and also the Duke of York)
Continues to place restrictions on colonial trade
-especially the North, who are growing very independent
creates the Dominion of New England
to combat the New England Confederation
to enforce the Navigation Acts
Navigation Acts [1650-1733]
Rooted in mercantilism – a nation’s power depends on its wealth
Acquire gold and silver
Favorable balance of trade (exports up, imports low)
Acquire colonies
All ships trading in Europe must be built in England or the colonies
75% of crew had to be English or colonial
All European nations wishing to trade with the colonies must first stop at England (taxed twice)
England creates a list of enumerated articles (what colonies supposed to trade with England)
Colonists, instead of heeding these laws – smuggling (esp. NYC), bribes
Dominion of England
Led by Sir Edmund Andros
Ends town meetings in MA, NJ, NY, RI, and CT
Restrictions on schools, newspapers, courts
Taxes without authority of colonial representative
William and Mary/Glorious Revolution [1688-1707]
Relaxes the rules of the colonies
Known as the period of “salutary neglect”
Results:
Control over the colonies is relaxed, but the English officials stay
Colonists begin to resent the English officials
Wars of North America
England – east coast, parts of Canada
Spain – Florida, Central America, Southwest North America
France – Canada, along the Mississippi River (pop. 60 000 only)
(Russia)
Native Americans are everywhere
Thirteen Colonies – east coast
King William’s War [1689-1697]
French soldiers and Native American Allies attack frontier settlements in NY
Colonial militia invades Canada and fails
Queen Anne’s War [1702-1713]
Deerfield Massacre
French and Native American allies attack Deerfield, MA
Killed 50, captured 111 colonists
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