A different Canada Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 1 Society and Manners
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The Conscription CrisisWhat was conscription? Mandatory service in the armed forces. Why did Prime Minister Borden believe conscription was necessary? PM Lloyd George of Britain convinced him that more troops were needed in France. Why were many Canadians opposed to conscription? The French feared they would be spread throughout English-speaking units. French-Canadians had no particular loyalties to France or Britain. Farmers needed workers. Industry needed workers. Why might Henri Bourassa have claimed that conscription was not good for Canada? Felt it would divide the nation; war was already expensive and the cost of conscription would bankrupt the nation. Why do you think Robert Borden did not allow conscientious objectors to vote in the 1917 election? Wanted support for the war and feared conscientious objectors would oppose the government. Why do you think Borden gave only women with husbands or children in the war the right to vote in the 1917 election? He thought they were more likely to support his government than women whose men might be subject to conscription in the future. How did people in Quebec react to conscription and Borden’s victory in the 1917 election? Continued protests and riots. The Central Powers CollapseWhat two events occurred in 1917 – and what effect did they have on the course of the War? Czar abdicates, communist revolution and Russia quits the war freeing German troops for use on the Western Front. The US enters the war bringing its material and manpower resources. What was the effect of Germany’s successful 1918 offensive on its ability to wage the war? It used up scarce resources and the Germans were not able to resist Allied counter-offensives. Where did Canadian troops win battles in the last 100 days of the war? Arras, Cambrai, Valenciennes. What was the significance of Canada having a formal place at the Paris Peace Conference and in signing the Treaty of Versailles? It asserted Canada’s independence and recognized its material contributions and the successes of its troops. List four terms of the Treaty of Versailles. German had to accept responsibility for the war. German had to pay reparations of $30,000,000,000 to the victors. Germany was partitioned. The size of Germany’s armed forces was limited. What is meant by the term collective security? Members of a group pledge military support and cooperation to resist aggression. What was the purpose of the League of Nations? To ensure the security of its members. Which countries supported the League and which didn’t? Small powers tended to support it, large powers didn’t. Explain why the League was viewed differently by countries? Small powers saw the League as protection from stronger imperialist powers; the Great Powers saw it as a limit on their imperial ambitions in Asia and Africa. Describe how the Spanish Flu spread and what its impact was in Canada and the world. Soldiers brought it home; 22,000,000 died worldwide; 50,000 died in Canada; some communities required people to wear protective masks. Canada and the Twenties Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 3 Introduction Describe two competing views of life in Canada that existed in the 1920s. Life was prosperous for some. Life was filled with discrimination, poverty, lack of political influence for others. An Uneasy Adjustment What did soldiers returning to Canada after World War I face? No pensions; no special medical services; few jobs. What rewards did workers who had taken wage reductions during the war face afterwards? Cost of goods soared and wages did not cover living expenses. Why were there so many strikes in years after WWI? Workers wanted higher wages, better working conditions and the right to join unions. What political ideas may have influenced union leaders in western Canada in this period? Socialism or communism. What was the OBU? The Western Labour Conference (March 19191) founded the One Big Union to get more control of industry and government through peaceful means. Define collective bargaining. Negotiations between a union and an employer about conditions of employment. What did Winnipeg’s metal and building workers demand when they went on strike in 1919? Shorter work week. Higher wages. Right to collective bargaining. Describe the effects of this strike on Winnipeg. Varied – 30,000 on strike; city paralyzed. How did the Citizens Committee of One Thousand see the strike? A communist conspiracy to overthrow the government. What was the federal government’s response? Deported strike leaders; RNWMP and Winnipeg’s special constables attacked a strikers’ parade; would charge some leaders with treason. Describe the events of Bloody Sunday. Police on horseback charged a strikers’ parade with pistols and clubs killing 1, injuring 20, and arresting scores. Describe what happened to the strikers after it was all over. Seven leaders convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the government receiving sentences from 2 months to 2 years. Many strikers were not rehired or hired only on promise not to join a union. Distrust between workers and business leaders grew deeper. Which side do you think was right? Explain. Opinion. Who was J.S. Woodsworth? Minister; arrested during the strike; helped strikers and their families; would eventually help found the CCF party. New Challenges to Federalism Define the term regionalism. To be more concerned with the affairs of one’s region than the affairs of the larger country. What issues faced the Maritimes in the Twenties? Population was shrinking – representation in Parliament was declining. Businesses and banks were moving to Ontario and Quebec. Products such as coal were declining in importance. What two issues concerned farmers? Tariffs protecting eastern manufacturers made the cost of equipment expensive. Freight rates and wheat storage costs were high. Why were political parties such as the United Farmers Parties and The Progressive Party formed in this period? To support farmers’ demands for free trade and public ownership of the railways. What successes did they experience? United Farmers were successful in some provinces; Progressives had some success at the federal level and had a bit of influence on the Liberal government. Who was Arthur Meighen? Replaced Borden as leader of the Conservatives and was a Prime Minister. What approach to politics did he take? Believed in adhering to his principles rather than compromising to stay in power. Who was William Lyon Mackenzie King? Leader of the Liberals after 1919; would go on to be a long-serving Prime Minister. What approach to politics did he take? Conciliatory; sought the middle path to offend the fewest people. List the results of the 1921 election. Conservatives: 50 seats Independent Labour Party: 2 seats Independent Liberals: 1 seat Labour-Liberals: 1 seat Liberals: 117 seats Progressives: 64 seats Who formed the government? Liberals lead by WLM King. What is a minority government? Where the party forming the government has less than 50% of the seats in Parliament. Which party’s support did the Liberals need in order to continue to form the government? Progressives. What influences on government policy did this party have? Persuaded the Liberals to introduce an old age pension. Canada’s Growing Independence How did Prime Minister King assert Canada’s independence from Britain in international affairs? 1922: refused to support Britain’s plan to invade Turkey. 1923: insisted Canada sign international treaties without Britain’s “co-signature”. 1926: challenged Britain’s role in Canadian politics in the “King-Byng” affair. King’s Liberals formed another minority government in 1925. When the Conservatives called for a motion of censure King asked Governor General Lord Byng to call an election. Byng refused because he felt the motion of censure should be voted on first. What election issue did King create out of this refusal? That it was undemocratic for a Governor General appointed by Britain to refuse an elected Prime Minister request for an election. Who do you agree with? King or Byng? Explain. Varied. Who were the four dominions? New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Canada. Define autonomy. The power to make one’s own decisions. What did they demand of Britain at the 1926 Imperial Conference? Formal recognition of their autonomy and freedom to govern themselves. What was the Statute of Westminster? An act of the British Parliament which changed the Empire to a Commonwealth where the Dominions were equal to Britain. How was the British Commonwealth different from the British Empire? Varied. Define the term amending formula. The procedure for changing the BNA Act or Canada’s constitution. What two restrictions remained on Canada’s independence? Canada’s constitution (the BNA Act) had to be changed by Britain at Canada’s request. Canada’s highest judicial court was in Britain. Why did this limitations exist for Canada and not the other dominions? The provincial and the federal governments could not agree on a way to change the constitution. The Economy Improves What country became Canada’s main economic partner after WWI? Why? US; Britain, Canada’s former main trading partner was in debt due to WWI and the US had more surplus money to invest and buy Canadian goods. How was American investment in Canada different from Britain’s had been? Britain had lent money to Canadian companies while the US bought them. What is meant by the term branch plant? Factories in Canada owned and operated by larger companies often based in the US. What is meant by the term primary industry? Industries that extract (mines) or collect (forestry) raw materials. What is meant by the term secondary industry? Manufacturing and construction industries. Explain how the American economy benefited more than Canada’s from all the US investment. Canada gained jobs in the primary sector but the US gained more in the processing and manufacturing sectors using resources from Canada. Why was Canada able to export great quantities of alcohol to the US up to 1933? US had prohibition. Compare this export trade to one that exists in our day. Varied. How did Canadians go about deciding to once again allow the sale of alcohol? Each province made the decision for themselves – through plebiscites. Why did more and more people move to Canada’s cities during the Twenties? Increased employment in the manufacturing sector (combined with increased mechanization on farms) attracted them. What is meant by urbanization? The changing from an area from rural to urban. Why did the city centre become an undesirable place to live? Industry concentrated there increased pollution causing the area to become one of cheap and often undesirable housing. What made it possible for affluent families to move out of the city centre? Automobiles. The Role of Women What prospects did women have in the society of the Twenties? Wives and mothers; teaching, nursing, secretarial and clerical jobs; few women in law or engineering. What issue was at the centre of The Persons Case? Emily Murphy’s appointment as a magistrate was questioned as she was not a “person” under the BNA Act. A New Prosperity Identify several features of the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties. People could afford radios, cars, … Movies were popular. Fads spread from US to Canada; US fashions were popular US tourists discovered Canada. Jobs increased. Describe the changes brought about by the introduction of inexpensive automobiles such as Henry Ford’s Model T. Increase miles of paved roads; BC changed to driving on the right; drive-in restaurants; easy commute to the city from the suburbs. Describe the impact of the airplane on Canada’s remote frontiers. Mineral exploration made easier; used to deliver supplies; helped in police searches (e.g. the hunt for the Rat River trapper). Why did the invention of the radio have such a powerful impact on Canadians, especially those in rural areas? Broke down the isolation of rural communities; allowed US cultural invasion through programs and powerful US transmitters. How did movies, especially those from the US, impact Canadian culture? Highly polished US productions overwhelmed homegrown productions; shows US culture as a model for Canadians. How did the Group of Seven impact how Canadians saw themselves and their country? Their style portrayed Canada in a new and distinct manner quite different from traditional European influence forms. What was the focus of Emily Carr’s art? West coast forests and Aboriginal life. List several prominent Canadian athletes of the Twenties and give their accomplishments. Percy Williams: won 2 Olympic gold medals in sprinting. Ethel Catherwood: won an Olympic gold medal in high-jumping. Charles Gorman: set 7 world speed skating records. John Myles: set a record for the Boston Marathon in 1926. Lionel Conacher: star in wrestling, baseball, lacrosse, football and the NHL. Bobby Rosenfell: won gold and silver medals in the 1928 Olympics. Various Canadian hockey teams were very successful. Missing the Roar What discriminations did Aboriginal peoples continue to experience after WWI? Were not persons; could not vote; reserves were poor; discriminated in with respect to employment; residential schools tried to undermine their culture. What are potlatches? West coast ceremonies to celebrate special events and to establish status by distributing wealth. Why did the federal government ban them? They were seen as obstacles to assimilation. Do you agree with this? Explain. Opinion. Define the term Aboriginal Title. Claims by Aboriginal peoples to land occupied by their ancestors. What were the cut-off lands? Lands taken away from reserves without the permission of the people of the reserve. BC’s native leaders objected to the loss of their ancestral lands during this period. Describe their actions to assert their claims. Varied – court challenges. What were the views of the federal and provincial governments on this matter? The government claimed that the expense of running the Department of Indian Affairs justified the cut-offs; rewrote the laws to permit. How were blacks treated by Canadian society in the Twenties? Separate schools in Nova Scotia; open discrimination elsewhere. Suggest reasons why the government favored immigrants from Britain and the US? Varied. Suggest reasons why the government restricted immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe in this period. The government feared they were socialist revolutionaries. Suggest reasons why farmers, railway owners and other businessmen welcomed immigrants. Could pay them low wages to do work others did not want. Why do you think labour groups opposed immigration in this period? Feared they were willing to work longer hours for lower wages and would take work from those already in Canada. Why do you think there were most severe restrictions placed on immigration from Asia? Opinion. What conditions were faced by immigrants when they did get to Canada? Often ended up in company towns or in urban slums working for low wages in poor conditions. The Stock Market Crash What is the significance of Tuesday, October 29, 1929? US stock market crashed. Why do you think this happened? Varied – over production; inflated stock prices; loss of confidence. Define the term depression. When economic activity slows and unemployment rises. How could such an event affect ordinary people? Varied. The Thirties: A Decade of Despair Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 4 Introduction What was life on the prairies in 1935 and 1936 like according to James Gray? Cold winter; not much food; heat – like a furnace, wind and dust in the summer. Falling Off the Economic Edge What are stocks? Shares in a company. What is buying on margin? Buying shares with only a small down payment; when the loan comes due one hopes to sell the shares at a higher price, pay off the loan and make a profit. Why did people buy stocks on the margin in the 1920s? Loans were easy to get; people wanted to get rich quickly. Why did the values of stocks start to fall in 1929? Shares were over-valued; companies had over-produced; some investors sold stocks to get out of the stock market and to take their profits; other investors panicked when share prices started to fall. What were some of the effects of the stock market crash? Investors went bankrupt; banks who had loaned too much money using stocks as security went broke; social hardship and unemployment. Define the term depression. A severe downturn in the level of economic activity. Leading Up to the Depression What was the impact of falling wheat prices in 1927 and 1928? Farm income dropped; farmers unable to meet their loan and mortgage payment – many lost farms. Identify three effects of over production in manufacturing industries. Manufactures stockpiled their products, cut back on production, laid-off staff; unemployed workers could not purchase goods. Why did countries like the United States impose tariffs? To protect domestic markets for their own manufacturers. What was the effect of such protectionism on world trade? It slowed. How did World War I contribute to the depression? Germany’s economy was devastated by its huge reparation payments; Britain and France had borrowed heavily from the US to finance the war found it difficult to repay the US.. How did Canada’s dependency on the export of wheat and newsprint make it particularly vulnerable to the changes in world markets as the depression struck? When foreign markets were closed to Canadian exports, Canadians were laid off and unable to purchase manufactured goods – which caused even more lay offs. How did Canada’s close economic ties to the US affect its economy? When the US economy crashed, Canada lost the main market for its goods. Desperate Years How many Canadians were unemployed in 1929? (See p. 75) 4.2% What was pogey? Government relief payments given to those who had no alternative source of income. How did you qualify for it? Wait in line for hours; declare financial failure; swear you had nothing of value; prove you were about to be evicted from your home. How did the hungry and homeless exist in these years? Relief, food vouchers, soup kitchens, private charity. Are today’s street people the same as the homeless in the 1930s? Explain. Opinion. How many Canadians were unemployed in 1933? 25% What did many unemployed men do to find work? Hop freight trains to seek work “elsewhere” staying in shanty towns by the railways. Describe the drought that hit the prairies between 1928 and 1936. So dry the top soil blew away and drifted like snow, burying building, stalling trains and clogging car radiators. How did the depression affect: domestic workers (women): few jobs for only a few dollars a week; blamed for the depression by some because they work. aboriginal peoples: relief paid them only $5.00 per month. Chinese people in Vancouver: many were starving. immigrants: viewed with hostility when looking for jobs; 10,000 deported; immigration halted in 1931. How were Jewish people treated by many Canadians at this time? Many professions were closed to them; some employers posted signs forbidding them to apply; many clubs and organizations banned them. Responding to the Depression Who did Prime Minister King believe should provide aid to people suffering from the Depression? Municipal and provincial governments. Why were many municipalities unable to provide relief? They were bankrupt. What was the result of King’s comment that he wouldn’t provide financial support to Conservative provincial governments? It became an election issue – he lost. What approach did the new Conservative Prime Minister R.B. Bennett take to fight the Depression? Gave the provinces $20,000,000 for work creation; raised tariffs by 50%; banned the Communist Party fearing the unemployed would join it (and rebel); created work camps for unemployed males. What were work camps? Camps in remote areas to isolate unemployed males; provided a base for workers on roads, land clearing and other projects. What were conditions like in them? Paid 20¢ per day plus room and board; lived in bug-infested bunk houses with tar paper walls and blankets but no sheets; bad food; no recreation facilities. Why was the On-to-Ottawa Trek organized? To protest camp conditions. What did it hope to accomplish? To take complaints about the camps to Ottawa – plus … How did the trekkers try to get to Ottawa? Road the freight trains picking up more supporters along the way. What happened when their leaders met with Prime Minister Bennett? Bennett called the leaders radicals and troublemakers and even criminals and thieves; leaders of the Trek called him unfit to govern Canada. What happened to the trekkers in Regina? A riot started when the RCMP tried to drive the trekkers out of a local stadium; one killed, many injured and 130 arrested. Describe the reasons for and the events of the 1937 Vancouver sit-in. Many men were left destitute when the camps were closed and relief payments reduced; riots started when the police tried to evict protesters from the Post Office. Politics of Protest Why was the CCF party formed in 1932? Many were dissatisfied with how the government dealt with the depression. It endorsed government ownership of key industries; social programs to assist people in need, the elderly, the unemployed; homeless, sick, … The CCF also endorsed public works to employ people. What did Bible Bill Aberhart’s Social Credit Party propose to do to end the Depression? To provide a social dividend of $25.00 per month to each citizen to get money into circulation instead of it sitting in banks. Mitch Hepburn of the Ontario Liberals came to power championing the man in the street. What did he really do with respect to Ontario’s economy? He did little to help the unemployed; he helped suppress strikes. Who did Quebec’s Union Nationale leader Maurice Duplessis blame for the Depression? The English minority that controlled Quebec’s economy. What steps did BC’s Premier Dufferin Pattullo do to counter the Depression? Shorten the work day. Increase the minimum wage. Increase relief payments by 20%. Built a bridge across the Fraser River. Built a new City Hall for Vancouver. What was the federal government’s response to some of his initiatives? Opposed his programs if they infringed on the federal domain. A Change in Government The Rowell-Sirois Commission examined the problems of federal-provincial relations in 1937. It found that disputes over which government had the right to tax was a major issue. What did it recommend? That the federal government get more control of taxation. Give poorer provinces equalization payments. What were equalization payments? A means of transferring wealth from the richer provinces to the poorer so that all citizens would share the same standard of living. How did the richer provinces feel about these recommendations? They objected to giving up their revenue and the loss of provincial powers. Why were the Commission’s recommendations not acted upon? The economy was starting to improve and people were becoming more optimistic; World War II put such issues on the back burner. Distractions from Despair Why were movies, magazines and radio popular during the depression? They provided escape from harsh conditions. Comment on how the Dionne Quintuplets were treated. Varied – put on display by the provincial government in a special hospital. What accomplishments did Grey Owl make? Writer, public speaker, conservationist; hob-nobbed with royalty, prime ministers and public figures. Who was he really? Archie Belaney – an Englishman. The Rise of Dictatorships Identify three totalitarian dictators who came to power in the 1920s and 30s. Josef Stalin Benito Mussolini Adolph Hitler Germany After the War Why did the German people elect Adolph Hitler Chancellor in 1933? He was critical of the Treaty of Versailles treatment of Germany; he claimed he had solutions to the depression. List four things Hitler did to counter the effects of the Depression. Stopped all reparation payments. Started a massive expansion of the armed forces. Rebuilt agriculture though subsidies to farmers. Lots of public works projects (e.g. the autobahn). How did Hitler and the Nazis deal with political opponents? Didn’t allow it – persecuted them. How did Hitler see the German people? As a “master race” of Aryans. How did Hitler and the Nazis treat non-Aryan people? Persecuted by prohibiting them from teaching, attending schools, holding government office, working in professions, writing books; mobs were encouraged to assault them, destroy their homes and businesses; eventually sent to concentration camps. How did Hitler and the Nazis treat people with handicaps? Despised them as they undermined the idea of the “master race”; eventually “liquidated” them. How did Hitler and the Nazis treat people such as communists or homosexuals? Arrested and jailed; sent to concentration camps. What was Kristallnacht? November 9, 1938 – Jewish businesses were attacked. What was the holocaust? Refers to the destruction of over 6 million Jewish people and others by the NAZIs. On the Road to War What was the League of Nations? An international organization established to maintain peace after World War I. How did it fail China? It condemned Japan’s invasion – but did nothing. How did the League fail Ethiopia? It imposed economic sanctions on Italy. Ineffective because oil was not covered by the sanctions. Why was Hitler able to take back the Rhineland in 1936 despite the fact that the Treaty of Versailles declared it to be demilitarized? He gambled that neither the League of Nations nor France would do anything. What stand did Hitler and Mussolini take in the Spanish Civil War? They supported the rebel forces of Franco. What was the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion? 1200 volunteers from Canada who fought on the side of the socialist Spanish government in the Spanish Civil War. Give three examples of how countries like France and Britain appeased Hitler? They did nothing when Hitler took the Rhineland. They let Hitler take Austria in 1938. They allowed Hitler to occupy the German speaking Sudetenland parts of Czechoslovakia in September 1938 and when he took the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. How did Hitler ensure that Russia would not feel threatened by a German invasion of Poland? He signed a non-aggression pact which also agreed to partition Poland. What happened when Hitler invaded Poland on September 3, 1939? Britain and France declared war. Canada’s Response to Growing Tensions What were isolationists in the 1930s? People who felt their country should not get involved in the affairs of others. Why did Canadians not want to get involved in affairs outside of Canada during the 1920s and 1930s? Some thought the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh; some were pacifists who did not want to see thousands of Canadians killed in another war; some felt Canada was not threatened. How did Prime Minister King see Hitler when they met in 1937? He saw him as a kindly and affectionate person who loves his fellow man; that he had no warlike intentions. Why did King not want to get involved with Jewish refugees in 1938? He seemed to see them as a potential cause of internal discord. Do you believe this? Explain. Opinion. What was Canada’s Secretary of State’s opinion about Jewish refugees being allowed to enter Canada? That as long as Canada has unemployed, no Jewish or political refugees would be allowed. What was the position of Immigration Director Fred Blair on Jewish immigration? “None was too many.” What happened to the 900 Jewish refugees aboard the ocean liner St. Louis who were forced to return to Europe? They were forced to return to Europe and many would die in concentration camps during World War II. What do you think Canada’s government should have done for Jewish refugees in this period? Opinion. You might want to watch the movies: The Pianist; The Boys in the Striped Pajamas; Schindler’s List. Canada and World War II Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 5 Canada Declares War What was the Munich Agreement of 1938? Britain and France agreed to Hitler taking over part of Czechoslovakia on the promise that he would cease aggression. What happened in March of 1939? Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia. Why did King George IV and Queen Elizabeth visit Canada in May 1939? To rally support for Britain. Why did Prime Minister King not want a war? Canada had too many scars from WWI; conscription was disruptive; the economy had improved and he didn’t want the expense of a war. What happened on September 1, 1939? Germany invaded Poland. What did Prime Minister King recommend to Parliament on September 8, 1939? That Canada declare war on Germany. What qualification did the Justice Minister put on his and Quebec’s support for the declaration of war? He supported the war but opposed conscription. What did PM King promise Quebec and Parliament? No conscription. What happened on September 10, 1939? Canada declared war. What was the condition of Canada’s armed forces in September 1939? Army had 4500 soldiers, 16 tanks, a few dozen anti-tank guns and no artillery. How many volunteered for service in September alone? 58,330 Who was Tommy Prince? An Aboriginal Canadian; was allowed to enlist at the start of the war; would become Canada’s most decorated soldier by war’s end. What was the government’s response to black volunteers? Initially rejected; later accepted as manpower needs rose. What pay could a private (the lowest ranked soldier) expect? $1.30 per day plus $60.00 per month for a dependent spouse and $30.00 per month for each child. What was the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan? Canada agreed to train air and ground crew; trained 130,000 by war’s end; cost $2.2 billion with Canada paying 70%. Why was PM King glad to have Canada fill this need? Because it kept Canada’s contributions within Canada. Who was C.D. Howe? Minister for the Department of Munitions and Supplies. What powers did he have? Had total control over what companies could produce and responsibility planning and controlling the economy. What was total war? Total management of the economy and work force and capital dedicated to winning the war. Why was it necessary? Opinion. The War in Europe What countries were known as the Allies? Britain and the Commonwealth, France and eventually Russia, China and the USA. What countries were known as the Axis? Germany, Italy and eventually Japan. What was the phony war? The seven months between September 1939 and April 1940 when both sides were gearing up to fight. What was the blitzkrieg? The German tactic of attack with mechanized troops (tanks, mobile artillery, and troops in trucks) supported by aircraft and characterized by rapid advances. Where did the Germans launch their first attacks in April 1940? Denmark and Norway. Where was their next attack (in May 1940)? Netherlands followed by Belgium and France. How was this attack similar to German strategies in WWI? Resembled the Schlieffen Plan. Describe the evacuation of Allied troops at Dunkirk. Varied. What happened on June 22nd? France surrendered. What was Operation Sea Lion? The German plan to invade Britain. What targets did the Germans attack in preparation for invading England? Harbours and shipping facilities in southern England. What defenses did the British have? Radar, Spitfire and Hurricane fight plans, the Royal Navy. Describe the Battle of Britain. Varied – fighter battles, the bombing of English cities. The War Spreads What was Operation Barbarossa? The German plan to invade Russia. What helped the Russians stop this 1941 German invasion of Russia? The Germans got off to a late start and were ill-prepared for winter conditions. What is the significance of the battle of Stalingrad? The Russians and Germans fought over the city in winter; the Germans were eventually surrounded and cut off from supplies; 300,000± Germans surrendered; represented a major turning point in the war. Why did Japan plan to invade US and European colonies in SE Asia? To control resources such as oil rubber and tin in those areas. How did Japan start their attacks? Attacked Pearl Harbor. Why do you think they attacked a military base of such a powerful country? Opinion – if they could destroy the US Navy’s battleships and carriers they would be able to dominate the Pacific. What became of the 1975 Canadian soldiers sent to defend Hong Kong? Killed in battle of taken prisoner. Half of the 555 dead died as prisoners of the Japanese. Canada’s Role in Europe What was Dieppe? An Allied raid on the French port. What was Dieppe’s purpose? To test techniques, equipment and German defenses in preparation for future invasions. Why were Canadian troops chosen for this raid? Opinion – Canadians wanted to get involved in the war. What was the size of Canada’s navy at the start of the war? 13 ships and 1819 sailors. How did Germany try to stop supplies from reaching Britain from North America? U-boats would attack Allied shipping. How did the Allies try to protect its ships? Grouping ships in convoys defended by Canadian warships, land-based bombers and eventually small aircraft carriers. Describe the corvettes Canada built to defend the convoys. Small quick and maneuverable but not especially seaworthy ships. What helped the Allies track the movements of German U-boats? The British obtained a German Enigma machine which enabled the Allies to read their instructions to the U-boats. Why were the Allies able to get materials to Europe despite heavy losses to their ships? Because North America was able to produce far more ships and material than was lost. How big was the Canadian navy by war’s end? 400 vessels, 99,688 men and 6500 women; large enough to provide half of all the escorts across the Atlantic. How big did Canada’s air force get during WWII? 250,000 men and 48 squadrons. What sort of attacks was it making on Germany in mid-1943? Night raids such as the fire bombing of Hamburg. Describe the effects of the raids on cities such as Hamburg as detailed by Johnnie Fauquier. Varied – incendiaries caused hundreds of fires turning the whole city in to a sea of fire; strong winds, little oxygen; thousands of German casualties. What is your opinion of such activities? Opinion. How many Canadian bomber crews died in this war? 10,000± (one quarter of Canada’s casualties in the war. What roles did women have in the RCAF’s women’s division? Clerks, cooks, hospital assistants, drivers, telephone operators, welders, instrument and engine mechanics, some were non-combatant pilots (in the ferry command). The Tide Turns Canadians did not participate in the fighting in North Africa but they did help invade Sicily and Italy. Describe the fighting they faced in towns such as Ortona. Varied – house-to-house street fighting. Which beach did Canadians attack on D-Day during the invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944? Juno How many Canadian soldiers participated in this attack? 30.000 What casualties did they suffer? 359 dead, 715 wounded. What task were Canadian soldiers given in March of 1945? To retake Holland. What conditions were faced by the Dutch in the winter of 1944-1945? Food and fuel were cut off; people were starving; the winter weather was very cold. Why do you think the fighting was so difficult in Holland? The Canadians were undermanned (they had a 1:1 ratio with the Germans instead of the customary 4:1 advantage sought by attacking forces); fighting was over breached dikes and house-to-house. What were the Russians doing while the fighting in France etc. took place? Attacking all along the eastern front into Poland and Germany. The Holocaust Discovered Describe the Nazi’s final solution for eliminating all those they considered “undesirable”. Varied. If you haven’t already seen them you should watch The Pianist or Schindler’s List. Japan Surrenders What happened on August 6 and 9, 1945? Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacked with atomic bombs. What reasons did US Admiral William Leahy give for not using the atomic bomb against Japan? He was opposed to deliberate attacks on civilians; he felt Japan was ready to surrender. What arguments did Colonel Paul Tibbets give to support the use of the atomic bomb against Japan? The objective was to win the war – atomic bombs enabled that and prevented further loss of lives. What did Robert Oppenheimer mean when he said, “We knew the world would not be the same”? Opinion - the genie was out of the bottle and he feared for the future of the world. Suggest reasons why President Harry Truman of the United States decided to allow the use of the atomic bombs instead of some other means to end the war with Japan. Varied opinions. The War at Home How did women help the war effort? Factory workers and filled in for men away at war; released men for combat duties. Why were single women desirable workers in war factories? They had no family obligations and could work long hours. What would contribute to inflation during the war if nothing was done? People had lots of money but there was little available to buy. Competition for goods would cause inflation. How did the government initially hope to stop inflation? Tried to encourage people to buy war bonds with their extra dollars. What steps were taken in 1941? Wages and prices were frozen. What further anti-inflation policy was introduced in 1942? Rationing. Give examples of a weekly ration for a single adult. 1 kg of meat, 220g of sugar, 250g of butter, 115g of coffee. Why were unions able to make gains for workers even though the government tried to restrict their activities? Manpower shortages gave unions an edge in spite of anti-union regulations and laws. What influence did the CCF have on government social policy during the war? Its social programs were increasingly popular and government direction of the economy showed it could be done. PM King brought in unemployment insurance and family allowances. Why did PM King hold a plebiscite or referendum on conscription in April 1942? Canada needed more troops and he wanted to be released from his 1939 promise of no conscription. Why did PM King continue to avoid sending conscripted soldiers overseas until 1944? He didn’t want the hassle. Why was it necessary to send even conscripted soldiers to Europe in 1944? Heavy losses after the invasion of Normandy. What was their reaction? riots How many of the 12000 soldiers sent actually reached the front? 2463 What the War Meant to Canada Describe the effect the War had on Canada’s economy. The value of goods produced increased from $5.6 billion in 1939 to $11.8 billion in 1945; increased exploration for oil. What changes in the relative importance of agriculture and other industries occurred as a result of the War? The manufacturing sector became a larger portion of the economy; cities became more important as large numbers of people moved to them to work in new factories. What attitudes do you think contributed to support for the removal of Japanese-Canadians from coastal BC during WWII? Opinion. Why do you think the property of Japanese-Canadians was confiscated? Opinion. What choices were Japanese-Canadians given after the war ended? Move east of the Rockies or return to Japan. What compensation do you think should have been given the Japanese-Canadian by Canada? Opinion. What “rank” did Canada’s air force and navy have at the end of the War? 3rd largest navy, 4th largest air force. How do you think this might affect Canada’s image of itself on the world stage? Opinion. Canada in the Post-War World Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 6 Introduction Who was Igor Gouzenko? A clerk in the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa. What effect did Gouzenko’s revelations have on how Canadians saw international relations? They encouraged Canada to align itself more closely with the US. The Cold War Begins Why were the USSR and the US reluctant to engage directly in armed conflicts after WWII? They feared the effects of nuclear war. How did they compete? Through proxies in what was known as a cold war. Complete the following chart outlining the differences between the US and USSR.
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