A different Canada Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 1 Society and Manners



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The Trudeau Era


  1. What characteristics made Pierre Trudeau such a change in Canadian politics?

Relaxed and irreverent versus formal and serious.

  1. What did he mean by his plan for a just society?

That government has a duty to protect people’s rights and freedoms and to foster social and economic well-being.

  1. What impacts did the youth culture have on society?

By 1965 half of North America was under age 25; music, hair, clothing, drugs, sexual promiscuity; attracted to various social and political change movements.

  1. What political protests attracted young people?

Anti-Vietnam War; Women’s Movement; environment.

  1. What changes to society were made by government to recognize the increased numbers of young people?

Voting age lowered; drinking age lowered to counter appeal of drug use; employment programs.

  1. What was the me generation?

The older “boomers” of the 1980s and their quest for wealth and self-satisfaction.

  1. What conclusions did the Status of Women Commission reach?

  • Women should have the right to choose to work outside of home.

  • Society (as well as parents) should take some responsibility for children (i.e. subsidized daycare).

  • Women should get paid maternity leave.

  • The federal government should move to eliminate discrimination against women.

  1. What changes in the workplace have resulted from the work of feminists?

Women started to take roles such as engineers, doctors, politicians, and senior executives in greater numbers; many more worked outside of the home.

  1. Who was Rachel Carson?

Author of “Silent Spring” who warned of damage man was causing to the environment.

  1. What sort of protests did Greenpeace conduct in the 1970s?

Protested nuclear testing on an island off the coast of Alaska.

Economic Challenges


  1. What was the effect on Canada of the 1973 OPEC embargo on oil shipments?

Gas and oil prices jumped 400%; inflation soared.

  1. What happened when prices rose in Canada?

Workers demanded wage increases; businesses failed as demand for goods fell; unemployment was the highest since the 1930s; interest rates rose to over 18%.

  1. What trends occurred after the 1970s with respect to family income in Canada?

Women needed to work to supplement family income; by 1978 the average family income started to decline.

  1. Which Canadian industries were hardest hit by the recession of the 1970s?

Resource industries; fishing in the Maritimes; fishing, forestry, and mining in BC. Ontario didn’t suffer as much.

  1. Why were westerners upset that the federal government froze the price of western oil and gas in the 1970s?

They felt that the west was being penalized to benefit the East.

  1. What is a deficit?

When a government spends more than it brings in.

  1. How did Prime Minister Mulroney plan to reduce the federal government’s deficit?

To save money by trimming “social program” spending; stimulate the economy by cutting taxes.

  1. Did his plan work?

No – the 1990 recession caused unemployment and an increased expense in social programs.

  1. How did Prime Minister Chrétien first propose to deal with Canada’s huge debt?

To spend money to create jobs so workers could spend money and boost the economy.

  1. What did Chrétien and his Finance Minister Paul Martin do when interest rates went up?

Made massive cuts in federal spending (i.e. $25.3 billion in three years); cut 40,000 civil service jobs.

  1. What was the impact of Chrétien’s and Martin’s cost cutting on ordinary Canadians?

College tuition when up; health care system suffered; people went homeless; thousands of children and families lived in poverty.

  1. Explain why you agree or disagree that governments should reduce social services in order that they can reduce debt and/or taxes.

Varied.

The Canadian Identity:

One, Two, or Many Nations?

Resource: Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues, Chapter 8


The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

  1. Which Party and leader controlled Quebec in the late 1930s and from 1944 to 1959?


Union Nationale and Maurice Duplessis.

  1. How did Duplessis see Quebec and Canada?


Saw Quebec as a “distinctive nation” and not just as another province in Canada.

  1. How did Duplessis emphasize Quebec’s differences from the rest of Canada?

Created a new provincial flag; opposed growing federal powers.

  1. What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church in this era?

Defender of Quebec culture; praised old values of farm, faith and family; ran schools and hospitals.

  1. What was the focus of education in Quebec in this era?

Religion was important; children were taught to accept authority; the emphasis of education was on the “classics” and not on technology.

  1. What sorts of professions were and were not trained by Quebec’s educational system of the 40s and 50s?

Education focused on lawyers, teachers and clerics; neglected scientists, engineers and business people.

  1. How did Duplessis encourage investment in Quebec?

Provided cheap labour by discouraging unions; low taxes.

  1. How did the Union Nationale Party benefit from this investment?

Received kickbacks from investors and companies.

  1. How would Duplessis’ policies affect French Quebeckers’ view of their place in Quebec?

Varied – may include: French speakers were only in the worker role and cut off from leadership roles in most industries; led to dissatisfaction.

  1. Who was Jean Lesage?

Liberal leader in Quebec; defeated the Union Nationale.

  1. What changes did he and the Liberals introduce in Quebec?

Stamped out corruption; wages and pensions were raised; restrictions on unions re removed; took control of social services; focused on the twentieth century.

  1. Why were these changes called a quiet revolution?

Varied.

  1. What injustices did many Quebeckers feel they received at the hands of English Canadians?

  • Ottawa, the capital, was English speaking.

  • Key Federal cabinet positions did not go to Quebeckers.

  • Questioned why there were no French language schools and hospitals in the rest of Canada.

  • Why was the French majority in Quebec expected to speak English in stores and at work?

  1. What was the “solution” to this according to some young Quebecois?

Quebec should separate.

  1. What was the FLQ?

Front de Liberation du Quebec; dedicated to using force to separate Quebec from Canada.

  1. What action did Rene Levesque take?

Left the Liberals in 1967 and formed the Parti Quebecois in 1968.

  1. Why did Lester Pearson appoint the Bilingualism and Biculturalism Commission when he became Prime Minister?

To look for was to make French speaking people feel more comfortable in the rest of Canada.

  1. Why was a new Canadian flag created in the 1960s?

Quebec thought the “Red Ensign” was too English; it was felt we needed one that symbolized Canada.

Trudeau and Quebec

  1. What actions did Pierre Trudeau take to reduce Quebecois separatist feelings when he became Prime Minister?

Acted on the Bi & Bi Report; passed the Official Languages Act and promoted French in all federal government offices across Canada.

  1. How did western Canadians perceive these actions?

French was being forced on the West while its concerns in Canada were being ignored.

  1. What was the October Crisis?

Varied.

  1. What events occurred during the October Crisis on the dates below?

    • October 5: James Cross (a British diplomat) was kidnapped.

    • October 10: Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was kidnapped when the federal and Quebec governments refused to release prisoners.

    • October 16: troops were sent into Ottawa and Montreal after the War Measures Act was passed.

    • October 17: Laporte’s body was found.

    • December: Cross and his captors were found; kidnappers were given safe conduct to Cuba.

  2. Suggest two reasons why the Parti Quebecois was able to go from 7 to 110 seats in the 1970 election to majority in 1976.

Levesque said that a vote for the PQ would not automatically mean separation.

  1. What was Bill 101?

It made French the only official language in government offices; commercial signs had to be in French; immigrant children had to go to French schools (and not English ones).

  1. How was Bill 101 seen by French speaking Quebeckers?

Welcomed it.

  1. How was it seen by non-francophone Quebeckers?

New immigrants preferred English; seen as oppressive.

  1. What did Rene Levesque and the separatists promote in the 1980 Referendum?

Sovereignty-association (i.e. separate countries with close economic ties).

  1. What did Pierre Trudeau propose to do if the “no” side won?

Negotiate a new constitution.

  1. What problems did Trudeau face when he tried to repatriate the constitution?

How would such a Canadian constitution be amended? Most provinces opposed the Charter of Rights and Freedoms fearing it would make the courts more powerful than the legislature.

  1. How did the notwithstanding clause deal with the objections of most provincial leaders?

Allowed a government to override a clause in the Charter and that 7 out of the 10 provinces representing 50% of the population could change the Constitution which meant that Quebec’s support was not needed.

  1. What was the reaction to this proposal in Quebec?

They did not like the fact that Quebec was not seen as having “distinct status”.

  1. What was the significance of repatriating the constitution?

Canada was now completely independent of Britain.

The Constitution Debate

  1. What did English Canada think was the main issue facing Canada in 1984?

A worsening economy.

  1. What did Quebeckers think was the main issue facing Canada in 1984?

Their relationship with the rest of Canada and the constitution.

  1. Why did Prime Minister Mulroney reopen the constitutional question in 1984?

To get Quebec support in the federal election.

  1. Why did Prime Minister Mulroney think he would be successful convincing Quebec’s government to agree to the constitution?

Rene Levesque was retired and pro-federalist Robert Bourassa was premier.

  1. What concerns did Newfoundland and Alberta have at this time?

Newfoundland wanted more control over its fisheries; Alberta wanted more control of its resources (e.g. oil).

  1. Why did some westerners feel alienated in the early 1980s?

The oil crisis had meant that western oil was sold to the rest of Canada at less than world market prices; a multi-billion dollar contract had gone to the Quebec company Bombardier instead of a Winnipeg company with a better bid.

  1. Suggest reasons why the Reform Party was created in this era.

To be the voice of western Canada; to reform the Senate.

  1. List two amendments to the Constitution which were accepted by the Premiers of the provinces at Meech Lake.

  • Recognized Quebec as a “distinct society”.

  • All provinces could veto a change to the constitution.

  1. How did Pierre Trudeau view the distinct society clause of the Meech Lake Accord?

It would isolate Quebec making it less part of Canada instead of more.

  1. How did Quebeckers see it?

As a way to protect French culture and language.

  1. Why did Elijah Harper oppose the Meech Lake Accord?

It did not recognize Aboriginal people as a distinct nation equal to the French and English.

  1. What was the response of Quebeckers when Manitoba and Newfoundland failed to accept the Meech Lake Accord?

Saw it as a rejection and humiliation; support for separation grew to 64%.

  1. What was the Charlottetown Accord?

An attempt to replace the Meech Lake Accord.

  1. What did it promise?

  • An amending formula similar to that of Meech.

  • An elected Senate.

  • Aboriginal self-government.

  1. What objections did BC voters have?

  • Too much power for Quebec.

  • Why should Quebec have 25% of the seats when it doesn’t have 25% of the population?

  1. What objections did Quebec voters have?

  • Not enough power because most of the Senate seats were given to the west.

  • Aboriginal self-government would have a huge impact in northern Quebec.

  1. What was the result of the 1995 referendum on separation in Quebec?

50.6% said “No”; the federal government passed legislation about the language of a future referendum requiring a clear question and a substantial majority to pass.

  1. What has happened since 1995 to encourage Quebeckers to change their minds about separating from Canada?

Support has been declining.

A Multicultural Nation

  1. What sort of immigrants did Canada encourage from 1918 to 1960?

British and northern Europeans; it was thought they would adapt better to Canadian society.

  1. What changes occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in 1962?

A more open attitude toward immigrants from other cultures.

  1. What changes occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in the late 1960s?

It became officially “colour blind” and focused on education and employment prospects rather than race.

  1. What is multiculturalism?

The celebration of the heritage and cultures of immigrants to Canada.

  1. How was it encouraged in Canada?

Multicultural festivals and activities; heritage language classes in schools.

  1. What change occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in 1976?

Immigration of family members of earlier immigrants was encouraged.

  1. What changes occurred to Canada’s immigration policies in the 1980s?

Attempted to attract immigrants with money and the skills to create jobs in Canada.

  1. Explain why you do or do not think multiculturalism is a good thing for Canadian society.

Opinion.

  1. How is Canada’s cultural mosaic different from the United States’ melting pot.

Opinion.

  1. Quebec has often asked for a greater share of immigrants to Canada and a greater say on who can enter. Why do you think this is so?

Varied.

Aboriginal Nations


  1. When did aboriginal peoples get the right to vote? 1960

  2. Did this have any immediate impact on their quality of life? Explain.

Varied – but essentially no.

  1. Why was the National Indian Brotherhood formed in 1968?

To lobby on behalf of Aboriginal people living on reserves.

  1. Define assimilation.

When a minority group is encouraged to join the mainstream of society giving up their culture and heritage and becoming the same as the majority.

  1. Give several examples of how Canada’s government has tried to assimilate native peoples.

  • Banned special celebrations such as potlatches.

  • Send children away to residential schools often hundreds of miles away from family.

  • End any special privileges for Aboriginal peoples.

  1. What did Pierre Trudeau’s government’s White Paper suggest about how Native Peoples should be treated.

  • End special rights on reserves (e.g. income tax exemption).

  • Encourage Aboriginal people to leave the reserves and move to the cities.

  • End government “taking care” of Aboriginal people.

  1. What was the response of Aboriginal peoples?

Furious – Harold Cardinal suggested it was genocide.

  1. What were residential schools?

Boarding schools for Aboriginal children sponsored by the government and often run by churches; often hundreds of miles away from a child’s home and family.

  1. What replaced them?

Band run schools.

  1. What problems continue to face remote Aboriginal peoples when they try to educate their children?

Lack of high schools and the need to send their teens away for secondary and higher education.

  1. What concerns do you think northern native peoples had about the construction of a pipeline in the McKenzie River valley in the 1970s?

The effect of “foreign” pipeline workers on their communities; the effect of the pipeline on the environment.

  1. Why was the Berger Commission formed?

To listen to Aboriginal concerns.

  1. What did it recommend?

Suspend pipeline construction for 10 years; conduct environmental studies; negotiate financial compensation for the Aboriginal people affected by pipeline construction.

  1. What is happening in this matter in 2005?

A pipeline is again being considered as oil prices rise.

  1. What questions need to be resolved in the matter of native self government?

What form should it take; what areas should be included; how should land and resource claims be resolved?

  1. Why did the confrontation between the Mohawks of the Kanesatke reserve and the Quebec government arise?

A dispute over land claimed as sacred by the Mohawk arose when the town of Oka decided to expand a golf course.

  1. How was the crisis resolved?

Land was purchased and given to the Mohawks by the federal government.

  1. Outline the history of the Nisga’a land claims.

Varied – may cover events from 1887 to 1998.

  1. List seven items agreed to by the Nisga’a and the government when they settled the Nisga’a land claim in 1996.

  • given 8% of the land originally claimed.

  • given $190,000,000 over 15 years as compensation for lost lands.

  • given ownership of the forest in their areas.

  • given partial profits from hydro projects.

  • given partial profits from forestry.

  • allowed their own municipal government.

  • allowed their own police force.

  • gave up tax exempt status.

  1. Why was the 1999 formation of the territory of Nunavut a significant event in the matter of Aboriginal self-government?

Gave Inuit control over 1.6 million square kilometers of the eastern Arctic; suggested that Aboriginal land claims and self-government would be a powerful force for change and in shaping Canada in the twenty-first century.


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