Aflasafe™ pea amendment for usaid/East Africa February 2015

b) Light sandy soils: prevalent in coastal areas and support grazing during rainy season. However, these soils dry quickly and are ill-suited to support forage.

c) Soils of granite/gneiss origin: poor quality soils for agriculture/livestock and common primarily in Mwanza and Tabora (mid-western Tanzania).

d) Red soils: very common throughout much of the central plateau red soils support grazing during the brief rainy seasons, with valuable herbage sustaining into the drier seasons.

f) Mbuga black vertisols: Widespread soils that are essential as a source of grazing during dry seasons.

a) Afro-alpine: afro-alpine ecotype comprises 1 percent of Tanzania’s total area. Afro-alpine ecotype presents above the forest line as moorland, grassland, or barren land. This ecotype offers limited potential or economic value outside of water catchment and tourism.

b) Humid to dry sub-humid: this ecotype comprises 9 percent of Tanzania’s total area. Humid to dry sub-humid ecotype includes forest-derived grasslands and bush with capacity to support forestry or heavy agriculture (e.g., pyrethrum or coffee).

c) Dry sub-humid to semi-arid: 30 percent of Tanzania’s total area is dry sub-humid to semi-arid. This ecotype has no forest potential, instead offering a variable cover of moist woodland, bush or savannah. Trees found in this ecotype are predominantly Brachystegia or Combretum. This zone has high agricultural potential, and large areas support significant grazing.

d) Semi-arid: 30 percent of Tanzania’s total area is semi-arid: The semi-arid ecotype offers limited crop potential limited to sisal or quick maturing cereals. Limitations to potential productive grazing in this ecotype include bush encroachment, leached soils, insufficient water resource and tsetse fly infestation.

e) Arid: 30 percent of Tanzania’s total area is arid ecotype: Arid lands are poorly suited to agriculture, except when fertile soils are present and run-on rainfall available. Pasture most commonly occupied by Commiphora, Acacia as well as perennial grasses (e.g. Cenchrus ciliaris and Chloris spp.)

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  Banana/Coffee/Horticulture system: located in Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Kigoma and Mbeya regions; tree crops, intensive land use, volcanic soils with high fertility.
  
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  Maize/Legume system: Located in Rukwa, Ruvuma, Arusha, Kagera, Shinyanga, Iringa, Mbeya, Kigoma, Tabora, Tanga, Morogoro, Kahama, Biharamulo; shifting cultivation, maize and legumes, beans and groundnuts intercropped, coffee.
  
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  Cashew/Coconut/Cassava system: Located in coast region, eastern Lindi and Mtwara
  
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  Rice/Sugarcane system, and in alluvial river valleys; rice and sugarcane.
  
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  Sorghum/Bulrush Millet/Livestock system: Located in Sukumaland, Shinyanga and rural Mwanza; sorghum, millet, maize and cotton, oilseeds, rice.
  
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  Tea/Maize/Pyrethrum system: Located in Njombe and Mufindi districts in Iringa region; tea, maize, Irish potatoes, beans, wheat, pyrethrum, wattle trees, sunflower.
  
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  Cotton/Maize system: Located in Mwanza, Shinyanga, Kagera, Mara, Singida, Tabora and Kigoma, Morogoro, Coast, Mbeya, Tanga, Kilimanjaro, and Arusha. Atoxigenic strain technology was successfully applied in the US for this type of farming system. Horticulture-based system: Located in Lushoto district, Tanga region, Morogoro region, and Iringa rural in Iringa region; vegetables (cabbages, tomatoes, sweet pepper, cauliflower lettuce and indigenous vegetables), fruits, (pears, apples, plums, passion fruit, avocado), maize, coffee, Irish potatoes, tea, beans.
  
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  Wet Rice irrigated system: Located in river valleys and alluvial plains, Kilombero, Wami Valleys, Kilosa, Lower Kilimanjaro, Ulanga, Kyela, Usangu and Rufijin.
  
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  Pastoralist and Agro-pastoralist system: Located in semi-arid areas, Dodoma, Singida, parts of Mara and Arusha, Chunya districts, Mbeya and Igunga district in Tabora; characterized by livestock and simple cropping systems
  

Institutional Framework

The research centers include Ilonga, KATRIN, Dakawa/Cholima, Kibaha, Mlingano and Mikocheni (Eastern Zone); Maktupora and Hombolo (Central Zone); Ukiriguru and Maruku (Lake Zone); Selian and HORTI-Tengeru (Northern Zone); Naliendele (Southern Zone); Uyole and Kifyulilo (Southern Highlands Zone) and Tumbi (Western Zone).

The main functions of the DRD are (i) to conduct and co-ordinate agricultural research programs in Tanzania in accordance with the national agricultural policy and research priorities; (ii) to recommend the use of research findings; (iii) in collaboration with extension services, to make sure that the research recommendations reach the farming community, especially smallholder farmers; and (iv) to collaborate with other related national, regional and international research institutions.⁵¹

Department of Research, Training, and Extension (DRTE) under the Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries (MLDF) is another government sponsored research agency. Together with DRF of MAFC they account well over half of the country’s agricultural research expenditures and staffing.⁵²

Three additional government agencies conduct agricultural research in Tanzania: the Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) and the Tropical Pesticide Research Institute (TPRI).

Universities. Growth in the higher education sector has strengthened the roles of the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and the University of Dar Es Salaam (UDSM) in conducting public agricultural R&D.⁵³ The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology in Arusha is being developed into a research-intensive institution for postgraduate and post-doctoral studies and research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Tropical Pesticide Research Institute (TPRI) conducts pests and pesticide research and provides training and services in human, animal, plant and ecosystem hygiene, and health and safety. The semi-autonomous institute operates through MAFC. TPRI’s research, training, and services are multi- disciplinary. TPRI was established by Act of Parliament No. 18 of 1979 with a mandate to undertake, promote, evaluate and disseminate findings on the management of pests, pesticides and biological diversity. TPRI is located in Arusha.

TPRI has basic infrastructure for undertaking specialized pest, pesticides and biological research, training and services. Infrastructure for analysis of pesticide residues for environmental, toxicological, agro-product safety and for quality control includes High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC), Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and UV-Visible spectrometer. Facilities for research on pest behavior, biology and ecology include laboratories, pest colonies, animals, experimental rooms, controlled chambers, semi-field trial facilities and field experimental huts.⁵⁴

TPRI has the responsibility for pesticides management and control including registration quality and potency verification and surveillance. To that effect, TPRI has an established pesticides control and registration systems that are governed by the Plant Protection Regulations (1998).

Organizations or individuals seeking to import or introduce pesticides to the Tanzanian market must formally apply to the Registrar of Pesticides. As a follow up to the application, appropriate documents including dossier and draft of the label (in both English and Kiswahili) must be submitted to the Registrar of Pesticides.

When approval is granted to proceed to the next stage, three samples of product are submitted. Two of the samples are submitted for field trials and one sample is submitted for laboratory qualitative and quantitative verification. Duration of verification trials depends upon the number of agricultural seasons needed for the field trials and may take up to three years. The results of field trials and laboratory reports are submitted to the Registrar of Pesticides. The Registrar submits the report to the pesticides registration technical committee, Pesticide Approval and Registration Technical Sub-committee (PARTS).

PARTS is a sub-committee to the National Plant Protection Advisory Committee (NPPAC) established under Section 31 of the Act. The NPPAC consists of representatives from relevant Departments of Government responsible for agriculture, health, environment, natural resources, justice and finance. The committee can include representatives from institutions of higher learning and international and national organizations and private sector.

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  The National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
  
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  The National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC)
  
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  The Directorate of Environment (DoE); and
  

The NEAC is an advisory body to the Minister on all matters relating to the protection and management of the environment and environmental degradation. The Director of Environment (DoE) within the Ministry has coordination, promotion and advisory functions.

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  Formulate and promulgate Tanzania standards in all sectors of the country’s economy.
  
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  Undertake the testing of product samples drawn by providing facilities for the examination and testing.
  
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  Implement the promulgated standards through a third party.
  
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  Certification Schemes, i.e. approve, register, and control the use of “brands” or markers to indicate standard or quality.
  
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  To undertake calibration of industrial and commercial measuring equipment and instruments in the areas of mass, length, volume, energy, temperature
  

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  Total Aflatoxins: 10 ppb
  

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  Aflatoxin B1: 5 ppb
  
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  Baby foods: Total Aflatoxins: 5 ppb; Aflatoxin B1: 1 ppb ⁶¹