Aflasafe™ pea amendment for usaid/East Africa February 2015
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- Awareness Raising and Demand Creation
- Registration of aflasafe
- Establishment of Manufacturing
- Manufacturing Processes and Production of aflasafe
- Post-Production Storage and Distribution
- Food Safety Surveillance
- Attachment A – List of Preparers
Gap AnalysisBio-control Research and DevelopmentOnly initial contacts for product research and development have been established in Uganda. IITA has established the initial contacts in Uganda with NaCRRI and Makerere University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition. Strains identification was initiated. At the time of the PEA, NaCRRI scientists including Dr. James Ogwang, Director, Dr. Godfrey Asea, Cereals Research Programme Leader and Julius Sserumag, Cereals Program researchers said that they are developing a work plan for identification of unique and naturally-occurring atoxigenic A. flavus strains. Scientists at Makerere University were awaiting further communications from IITA. Collaboration and communication needs. While NaCRRI is actively involved in the process, Makerere is awaiting to be informed about their potential involvement after initial contacts were made. Collaboration and communications among various institutions needs to be assessed further. In Uganda, there was still no knowledge about aflasafe to express any opinion on potential environmental and human health risks. The most common response was that if similar product is used in other countries, particularly in Kenya, there will be more confidence in the safety of this product. At the research stage, registration and commercialization of any product is not under consideration by other institutions. Research and development capacity and training requirements need to be assessed further. According to Dr. Kaaya, the Head of Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, in Uganda studies on aflatoxins were first conducted following their discovery in the 1960s.114 Dr. Kaaya is the co-author of the Management of Aflatoxins in Groundnuts, Manual for Farmers, Processors, Traders and Consumers in Uganda.115 The manual states that in Uganda, testing for aflatoxins can be conducted at Makerere University’s Department of Food Science and Technology and at UNBS laboratories. In the manual, Dr. Kaaya addresses methods for testing for aflatoxins and describes inherent difficulties. Stakeholders at MAAIF, UNBS, NARO, NaCRRI and Makerere believe that Uganda has the needed research capacity, science know-how and laboratory infrastructure. However, they also emphasize the needed improvements. Dr. Kaaya emphasized the high cost of laboratory testing, limited number of laboratories and the need to improve services. NaCRRI researchers emphasized the need for further specialized training and capacity building. Awareness Raising and Demand CreationAs was stated by Dr. Kaaya in his presentation Overview of Aflatoxin Problem in Uganda, there is a low level of awareness about aflatoxins in Uganda and limited enforcement by UNBS.116 Awareness building and training of stakeholders will be necessary. As in other countries where Aflatoxin Policy and Program for the East Africa Region (APPEAR) is implemented, development and implementation of awareness raising strategy of risks posed by aflatoxins to human and animal health will be necessary. According to stakeholders in Uganda, awareness building must emphasize integrated approach to combating aflatoxins including Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Storage Practices (GSP), and Good Hygienic Practices (GHP). Registration of aflasafeAccording to the Commissioner of the Crop Inspection and Certification Department, Robert Karayija, the process for approval of bio-pesticides follows the same general process as that for chemicals. At this stage, there is no separate regulation and set of standards for bio-pesticides under the Agricultural Chemicals Control Act. However, clearance has to be obtained from the National Biosafety Committee. Interviews with stakeholders have not identified apparent barriers to registration in Uganda. Dr. Karayija emphasized that government institutions and general public in Uganda are very receptive to introduction of bio-controls and have experience with bio-control products. National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL) and NaCRRI scientists said they believe that in Uganda there is less resistance to innovation than in neighboring countries citing past Uganda experience with biological control programs addressing cassava mosaic disease and water hyacinth. Nevertheless, it can be reasonably anticipated that once the process moves from the research and development to the registration phase, concerns similar to those voiced in other countries regarding biosafety, environmental impacts, food safety and occupational health risks will need to be addressed. As pointed out by Dr. Agaba Friday, Community Health Department, Ministry of Health, “before conducting a Confined Laboratory Trial (CFT) or possible commercialization phase, clearance has to obtained from the Uganda National Council of Science & Technology (National Biosafety Committee), and the National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) which regulates introduction of biological controls in Uganda.” Establishment of ManufacturingThe physical environment in Uganda including availability of land, water and human resources are conducive to development of a manufacturing facility. The business environment may prove more challenging. According to the Global Competitiveness Index 2012-2013 released by the World Economic Forum, Uganda is ranked at 123, out of 144 countries surveyed, two steps down from the 121 position it held the previous year. Corruption, poor public health and bureaucracy in the process of starting a business have continued to erode Uganda’s global competitiveness.117 Inadequate funding will pose a challenge to government support for aflasafe manufacturing and distribution. Manufacturing Processes and Production of aflasafeTraining and capacity building will be needed to establish adequate QA/QC mechanisms. The legal framework in Uganda addresses occupational safety and health and regulatory environmental compliance. However, the law enforcement is still in very early nascent stages. Post-Production Storage and DistributionUganda has limited number of wholesale input suppliers but a growing number of small input agro-dealers. In some rural areas, access to agro-inputs is still very limited. Small agro-dealers have limited space and technical capacity to provide services to farmers. Counterfeit products and adulteration are reportedly very prevalent. However, it should be also noted that the government of Uganda and international donor community is investing in capacity and training of the agricultural input sector stakeholders. There are ongoing USAID and other donor funded projects that work on strengthening the agricultural inputs value chain. These projects, in collaboration with agricultural NGOs such as UNADA and CropLife, build agro-input dealer capacity, contribute to improved product distribution networks and services, and introduce programs such as the e-Verification to combat prevalence of counterfeit products in Uganda. Use of aflasafeUganda has very limited Agricultural Extension capacity and NAADS does not have sufficient manpower. Training and guidance in use of agricultural inputs is usually provided to farmers by the agro-dealers who sometimes receive formal training but more commonly are trained by larger input suppliers. As stated above, international donor community and local NGOs also provide training and work on building capacity of agro-dealers. Training and capacity building in aflasafe use cannot rely on Agricultural Extension and must take into consideration Uganda agro-input networks. Training must include understanding of the label and use of personal protective equipment. Food Safety SurveillanceIn Uganda, the institutions responsible for food safety fall under the MoH, MAAIF and the Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry (MTTI). The multi-agency system, fragmentation of the infrastructure and limited resources are likely to limit the capacity for implementing effective food safety surveillance in Uganda. Attachment A – List of PreparersPatrick Hall; Team Leader. Mr. Hall is an international development professional specializing in environmental impact assessment and natural resource management. A trained planner, Mr. Hall is highly proficient in USAID environmental procedures and the integration of best management practices, particularly in the area of agriculture and food security. He has research and field team leadership experience, and has implemented radio-based outreach to promote water and soil conservation programs. He is also an experienced trainer, having designed and facilitated multi-day workshops in Asia, and throughout Africa. His work in Africa goes back nearly 20 years, to his time as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Rep. of Congo. He has additional work experience in Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe, most of it supporting a range of USAID development objectives in the region. Mr. Hall is currently a Senior Associate at The Cadmus Group, Inc., where he oversees and implements a variety of contracts and projects on behalf of the company’s international development practice. He holds a bachelor’s in history from the University of Missouri-Columbia and a master’s in Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning from Tufts University. John Martin; Risk Assessor. Mr. Martin is a risk assessor specializing in chemical fate and transport in the environment, human health and ecological risk assessment, analytical methods, and pesticides. For the past two years, he has been preparing and providing critical review and revision to Pesticide Evaluation Reports and Safer Use Action Plans (PERSUAPs) for USAID-supported projects across sub-Saharan Africa, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, and Togo. Originally trained as an organic chemist, he spent more than seven years in the Pharmaceutical industry prior to becoming an environmental scientist. He holds a B.S. in Chemistry from Worcester Polytechnic Institute and a M.S. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Tufts University. Dr. John Azu; Field Agronomist. Dr. Azu is an agronomist and natural resource and environmental management specialist with 34 years of post-doctoral specialization in environmentally sound design and management training, program design and management, export development for fresh horticultural produce, and value chain analysis and development. He has also worked with gender mainstreaming, institutional capacity assessment/strengthening, curriculum and training materials development, and the development of monitoring and evaluation systems. Dr. Azu, a commercial farmer, has been engaged in the establishment and management of commercial farms and provided a range of consultancy services to local and international organizations, gold mining companies and NGOs. He has helped to conduct USAID-funded environmental assessments and provided training in environmentally sound design including USAID’s Reg. 16 compliance work in Ghana, Ethiopia, Niger, Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Dr. Azu has extensive experience working with teams in the design, management, and evaluation of natural resources and environmental activities. Stella Siegel; Food Safety and Production Specialist. Ms. Siegel is an international development professional with expertise and experience in regulatory environmental compliance. Her educational background is in food technology, environmental risk assessment and business administration. Ms. Siegel’s work experience includes ensuring environmental compliance of international projects, conducting environmental impact assessments, developing environmental plans and reports, and integrating environmental compliance planning into new project design. She developed, implemented and managed technical assistance donor-funded projects in the US and overseas. She also provided technical leadership to develop Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and worked to establish environmental compliance policies, procedures and knowledge sharing systems throughout the headquarters and field offices. Ms. Siegel has also designed and delivered training on environmental compliance. Her regional experience includes US, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Africa, the Middle and Latin America. Dr. Nelson Amugune; Plant Geneticist. Dr. Amugune is a botanist by profession specializing in genetics. A trained plant biotechnologist, Dr. Amugune has wide experience in tissue culture, transformation and environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. He has research and team experience having participated in the International Project on GMO Environmental Risk Assessment Methodologies (GMO ERA) that was involved in drafting of guidelines for use in environmental risk assessment of Bt maize and cotton in Kenya, Brazil and Vietnam. He was also the Assistant Kenyan Coordinator of the Capacity Building for Biosafety and Ecological Impact Assessment of Transgenic Plants in East Africa (Biosafe Train) Program that was aimed at training of postgraduate students in environmental risk assessment. The program also involved conducting workshops on the safe use of biotechnology by relevant government agencies and other stakeholders in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Dr. Amugune, with 21 years’ experience in biotechnology, is currently a Senior Lecturer at the University of Nairobi, School of Biological Sciences where he is involved in teaching and research. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Education (Science) from Kenyatta University, Masters in Genetics and Ph.D. in Botany (Genetics) both from the University of Nairobi. Michael Minkoff; EIA Specialist. Mr. Minkoff is an International development professional with specialization in environmental impact assessment and regulatory environmental compliance. With educational background in international environmental policy and political economy, Mr. Minkoff’s work experience includes technical review and evaluation of USAID environmental compliance documentation and implementation. Mr. Minkoff has provided oversight and support as an environmental impact assessment specialist on two prior USAID Programmatic Environmental Assessments, one evaluating promotion of agribusinesses to improve agricultural efficiency, the other reviewing rehabilitation of rural feeder roads. His international work experience extends 7 years, with experience in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Chile, Liberia, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, Rep. of Georgia, and Kosovo. Mr. Minkoff is currently a Senior Analyst at The Cadmus Group, Inc., where he supports oversight and implementation of international environmental management contracts and projects on behalf of the company’s international practice. He holds a bachelor’s in political philosophy from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a master’s in Law and Diplomacy from the Fletcher School at Tufts University. attachment b – stakeholders consulted
*Field Team A: Patrick Hall, John Azu, Nelson Amugune **Field Team B: Michael Minkoff, Stella Siegel ***Full PEA Team: Patrick Hall, John Azu, Nelson Amugune, Michael Minkoff, Stella Siegel 1 The review draft of the core aflasafe PEA was submitted to USAID/East Africa for review and comment on 25 July 2014. This reference will be updated upon final USAID approval of the core aflasafe PEA. 2 Variants of aflasafe integrate atoxigenic strains of A. flavus that are native to the region(s) in which the products will be used. 3 East African Community. Terms of Reference: EAC Regional Experts Working Group on Aflatoxins (REWGA) Control 4 Ibid. 5 WWF Web site: TERRESTRIAL ECOREGIONS: http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/ecoregion_list/ 6 Feed the Future. Accessed via the Internet on 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.feedthefuture.gov/country/kenya 7 U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (USCIA) World Factbook, Kenya. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html 8 KALRO was established by the Government of Kenya in late 2014. It was created by aligning the remit of its predecessor entity—the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)—with the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Act of 2013. 9 Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.kari.org/node/39 10 Kenya Maize Development Program. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.acdivoca.org/site/ID/kenyaKMDP 11 Lewis, et al. Aflatoxin Contamination of Commercial Maize Products during an Outbreak of Acute Aflatoxicosis in Eastern and Central Kenya. Environmental Health Perspectives. Dec 2005; 113(12): 1763–1767. 12 USCIA. 2014. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook, Kenya. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html 13 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/kenya/index.stm 14 Water for Agriculture and Energy in Africa: the Challenges of Climate Change Conference. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.sirtewaterandenergy.org/docs/reports/Kenya-Draft2.pdf 15 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/kenya/index.stm 16 Convention on Biological Diversity. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=ke#facts 17 United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/Kenya.pdf 18 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/kenya/index.stm 19 Water for Agriculture and Energy in Africa: the Challenges of Climate Change Conference. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.sirtewaterandenergy.org/docs/reports/Kenya-Draft2.pdf 20 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/kenya/index.stm 21 Irrigation Potential and Investment Return in Kenya. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.sciencedirect.com./science/article/pii/S0306919214000712?np=y 22 Water for Agriculture and Energy in Africa: the Challenges of Climate Change Conference. Accessed via the Internet 28 July, 2014 at: http://www.sirtewaterandenergy.org/docs/reports/Kenya-Draft2.pdf 23 Kenya Ministry of Agriculture. Accessed via the Internet on 29 July, 2014 at: http://www.kilimo.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=11&Itemid=3 24 Personal communication with Ruth Kyatha, Executive Committee Member, MoA, 9 June 2014; via teleconference from Nairobi, Kenya. 25 Kenya Pest Control Products Board. Accessed via the Internet 29 July, 2014 at: http://www.pcpb.or.ke/ 26 Personal communication with Dr. Opiyo, Managing Director, PCPB, 12 June, 2014; Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya. 27 Personal communication with Esther Kimani and Mellon Kabole, KEPHIS, 19 June 2014; Karen, Nairobi, Kenya. 28 Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization. Accessed via the Internet 5 February, 2015 at: http://www.kalro.org/about_us 29 Personal communication with Dr. Charles Kariuki, Centre Director, KARI Katumani, 11 June, 2014; Katumani, Kenya. 30 National Irrigation Board. Accessed via the Internet 8 October, 2014 at: http://www.nib.or.ke/about-nib/vision-mission-core-values.html 31 National Irrigation Board. Accessed via the Internet 8 October, 2014 at: http://www.nib.or.ke/media-centre/news-events/136-new-ministry.html 32 Kenya National Environment Management Authority. Accessed via the Internet 29 July, 2014 at: http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80:mission-vision-a-mandate&catid=78&Itemid=467 33 Personal communication with Margaret Wainoi Njuki, Chief Compliance Officer, NEMA, 13 June, 2014; Nairobi, Kenya. 34 Personal communication with Dr. Kepha Ombacho, Director, Public Health, MoH, 13 June, 2014; Nairobi, Kenya. 35 Kenya Medical Research Institute. Accessed via the Internet 30 July, 2014 at: http://www.kemri.org/index.php/about-kemri/background 36 Personal communication with Dr. Christine Bii, Principal Research Officer, KEMRI, 10 June, 2014; Nairobi, Kenya. 37 Personal communication with Dr. Opiyo, Managing Director, PCPB, 12 June, 2014; Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya. 38 Personal communication with Dr. Charity Mutegi, East Africa Aflasafe Coordinator—APPEAR Project, IITA, 9 June, 2014; Nairobi, Kenya. 39 KALRO is the registrant of aflasafe KE01 in Kenya (with significant backing from IITA and the USG), and the native strains of atoxigenic A. flavus that constitute the product’s active ingredient are the Intellectual Property of the GoK. IITA believes that Kenyan “ownership” of this type of bio-control product is critical to overcoming misconceptions over the development and use of bio-pesticides and promoting widespread adoption. 40 The cost of transporting aflasafe from Nigeria to Kenya is estimated to add approximately $1USD per treated hectare (ha) (i.e., it costs $1 to transport 10 kg of aflasafe, or about 4 percent of the product cost). While this additional transportation cost may in the short term not be considered high, long-term commercial success will depend on establishment of manufacturing facilities in Kenya. 41 Personal communication with Dr. Opiyo, Managing Director, PCPB, 12 June, 2014; Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya. 42 Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 43 Index mundi. 2014. Tanzania Economy Profile 2014. http://www.indexmundi.com/tanzania/economy_profile.html 44 http://www.daff.gov.za/docs/researchP/Tanzania.pdf 45 Thomson Reuters Foundation. 2014. Tanzanian farmers look to science - and tradition - to resist drought. http://www.trust.org/item/?map=tanzanian-farmers-look-to-science-and-tradition-to-resist-drought/ 46 USAID. 2012. Adapted from USAID’s Tanzania Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAEA222.pdf 47 USCIA. 2014. U.S. CIA World Factbook, Tanzania. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html 48 This section is excerpted nearly verbatim from 2011 USAID Tanzania Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment. 49 Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP – Tanzania). 2013. ASDP – An Overview. http://www.pmoralg.go.tz/menu-data/programmes/ASDP/ 50 Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH). 2014. About Us. http://www.costech.or.tz/?page_id=1593 51 European Commission. 2013. Seeds and Agriculture Research Processes in Tanzania: The case of small scale farmers’ participation in setting research agenda. http://www.repaoc.org/insard/images/files-pdf/Seeds%20and%20Agriculture%20Research%20in%20Tanzania.pdf 52 Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Worldwide, Facilitated by IFPRI. Tanzania. http://www.worldwide-extension.org/africa/tanzania 53 Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, Facilitated by IFPRI. 2010. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/pdf/Tanzania-Note.pdf 54 Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, PROFILE, 2008. 55 The Plant Protection Act. 1997. The Plant Protection Regulations. 1998. https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20130423/1285751195_The_Plant_Protection_Act_No_13_o_2013042321%3A18En.pdf 56 Development Bank of South Africa. 2007. Handbook on Environmental Assessment Legislation in the SADC Region. Chapter 15: Tanzania. http://www.saiea.com/dbsa_book/tanzania.pdf 57 http://www.tfnc.or.tz/eng/aboutus/index.htm 58 Overview of the Roles of Various Institutions and Regulatory Framework for Aflatoxin Control in Tanzania, Raymond N. Wigenge, Director of Food Safety, Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA). 59 Tanzania Ministry of Labour and Employment and the Occupational Safety and Health Authority. 2013. A Performance Audit Report on the Management of Occupational Health and Safety in Tanzania. http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/1111_sw.pdf 60 The CODEX alimentarus commission is responsible for implementation of the joint World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization Food Standards Program, that develops standards meant to promote food safety and ensure fair prices. 61 Existing Codes of Practice and Commodities Standards, presentation by Theresia Hubert Kessy, Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Assessment for Aflatoxin Workshop, 3rd and 4th December, 2012. http://slideplayer.us/slide/680401/ 62 Government Chemist Laboratory Agency (GCLA) (Tanzania). 2014 Welcome to GCLA. http://www.gcla.go.tz/ 63 Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA). 2013. http://www.tfda.or.tz/ 64 ResearchGate. 2013. What are atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains? http://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_atoxigenic_Aspergillus_flavus_strains 65 Personal communication with Dr. Martin Kimanya, Head of National Steering Committee on Mycotoxins, Dean of Agriculture at COCSE. 11 June, 2014. 66 Happy is a researcher in the Department of Research at the MAFSC, working under the supervision of Dr. Omari Mponda. 67 Ibid. 68 Abt Associates. 2013. Country and Economic Assessment for Aflatoxin Contamination and Control in Tanzania, Preliminary Findings. http://www.aflatoxinpartnership.org/uploads/Tanzania%20Country%20Assessment.pdf 69 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 2014. Status of development, registration and use of bio-pesticides in Tanzania. http://www.slideshare.net/ILRI/bioinnovate-ngwediagi-may2014 70 Registration forms are available at the NEMC Web site: http://www.nemc.or.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=185 71 Personal communication with Dr. Mateete Bekunda (Farming Systems Agronomist) and Dr. Simon Boniface on 09 & 10 June, 2014, respectively. Both are representatives of IITA, Africa RISING. 72 USAID. 2010. Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment. http://www.encapafrica.org/documents/biofor/USAID_Burundi_ETOA_Final_PUBLIC_0928.pdf 73 USCIA. 2013. The World Factbook, Country Comparison: GDP – Per Capita. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html?countryname=Burundi&countrycode=by®ionCode=afr&rank=225#by 74 USCIA. 2013. The World Factbook, Burundi. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html 75 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2013. East African agriculture and climate change, Chapter 3, Burundi: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr181ch03.pdf 76 Burundi, Ministry of Water, Environment, Land Management, and Urban Planning 2009, as cited by http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr181ch03.pdf 77 Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2014. Burundi – Topography. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Burundi-TOPOGRAPHY.html 78 IFPRI. 2013. East African agriculture and climate change, Chapter 3, Burundi: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr181ch03.pdf 79 ibid 80 ibid 81 ibid 82 Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU). http://isabu-bi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=226&Itemid=276&lang=en 83 USAID. 2010. Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment. http://www.encapafrica.org/documents/biofor/USAID_Burundi_ETOA_Final_PUBLIC_0928.pdf 84 Bureau Burundais de Normalisation et Contrôle de la Qualité (BBN). 2012. Welcome to BBN Web site. http://bbn-burundi.org/ 85 HPLC performs separation of mycotoxins as part of quantitative analysis of organic molecules (see: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23614683) and indications from stakeholder meetings were that CNTA successfully completed a trial analysis of aflatoxins. This trial was recently completed at time of writing, and meetings with other stakeholders suggest that if this capacity is in place within Burundi, it is still not known among many relevant stakeholders. 86 Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment. Burundi. http://www.eia.nl/en/countries/af/burundi/background 87 Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Burundi). 2012. Global Agriculture and Food Security Program. https://www.gafspfund.org/sites/gafspfund.org/files/Documents/2-Burundi%20GAFSP%20Proposal.pdf 88 Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment. Burundi. http://www.eia.nl/en/countries/af/burundi/background 89 IITA indicate that a first round of sampling, from low- and medium-altitude geographies throughout the country, has been completed with a sampling of high-altitude areas upcoming. 90 Different stakeholders indicated different levels of in-country capacity regarding analysis of aflatoxins. CNTA and Min. of Ag offices suggested that the CNTA laboratory had sufficient capacity and had completed analysis of aflatoxins. However, conversation with other stakeholders, such as IITA representatives in Burundi, noted that such capacity was not present within Burundi. At minimum, this highlights a lack of coordination (and perhaps trust and cooperation) across relevant stakeholders within the country. 91 Stakeholder interviews indicated that it is unlikely that MoPH has taken further action (e.g. conduct of epidemiological studies on diseases historically linked to aflatoxin-exposure). 92 Burundi’s provinces are sub-divided into communes. These communes are further sub-divided into “collines.” This section will refer to “collines” as “communities.” 93 However, some stakeholders still note that sensitization efforts still need to make further inroads with officials at Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Commerce, as well as within the Private Sector, and among consumers and exporters. 94 Personal communication with Joseph Nduwimana, Permanent Secretary, MINAGRIE, Adelin Ntungumburanye, MINAGRIE, and Zenon Nsananikiye, MINAGRIE 18 June 2014. 95 USCIA World Factbook. Accessed via the Internet 4 October, 2014 at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html 96 IFPRI. 2013. East African agriculture and climate change, Chapter 12, Uganda. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr181ch12.pdf 97 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) (Uganda). 2010. State of the Environment Report for Uganda. http://apps.unep.org/publications/pmtdocuments/-State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%20-%202010%20-%20Uganda%20-2010SOER%202010.pdf 98 NEMA (Uganda). 2009. Uganda, Atlas of Our Changing Environment. http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch1.pdf 99 USCIA. 2014. World Factbook, Uganda. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html 100 USA Today. Weather & Climate in Uganda. http://traveltips.usatoday.com/weather-climate-uganda-59268.html 101 Kaggwa, R. R. Hogan, and B. Hall (Eds.). 2009. Enhancing the Contribution of Weather, Climate and Climate Change to Growth, Employment and Prosperity. http://www.unpei.org/sites/default/files/e_library_documents/uganda-contribution-weather-climate-climatechange-final.pdf 102 IFPRI. 2011. Institutional rivalry and organizational challenges in agriculture administration—the case of the Agricultural Planning Department and the PMA Secretariat in Uganda, UGANDA STRATEGY SUPPORT PROGRAM (USSP) Policy Note No. 12. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ussppn12.pdf 103 Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) (Uganda). http://www.agriculture.go.ug/userfiles/RPLRP PESTICIDES%20MANAGEMENT%20PLAN.pdf 104 Uganda Legal Information Institute. 2007. Agricultural Chemicals (Control) Act. http://www.ulii.org/content/agricultural-chemicals-control-act-2007 105 MAAIF (Uganda). 2014. http://www.agriculture.go.ug/ 106 National Agricultural Research Institute (NARO) (Uganda). 2014. http://www.naro.go.ug/About%20NARO/aboutnaro.htm 107 National Crops Resources Research Institute (Uganda). 2014. http://www.nacrri.go.ug/index.php?page=about&sl=2&sd=1 108 Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS). 2014. http://www.unbs.go.ug/ 109 Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) (Uganda). 2012. MWE Structures. http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23&Itemid=181 110 Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. (UNCST). 2014. About UNCST. http://www.uncst.go.ug/about-us/217.html 111 Ejalu, P.B. 2008. U.S. and Ugandan Food Safety Systems : A Challenge to Create Development Partners. http://www.iflr.msu.edu/uploads/files/Student%20Papers/US_Ugandan_Food_Safety_Systems.pdf 112 Tetra Tech. 2014. Uganda : Feed the Future Ag Inputs. http://www.tetratechintdev.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=546%3Auganda-feed-the-future-ag-inputs&Itemid=59&lang=us 113 Uganda National Agro-Input Dealers Association (UNADA). 2014. http://www.unada.org/index.php 114 Kaaya, N.A. and H.L. Warren. 2005. A Review of Past and Present Research on Aflatoxin in Uganda. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, Vol. 5, No. 1. http://www.bioline.org.br/request?nd05010 115 Okello, D.K., A.N. Kaaya, J. Biskwa, M. Were and H.K. Oloka. 2010. Management of Aflatoxins in Groundnuts., National Agricultural Research Organisation in collaboration with Makerere University. http://www.naro.go.ug/Information/narodocuments/groundnut%20aflatotoxin%20mgt%20manual%20Uganda.pdf 116 Kaaya, A.N. Overview on Aflatoxin Problem in Uganda. http://programmes.comesa.int/attachments/article/173/Uganda_Aflatoxin.pdf 117 Trademark East Africa. 2014. http://www.trademarkea.com/uganda-slides-further-in-business-competitiveness/ Directory: repository -> doc doc -> Doc 9718 an/957 Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation doc -> Cancun convention & visitors bureau trends and Economy Report – September 2009 repository -> 8th grade English Language Department Taldykorgan Tasks for Olympiad 8 doc -> Republic of Kosovo Government Ministry of Economic Development doc -> Reporte inteligenicia doc -> Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (persuap) doc -> Initial environmental examination (iee) and/or categorical exclusion doc -> Initial environmental examination program/activity data: Program/Activity Number doc -> Doc 9718 an/957 Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation Download 4.37 Mb. Share with your friends:
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