Aflasafe™ pea amendment for usaid/East Africa February 2015
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- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF)
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO)
- The Public Agricultural Research Institutes (NARI)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI)
- National Agricultural Advisory Services Organization (NAADS)
- Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS)
- UNBS Government Chemistry Analytical Laboratory
- National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
- Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST)
- Ministry of Health (MoH)
- Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development
- Agricultural Inputs Value Chain
- Uganda National Agro-Dealers Association (UNADA)
- USAID supported agricultural input activities
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Climate. Uganda’s climate is heavily shaped by its own topography and that of surrounding regions. High mountains along some of its margins, an elevated plateau and lakes, including Lake Victoria, the biggest lake in Africa, exert a strong influence. The expanse of elevated terrain results in a more moderate climate than otherwise would be expected by the country's equatorial location. Because of its equatorial position, high rainfall, and numerous lakes, the relative humidity is high in most parts of the country throughout the year especially in the southern and central parts of Uganda.A modified equatorial climate characterized by consistently high temperatures and humidity as well as substantial annual rainfall defines much of the Victoria shore and central Uganda as well as the southwestern highlands. Northern Uganda has drier, more seasonal climates culminating in the hot, semi-arid country of the northeast. In general, the high plateau trends from tropical-savanna to temperate climates with increasing elevation.100 In general, most parts of the country experience fairly well marked rainy and dry seasons. The rainfall amounts vary over the country’s regions. The districts located within the Lake Victoria Basin, the eastern and the north-western parts of the country receive the most rainfall. Karamoja rainfall averages less than 800 mm per year. The rainfall peaks in May and July while the driest months are December and January, which are characterized by extensive burning of the predominant shrub vegetation. In the western region, the mean annual rainfall is between 875-1000 mm. However, on the higher plateaus of the region, the rainfall is over 1250 mm. Parts of eastern and northeastern Uganda periodically experience flooding, water logging and landslides due to erosion and heavy rains. Observations indicate recent rainfall events are heavier and more violent than historical comparisons. The western, northern, and northeastern districts are experiencing long droughts, which are becoming more frequent.101 The temperature and humid environment found in Uganda make it optimal for growth of A. flavus/parasiticus and subsequent production of aflatoxins in the produce.
Institutional FrameworkAgriculture is arguably the most important economic sector in Uganda. It accounts for nearly 20 percent of GDP and 48 percent of exports. It employs 73 percent of the working population and provides the largest proportion of raw materials for industry. With its strategic importance to the country and the extensive interests which it serves, the agricultural sector in Uganda is constituted by a diverse range of institutions. The many stakeholders and institutional relationships are depicted in Figure 2.102 
Figure 2: Institutional Framework, Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF)—The government has the overall responsibility to regulate the introduction, availability, distribution and use of pesticides in the country. Within MAAIF, there is an established the Chemical Control and Registration Board (CCRD) that provides oversight to testing, registration and/or de‐registration of newly introduced and/or old pesticides on the market. Before sale or distribution of a pesticide, a registration from MAAIF must be obtained. Pesticide samples obtained from distributors are deposited at MAAIF, and through CCRD suitable institutions with capacity are identified to test the chemicals for effectiveness against target pests and diseases. The results obtained are analyzed and technical reports are submitted to the Board for consideration for registration. Other considerations for registration include whether the performance of the pesticide is in conformity with the label directions, has no adverse effects to humans, wildlife, aquatic organisms and plants.103 The Agricultural Chemicals (Control) Act, 2007 controls and regulates the manufacture, storage, distribution and trade in, use, importation and exportation of agricultural chemicals and for other related matters. Section 5 of the Act establishes the composition of the Board that includes representatives of NARO, academia, private sector and relevant government agencies.104 MAAIF Crop Resources Directorate support sustainable, market oriented crop production, pest and disease control and quality and safety of plants/plant products. Its key departments include: Crop Production Department; Crop Protection Department; and Crop Inspection and Certification Department. Most recently the responsibility for agro-inputs regulation and oversight has been assigned to the Crop Inspection and Certification Department.105 National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO)—NARO is the apex body for guidance and coordination of all agricultural research activities in the national agricultural research system in Uganda. NARO is a public institution established by an act of Parliament, which was enacted in November 2005. The Public Agricultural Research Institutes (NARI)—These institutes are semi-autonomous research management entities under the policy guidance of the National Agricultural Research Organization for the purpose of providing agricultural research services. Public agricultural research institute are autonomous in their operations relating to the implementation of its programs, allocation and management of its resources in accordance with its approved annual programs and budget as approved by the council. The public agricultural research institutes are of two categories: National Agricultural Research Institutes, which manage and carry out agricultural research of a strategic nature and of national importance; and Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institutes (ZARDIs), which manage and carry out agricultural research whether applied or adaptive for a specific agro-ecological zone.106 National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI)—NaCRRI is one of the six NARIs under the policy guidance and co-ordination of the NARO. NaCRRI is mandated to conduct, carry out research and knowledge generation. NACRRI research programs include research of cereals, legumes, sweet potatoes, horticulture and oil palm.107 NaCRRI conducts research in control of storage insect pests and moulds which are promoters of the production of aflatoxins, and breeding maize varieties resistant to mycotoxigenic fungi. NaCRRI and other NARIs work with Makerere University especially in the area of the analysis of molds and aflatoxins. National Agricultural Advisory Services Organization (NAADS)—NAADS is a semi-autonomous public agency within MAAIF. It is responsible for public agricultural advisory/extension services. The National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) Programme was created in 2001 by an Act of Parliament to specifically address constraints of lack of access to agricultural information, knowledge and improved technology among rural poor farmers in the country. NAADS is currently being implemented in all Districts, Municipalities and sub-counties of Uganda through existing Local Government administrative and technical arrangements for agricultural service delivery. Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS)—There are no agricultural pesticides manufactured nor formulated in Uganda. The Uganda National Bureau of Standards is responsible for the adoption and application of the standards for both imported and domestically manufactured products in the Ugandan market.108 UNBS works with all institutions conducting research and analysis of food produce for aflatoxins. The Bureau has set limits for aflatoxins in all Ugandan foods and feeds at 10 ppb and certifies good quality produce intended for the export market. UNBS is under the authority of the Ministry of Ministry of Tourism Trade and Industry (MTTI). UNBS Government Chemistry Analytical Laboratory—Located in Wandegeya, Kampala these laboratories are one of the earliest established government laboratories and are able to carry out analysis of aflatoxins in food samples for safety purposes at government level. Makerere University—Makerere University is the leading institution in research on aflatoxins in Uganda. Research is conducted by the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition in collaboration with MAAIF institutions. It has four Departments actively involved in the surveillance and analysis of aflatoxins, and these include the Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, and the Institute of Public Health. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)—Environmental impacts of agricultural activities are addressed by NEMA, a parastatal institution under the Ministry of Water and Environment. NEMA is responsible for the regulatory functions and activities that focus on compliance and enforcement of the existing legal and institutional frameworks on environmental management in Uganda. NEMA’s mandate covers both sustainability and urban development issues of environmental management. It oversees the implementation of all environment conservation programmes and activities of the relevant agencies both at the national and local Government level.109 Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST)—UNCST is a Government Agency under the Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development. The Council is mandated to facilitate and coordinate the development and implementation of policies and strategies for integrating Science and Technology (S&T) into the national development process. UNCST has published the National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 2009 and National Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy, 2008. Most recently, UNCST has embarked on formulation of a National Bio-security Regulatory Framework for Uganda.110 National Biosafety Committee is responsible for ensuring that biotechnology research, development and application are carries out carried out responsibly without unacceptable risks or impacts on human health or environment. Ministry of Health (MoH)—Health concerns pertaining to impacts of agricultural activities are addressed by the Ministry of Health. The MoH is responsible for health care management and policy at the national and local levels. In Uganda the institutions responsible for food safety issues fall under the MoH, MAAIF and the Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry (MTTI). There is currently no institution or authority that is solely responsible for the food safety in Uganda.111 Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development—Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Department is under the Directorate of Labour in the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. OSH Department administers and enforces the OSH Act 9, 2006 of the laws of Uganda and its subsidiary legislation. The mission of the department is to ensure the existence of safety and health at all workplaces and work environment. The Department is responsible for evaluating and controlling the physical, chemical, physiological, social and technical factors that affect a person at work and the working environment. Agricultural Inputs Value Chain—There is a fairly limited number of major input suppliers in Uganda most of which are found in Kampala. The suppliers include Balton Uganda, Bolton International, Bukoola Chemicals Ltd., Hanghshou Agrochemicals, Dynapharm, Keiths Associates, Evergreen International, GNLD International and Farmers Service in Lira. The number of small agro-dealers has increased from 100 to 2,500 in the past decade, providing an opportunity to increase productivity through the appropriate use of high-quality agricultural inputs.112 Uganda National Agro-Dealers Association (UNADA)—UNADA is the national apex organization for agro-input dealers in Uganda. UNADA was registered under the NGO Statute in 2003. It represents all agro-input dealers in the country. Its objective is to provide professional support and networking among agro-input dealers, encourage and support the business development of individual members, and promote the exchange of ideas and skills in order to improve services to farmers.113 USAID supported agricultural input activities—The Feed the Future Agricultural Inputs Activity assists agro-dealers and input companies to collaborate more productively with both upstream and downstream value-chain partners, supporting industry associations such as the Uganda National Agro-dealers’ Association (UNADA), Uganda Seed Trade Association (USTA), and CropLife Uganda, at the national, regional, and district levels. USAID supported FTF Enabling Environment for Agriculture (EEA) is focusing on seeds and agrochemicals policy instruments. A number of USAID and other donor projects are focusing on improving agricultural production, productivity and marketing. 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