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The role of government of india in education - Vidya Onlinewww.vidyaonline.org/dl/JPNaik_01.pdf by JP NAIK - Procedure followed in Decision Making Process - Government of ...tourism.gov.in/RTIA/ChapterView.aspx?CNO=9&TCNO= General search from google.com C.N. Lehri Review on Constitution of India 2012 AMY Report on UPA Government 2012 General Procedures of Parliament: Analytical & Survey Review 2011
ANOOP CHAUDHARY RESEARCH SCHOLAR PHYSICS: VINAYAKA MISSION UNIVERSITY T.N.
INTRODUCTION To process the research, we have three metals having luster properties and that is Gold, Silver and Brass. Lustre varies in a wide continuum, and therefore has no rigid boundaries between the different terms. For knowing the specific contents about the luster properties of metals the research work is being progressed. For the comparative study and knowing the luster property of metals there is not any consolidated reference material so far. For taking any information about it many reference sources are consulted. The current work will be helpful for future study of Luster properties of metals.
As the property of Luster of any metal is known to almost many people who are concerned with it and many works are done through different sources and for different uses. Therefore many reference materials are already available in the market in many ways to get the theory of Luster and other related things. If we talk about the previous work many industries or academy are having the information about the luster of metal but in different forms such as books or other official records. Toxicology of Metals By Gary L. Hook, PhD, MPH, CIH, Peter T. LaPuma, Ltc, lustrous and, in the transition metals, typically ductile and malleable.
Copper Healing and Metaphysical Properties of Gemstones from ... 21 Feb 2011 Wheels of Life by Anodea Judith, PhD, 2000
Dave's Mechanical Pencils: Paper Mate PhD Ultra Mechanical Pencil. 27 Apr 2010. The PhD in metal trim and high luster plastic.
There are several objectives of the research on the above topic
NEED AND SCOPE OF STUDY As to get the combined and complete knowledge of metals for its luster property, we have to refer many data through different sources, but no data is available in a consolidation format. The all contents of this research work will be a solution for the same. In future for doing advance research on the related topic one must have full database about it, therefore the current work will be a unique collection of database for all references. In many newly established industries or upcoming workers, who are intended to pursue working in the metal field, there will always be a need to have the specific reference material to consult the many points, therefore the work which is to be done in this topic will be helpful for those. Uses, Maintenance, furnishing storage of metals for future use will also be specifically explained. Therefore the research work is having a wide scope for future concerned works.
In the first phase of research a brief introduction about the metals having luster properties will be discussed. The definition of Luster and other related matter will also be explained. With different metals the ration and uses of metals with comparative study will be described. With help of mathematical analytical analysis, images and histogram the comparative study will be shown To know the concept and comparison images and scalar part help us, therefore in the thesis all the pictorial formats with graph and histogram will be added. Final part of the thesis will comprise conclusion theory and reference part.
To get the knowledge for luster properties and the comparison among the metals this work will be very helpful. There may be a possibility of making book publication for the current work so that it could become a compulsory reference matter for the students, researchers or any related candidate, as the thesis will comprising a consolidated database for the title. After the completion of this thesis the awareness of knowing current technology will be increased. Researchers who are continuing the research with concerned topics may have some contents through this thesis. The work will be more useful for the people involving in finding and inventing new technologies for the uses, maintenance, restoring of the metals. There may be some concerned research in the world going on with some related topics and for the advancement and the source database the current research is also useful.
A.N.T References : Metal Properties 2009 AIEER, Gwalior Overview : Physics 2008 Dr. A.P. Bhadaoriya : Generalized theory on luster of metals Metals and Nonmetals - Difference between Metals and Nonmetals - What Are t ... chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metalloids.htm - Cached - Similar Silver Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Silver Facts. Chemical & Physical Properties. By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph ... chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/silver.htm - Cached - Similar Show more results from about.com Minerals II Properties. by Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. Key Concepts hide. Properties that help geologists identify a mineral in a rock are: color, hardness, luster, ... www.visionlearning.com › Library › Earth Science Properties. by Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. Key Concepts hide. Properties that help geologists identify a mineral in a rock are: color, hardness, luster, ... www.visionlearning.com › Library › Earth Science Physical Properties Of Metals And Non-metals, Metals And Non ... To summarize: metals are electropositive in nature, lustrous, malleable, ... A detailed comparison of properties of metals and non-metals is given in table. ... www.tutorvista.com/.../metals...metals/physical-properties-metals-non-metals.php - United States Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids Metalloids. Properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable or ductile (it is brittle ... www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/.../notes/.../Metals/Period06.htm - Cached - Similar Nonmetals - Properties of Element Groups Solid nonmetals are generally brittle, with little or no metallic luster. ... Metalloids or Semimetals - Properties of Element Groups · Metals and Nonmetals. chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/nonmetals. Mineral Identification Key Mineral Properties & Luster Brief discussions of the most important properties follow below. ... Non-metallic, not looking like a metal at all. Nonmetallic luster is divided into ... www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors.../mineral_id_keyi3 Pursuit Of The Properties Of Metals And Nonmetals | Free Lesson ... Define the concepts of color, luster, malleability, and conductivity with your students. Next, review the properties of metals, nonmetals, and semimetals. ... www.discoveryeducation.com Metal Guide: AVR overview on metals 2009 volume 9 ***** General Introduction to Migration of Charge in DNA Jasmin Jadon: Research Scholar Biotechnology: Introduction: It is a well known fact in the science of Biotechnology that charge migration is a very important process in biomolecules and other large polymeric systems. It has been found that charge migration in proteins or similar systems is highly efficient, but the mechanistic origin is still not well understood even though various models have been advanced (1, 2).Recently we have demonstrated that the photoionization of positive charge at a specific chromophore in a series of polypeptides can lead to facile migration of this charge over long peptide chains (3–5); we have studied neutral peptides of natural amino acids of the type (X)n-Y (n = 1, 2, 3, where Y denotes the aromatic amino acid) in the gas phase. They have been prepared by laser desorption and supersonic cooling. Local ionization is performed by resonant laser excitation in aromatic acid Y located at the C terminus. Subsequent UV photofragmentation of the cation is shown to directly reflect the prior charge migration in these large molecules. The charge is initially localized at the chromophore in the form of an electronic hole in its ground electronic state of the cation. After photoexcitation of the cation, the electron is promoted into a charge transfer (CT) state (or by a photoexcitation to a localized state followed by internal conversion to a CT state) and the new hole thus created can hop between local sites in the chain. Estimation: The distance and direction of the charge migration is determined to a first order by the ionization energies of the individual amino acids, rather than the ionization potential of the entire supramolecule (6). It has been found that the charge migration can be blocked by as small a local barrier as 0.2–0.3 eV (differences in ionization potentials between different neighboring amino acids). In this work, we shall propose a model that is compatible with experiments and supported by ab initio (6) and molecular dynamics (7) calculations. Because of the importance of DNA damage and its repair, diverse biophysical and biochemical studies have sought to understand the electron transfer (ET) in DNA (8–11). The strong resemblance of the base-pair stack of DNA to conductive one-dimensional aromatic crystals has prompted the proposal that long-range charge transport might proceed through DNA. Recently Zewail and co-workers (8) have reported with femtosecond resolution the direct observation in DNA of ultrafast ET, initiated by excitation of tethered ethidium, the intercalated electron acceptor. Conclusion: The long-range charge hopping in DNA (ref. 19 and the references therein). In our theoretical treatment of long-range charge migration in proteins and DNA, the torsional motion of floppy backbones is emphasized to play a very important role in the hole hopping between local amino acid sites in proteins. We have derived the generalized master equations which can describe the time evolution of the charge migration (and/or other dynamical processes) in complex systems. CONTRIBUTION OF PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE IN OUR LIFE By : Santosh Kumar Dakhle Research Scholar: CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya The question in the field of chemistry often arises that why glucose—and not another monosaccharide such as fructose—is so widely used in organisms is not clearly understood. One reason might be that glucose has a lower tendency, relative to other hexose sugars, to react non-specifically with the amino groups of proteins. This reaction (glycation) reduces or destroys the function of many enzymes. The low rate of glycation is due to glucose's preference for the less reactive cyclic isomer. Nevertheless, many of the long-term complications of diabetes (e.g., blindness, renal failure, and peripheral neuropathy) are probably due to the glycation of proteins or lipids.[5]In contrast, enzyme-regulated addition of glucose to proteins by glycosylation is often essential to their function. Another reason as to why glucose is the most common sugar is that it is the most conformation stable among other possibilities. Non-invasive blood glucose determination has been investigated by more than 100 research groups all over the world during the past fifteen years. Many measurement methods are based on the capacity of near-infrared light to penetrate a few millimetres into human tissue where it interacts with glucose. A change of glucose concentration may change the optical parameters in tissue, with the result that its glucose concentration can be extracted by analysing the received optical (or other) signals. This paper applies a streak camera in conjunction with the photoacoustic (PA) technique to study glucose determination on the based on optical scattering effect and on skin properties. The near-infrared region, the scattering change, rather than the change of absorption or thermal physical parameters of glucose dominates the PA response of glucose in whole blood. However, the skin in vivo tests show that other factors, such as physiological change, blood circulation, water content, and body temperature drift, may interfere with PA response of glucose in noninvasive measurement. This is due to skin to be high scattering, neither homogeneous nor simply multilayered, so that any change in its morphology will cause the scattering change in it. In glucose measurements, PA technique has higher detection sensitivity than near infrared absorption method. The effect of glucose scattering can increase PA response. However, from the viewpoint of detection sensitivity, PA method is not the best choice for optical scattering measurement or non-invasive blood glucose determination based on the optical scattering effects, because PA mechanism is relative to the total effects of optical absorption and thermal expansion, rather than optical scattering directly. Future research work should focus on finding better scattering-related method or larger glucose-induced optical effects in tissue. Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in biology. It is used as an energy source in most organisms, from bacteria to humans. Use of glucose may be by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing approximately 3.75 kilocalories (16 kilojoules) of food energyper gram.[6] Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g. starch) yields mono- and disaccharides, most of which is glucose. Through glycolysis and later in the reactions of the citric acid cycle (TCAC), glucose is oxidized to eventually form CO2 and water, yielding energy sources, mostly in the form of ATP. The insulin reaction, and other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood. Reference
6. S. Nissilä and O. Ahola, et al., Medical Sensors IV and Fibre Optics Sensor III, Proceedings 7. F. A. Duck, Physical properties of tissue: a comprehensive reference book, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, 1990. *******
FOR ANY ASSISTANCE REGARDING ARTICLE OR RESEARCH MAKING GET ASSISTANCE THROUGH MAILING airoofficials@gmail.com Volume – III GENERAL THEORY OF SPECTROSCOPY AND CHROMATROGRAPHY FOR CHARACTERIZATION IN VARIOUS SOLUTIONS By: Subhash Ram Dabar Research Scholar : CMJ University, Shillong, Meghalaya The two major areas of the analytical sciences are Spectroscopy and Chromatography. Spectroscopy covers a wide range of techniques for chemical analysis at the atomic and molecular level. Chromatography is a general term for techniques that separate, identify and quantify compounds. Spectroscopy is the interactions of matter with radiation particularly electromagnetic region such as UV visible and infrared light. The range of light analysis techniques includes absorbance, reflection, emission, scattering and refractive index. The physical quantity measured is either of energy absorbed or energy produced. Absorption Spectroscopy includes atomic absorption and molecular techniques, such as infrared and ultraviolet-visible. Emission Spectroscopy includes fluorescence and one of the main examples of Scattering Spectroscopy, is Raman Spectroscopy. Other commonly used spectroscopic analysis techniques are Circular Dichroism , Dual Polarisation Interferometry and Laser Spectroscopy. Reaction Kinetics are usually detected and recorded by spectroscopic techniques such as UV absorbance, fluorescence or circular dichroism. One of the main rapid kinetics techniques is stopped-flow, commonly used with fluorescence detection due to its high sensitivity. High pressure liquid chromatography. The sample to be analysed is dissolved in a liquid which is pumped through a column packed with particles. As the analyte traverses the length of the column it is slowed by specific chemical or physical interactions with the particles. When the analyte emerges from the column it passes through a detector which shows a peak with a retention time characteristic for that analyte. Traditional HPLC is performed with columns packed with particles usually around 5 μm diameter. Smaller particles (<2 μm) provide more surface area with significant increases in resolution, speed, and sensitivity. The development of chemistry is based on finding out the composition of various compounds. Not just the chemical aspect of it but the physical parameters and properties as well. The branch of chemistry which throws light on the various aspects involved in characterizing an element, compound or mixture is known as analytical chemistry. The importance of Analytical chemistry is the determination of the chemical composition of matter. This is done by the identification of a substance, the elucidation of its structure and its composition. These are the aspects covered by analytical chemistry, which involve a wide variety of equipment and techniques Analytical chemistry is an interdisciplinary branch of science wherein a large number of inputs from different branches of sciences have contributed to its development. For instance, most of the chromatographic methods were invented by biochemists, or biological scientists, while contributions by physicists account for nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy etc. References: Chromatography General Chemistry 2001 Chromatography General Chemistry 2002 Chromatography General Chemistry 2003 Chromatography General Chemistry 2004 Chromatography General Chemistry 2005 Chromatography General Chemistry 2006 AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2009 AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2010 AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2011 AIEER REVIEWNAL CHEMISTRY 2012 WWW.WICKYPEDIA.COM *******
IMPROVISATION OF OLD PATTERNED MATERIALS IN MODERN HOUSES OF INDIA Madan Lal Gupta : Research Scholar Civil Engineering ABSTRACT These days’ low cost and high safety materials are in demand in almost all countries of the world. The maximum loss to life and property in the Asian Region, due to frequent occurrence of natural disasters, dictates the need for the evolution of safer habitat, which can respond and resist the loads, forces and effects due to the natural disasters. This becomes imperative in the context of huge socioeconomic loss to nations. Therefore, all efforts are to be promoted and nurtured for safer building construction to take care of normal loads and forces and the effects of natural disasters. This can only happen when an enabling environment is created for effective techno-legal and techno financing regime for effective building regulatory mechanism for creating safe habitats. With large part of the communities belonging to low income strata, with people driven construction processes, appropriate grass root level technology transfer initiatives should be put in place for creating awareness, appreciation and application models for using disaster resistant and cost effective building technologies. Introduction
Reviews The information supplied in this report is obtained from the reliable sources. ii Fly ash is a fine, glass-like powder recovered from gases created by coal-fired electric power generation. Flyash material is solidified while suspended in the exhaust gases and is collected by electrostatic precipitators or filter bags. Since the particles solidify while suspended in the exhaust gases, flyash particles are generally spherical in shape and range in size from 0.5 µm to 100 µm. They consist mostly of silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3). selection of fly ash brick manufacturing technology should be based on the availability of raw materials, financial strength of the entrepreneur, and the market characteristics (size and nature of applications, i.e. required strength and quality of the bricks / blocks etc.).
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******* Modern Techniques and Implementation of Latest Updates on Nanostructures & Nanomaterials Bharat Singh Jayant : Research Scholar CMJ University Nanomaterials is a field that takes a materials science-based approach on nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions. Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one dimension,[1] though sometimes includes up to a micrometer. On 18 October 2011, the European Commission adopted the following definition of a nanomaterial: A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm – 100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%. An important aspect of nanotechnology is the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume present in many nanoscale materials, which makes possible new quantum mechanical effects. One example is the “quantum size effect” where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. Nanoparticles, for example, take advantage of their dramatically increased surface area to volume ratio. Their optical properties, e.g. fluorescence, become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it becomes pronounced when the nanometer size range is reached. Nanomaterials and nanostructures are key components in the development of nanomanufacturing technologies leading toward macroscopic system innovations that directly benefit society. They find extensive applications in the areas of electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, photovoltaics, catalysis, energy storage, sensors, environmental science, and biomedical systems.
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Current Techniques and Improvisation of Metaphysics Anand Swaroop Laharia : Research Scholar CMJ University Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Traditionally, metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms:
A person who studies metaphysics is called a metaphysicist or a metaphysician. The metaphysician attempts to clarify the fundamental notions by which people understand the world, e.g., existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility. A central branch of metaphysics is ontology, the investigation into the basic categories of being and how they relate to each other. Another central branch of metaphysics is cosmology, the study of the origin (if it had one), fundamental structure, nature, and dynamics of the universe. Prior to the modern history of science, scientific questions were addressed as a part of metaphysics known as natural philosophy. Originally, the term "science" (Latin scientia) simply meant "knowledge". The scientific method, however, transformed natural philosophy into anempirical activity deriving from experiment unlike the rest of philosophy. By the end of the 18th century, it had begun to be called "science" to distinguish it from philosophy. Thereafter, metaphysics denoted philosophical enquiry of a non-empirical character into the nature of existence.[6] Some philosophers of science, such as the neo-positivists, say that natural science rejects the study of metaphysics, while other philosophers of science strongly disagree. The world seems to contain many individual things, both physical, like apples, and abstract, such as love and the number 3; the former objects are called particulars. Particulars are said to have attributes, e.g. size, shape, color, location, and two particulars may have some such attributes in common. Such attributes are also termed Universals or Properties; the nature of these, and whether they have any real existence and if so of what kind, is a long-standing issue, realism and nominalism representing opposing views. Metaphysicians concerned with questions about universals or particulars are interested in the nature of objects and their properties, and the relationship between the two. Some, e.g. Plato, argue that properties are abstract objects, existing outside of space and time, to which particular objects bear special relations. David Armstrong holds that universals exist in time and space but only at their instantiation and their discovery is a function of science. Others maintain that particulars are a bundle or collection of properties (specifically, a bundle of properties they have). *** Predication of Useful data by applying data Warehousing Techniques Manish Kumar Shukla: Research Scholar Computer Science - Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, Amroha, (U.P.), Data mining techniques provide people with new power to research and manipulate the existing large volume of data. Data mining process discovers interesting information from the hidden data which can either be used for future prediction and/or intelligently summarizing the details of the data. There are many achievements of applying data mining techniques to various areas such as marketing, medical, financial, and car manufacturing. In this paper, a proposed data mining application in car manufacturing domain is explained and experimented. The application results demonstrate the capability of data mining techniques in providing important analysis such as launch analysis and slow turning analysis. Such analysis help in providing car market with base for more accurate prediction of future market demand. The main steps for providing the Slow Turn/Launch analysis are the following •Receiving and validating the data sources. •ETL the data sources to the data warehouse. •Processing the data warehouse to generate the required data marts. •Building the required data marts and OLAP cubes. •Generating the reports. •Delivering the analysis in the form of Excel work books, and PowerPoint slides. The data sources used for this solution are the followings: •”Stock/Sales/Orders” data sources are snapshots at the (exact) date of data. •“Production Plan” data source is a list of models quantities that are planned to be produced for a specific period. •“TOPs” data source is a structured data which is used to map all car configurations under production. •“SPOT” data source is used to list dealers, in addition to their rating and their geographic information. •“Web Activity” data source is used to track all user web hits/requests on DCX websites. The ETL was designed for transforming heterogeneous data sources formats into flat file format in order to load it as bulk insert, to gain higher performance. Conclusion A survey on the data mining techniques developed in car market area. A classification of the available data mining techniques was also provided, based on the kinds of databases to be mined, the kinds of knowledge to be discovered, and the kinds of techniques to be adopted. This survey is organized according to one classification scheme: the kinds of knowledge to be mined REFERENCES S. Bongsik, “An exploratory investigation of system success factors in data warehousing”, Journal Of The Association For Information Systems, vol. 4, pp. 141-168, 2003.[2]
L. Cabibbo and R. Torlone, “An architecture for data warehousingsupporting data independence and interoperability: an architecture for data warehousing”, International Journal Of Cooperative Information Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, 2001.[3] D. Calvanese, G. D. Giacomo, M. Lenzerini, D. Nardi, and R. Rosati,“Data integration in data warehousing”, International Journal Of Cooperative Information Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 237, 2001.[4]
N. Chan, H. Wong, “Data mining of resilience indicators”, IIE Transactions, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 617-627, 2007.[5] S. Elkaffas and A. Toony, “Applications of genetic programming in datamining”, Enformatika; vol. 17, pp. 1-5, 2006. Latest Updates on Data Mining Techniques and Tools ***
CURRENT UPDATES UNDER APPLICATION OF DATA MINING TECHNIQUE IN E-COMMERCE ASHISH KUMAR: Research Scholar Computer Science - Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, Amroha, (U.P.), The Data is becoming an important part of people’s life. The web is a very good place to run successful businesses. Selling products or services online plays an important role in the success of businesses that have a physical presence, like a retail business. Therefore, it is important to have a successful website to serve as a sales and marketing tool. One of the effective used technologies for that purpose is data mining. Data mining is the process of extracting interesting patterns from large databases. Web mining is the usage of data mining techniques to extract interesting information from web data. Electronic commerce is changing the face of business. It allows better customer management, new strategies for marketing, an expanded range of products and more efficient operations. A key enabler of this change is the widespread use of increasingly sophisticated data mining tools. Early efforts at this were based on market segmentation. Businesses attempted to discover clusters of consumers who were similar, and then would develop payment plans, ad campaigns, special discounts and other policies designed for each cluster (especially the most profitable). The data mining tool used for this was cluster analysis, and the most famous commercial pioneer is Claritas, which used Census data to identify 64 “clusters” of consumers, with shorthand descriptors such as “kids and cul-de-sacs” or “money and brains” or “back country folks.” Clusters get revised periodically to reflect important changes; for example, Claritas recently added the cluster “young digerati” to reflect the important technophile segment.
Bradlow, E. T. and Schmittlein, D. C. (2000). The little engines that could: Modeling the performance of the World Wide Web search engines. Marketing Sci. 19 43–62. Chatterjee, P., Hoffman, D. L. and Novak, T. (2003). Modeling the clickstream: Implications for web-based advertising efforts. Marketing Sci. 22 520–541. Clyde, M. and George, E. I. (2004). Model uncertainty. Statist. Sci. 19 81–94. MR2082148 Dobra, A. and Fienberg, S. E. (2003). How large is the World Wide Web? In Web Dynamics (M. Levene and A. Poulovassilis, eds.) 23–44. Springer, New York. Donoho, D. L. and Huber, P. J. (1983). The notion of breakdown point. In A Festschrift for Erich L. Lehmann (P. Bickel, K. Doksum and J. Hodges, eds.) 157–184. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. MR0689745 Dumais, S. (1991). Improving the retrieval of information from external sources. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 23 229–236. Fellegi, I. P. and Sunter, A. B. (1969). A theory for record linkage. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 64 1183–1210. Fienberg, S. E. (2006). Privacy and confidentiality in an e-commerce world: Data mining, data warehousing, matching and disclosure limitation. Statist. Sci. 21 143–154. Friedman, J. H. and Popescu, B. E. (2005). Predictive learning via rule ensembles. Web address: http://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0609204.pdf
In summary, without business knowledge, not a single step of the data mining process can be effective; there are no “purely technical” steps. Business knowledge guides the process towards useful results, and enables the recognition of those results that are useful. Data mining is an iterative process, with business knowledge at its core, driving continual improvement of results. The second aspect is making the data more informative with respect to the business problem – for example, certain derived fields or aggregates may be relevant to the data mining question; the data miner knows this through business knowledge and data knowledge. By including these fields in the data, the data miner manipulates the search space to make it possible or easier for their preferred techniques to find a solution. There are 5 factors which contribute to the necessity for experiment in finding data mining solutions: 1. If the problem space were well-understood, the data mining process would not be needed – data mining is the process of searching for as yet unknown connections. 2. For a given application, there is not only one problem space; different models may be used to solve different parts of the problem, and the way in which the problem is decomposed is itself often the result of data mining and not known before the process begins. 3. The data miner manipulates, or “shapes”, the problem space by data preparation, so that the grounds for evaluating a model are constantly shifting. 4. There is no technical measure of value for a predictive model (see 8th law). 5. The business objective itself undergoes revision and development during the data mining process, so that the appropriate data mining goals may change completely. ***
Modern Scenario of Cryptography and Message Security Bhanu Prasad Vishwakarma : Research Scholar Computer Science - Shri Venkateshwara University Gajraula, Amroha, (U.P.), The requirements of a security regime which addresses these risks are conventionally summarized under four broad headings. For the sender and receiver to be confident in the outcome of their communications, all of these requirements need to be satisfied. (1) 'Confidentiality', or Message Content SecurityThis comprises two separate requirements, that, during a message's transit from sender to receiver:
The term 'confidentiality' is used by computer scientists who specialize in security matters. This is most unfortunate, because the term has an entirely different meaning within commerce generally, which derives from the law of confidence. For this reason, the alternative term 'message content security' is used in this Module. (2) Integrity of Message ContentThis requires that the recipient can be sure that, whether accidentally, or because of an action by any party:
(3) Authentication of the Sender and RecipientThis requires that:
(4) Non-Repudiation by the Sender and RecipientThis requires that:
Conclusion If a person or organization loses their private key, they are unable to:
If the private key is stored only on a person's workstation or chip, it is vulnerable to theft, loss, damage and malfunction of that device. In order to address those risks, it is strongly advisable that every private key be placed into deposit in some location separate from that person's normal workstation. Because of the risks involved if the private key comes to be known by some other person, the deposit needs to be subject to an appropriately high set of security standards. If, however, security is to be sustained (and, indeed, if privacy is to be protected), any access to escrowed keys would need to be subject to very careful designed and implemented controls, e.g. a prior requirement of legal authority (such as a search warrant), granted by a senior member of the judiciary. If key escrow is implemented, it might be:
and the function might be performed by:
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