Role of political administration in Increasing Transparency in Electronic Voting

The Indian government has made many technical reasons through the election commission to make the electronic voting easy and transparent. The administration has gone through the facts that he most important advantage is that the printing of millions of ballot papers can be dispensed with, as only one ballot paper is required for fixing on the Balloting Unit at each polling station instead of one ballot paper for each individual elector. This results in huge savings by way of cost of paper, printing, transportation, storage and distribution. Secondly, counting is very quick and the result can be declared within 2 to 3 hours as compared to 30-40 hours, on an average, under the conventional system. Thirdly, there are no invalid votes under the system of voting under EVMs. The importance of this will be better appreciated, if it is remembered that in every General Election, the number of invalid votes is more than the winning margin between the winning candidate and the second candidate, in a number of constituencies. To this extent, the choice of the electorate will be more correctly reflected when EVMs are used

Electronic voting

Electronic voting is a term used to describe the act of voting using electronic systems to cast and count votes.

Forward-thinking countries and election commissions are keen to explore how it can help them improve their elections.

Auditable, transparent, secure and accurate

For some nations, automated elections mean that people can trust the results because it allows for a process that is so auditable, transparent and secure. Of course, electronic voting also helps reduce human error.

Faster results and build trust

For other countries, particularly large ones like Brazil, India and the Philippines, electronic voting and electronic counting means that people can get official election results within hours, instead of weeks. Again, this builds trust.

Can increase engagement and turnout

For others countries, technology will be a useful way of improving voter education and registration, to increase engagement and voter turnout.

Increases accessibility

It’s also vitally important that everyone who is eligible to participate in elections can do so. And electronic voting is very good at making voting more accessible, meaning it’s easier for disable people to vote independently.

Smartmatic: the world leader in electronic voting

We lay claim to this title because we’ve processed more electronic votes (2.3 billion) in over 3,500 elections around the world – more than any other organisation.

The electronic voting system we’ve developed has been called the ‘best in the world’ by the world’s leading, independent election observer, The Carter Center.

Electronic voting that is completely auditable

One of the reasons our electronic voting system has been praised so highly is that it’s designed around the idea that all parties, citizens and electoral commissions are able to audit the electoral process at every stage, including before an election has even begun.   

The key to our success is what’s known as the voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT). Our voting machines print a paper receipt every time a vote is registered electronically. This makes it easy to perform recounts and audits because you can compare the electronic count with the paper count. It’s become the de facto standard worldwide for transparent electronic voting. he microchip used in EVMs is sealed at the time of import. It cannot be opened and any rewriting of program can be done by anyone without damaging the chip. There is, therefore, absolutely no chance of programming the EVMs in a particular way to select any particular candidate or political party.

There is provision for issue of tendered ballot papers under the system of EVMs also. But, when such a situation arises, the voter concerned will be issued an ordinary ballot paper. After marking the ballot paper with the arrow cross mark rubber stamp supplied, the tendered ballot paper will be put inside a cover specially provided for the purpose, sealed and kept by the Presiding Officer.

As soon as the last voter has voted, the Polling Officer in-charge of the Control Unit will press the ‘Close’ Button. Thereafter, the EVM will not accept any vote. Further, after the close of poll, the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately. Votes can be recorded only through the Balloting Unit. Again the Presiding officer, at the close of the poll, will hand over to each polling agent present an account of votes recorded. At the time of counting of votes, the total will be tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy, this will be pointed out by the Counting Agents.

References

Website http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/evm.aspx

Administration for Election in India Volume III 2011

Dr. C. Y. Acharya Report analysis on Election 2012

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THE PROBLEM OF PARALLEL SORTING AND ALGORITHM

Submitted by : SHAKIR KHAN Research Scholar Physics

A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The most-used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the use of other algorithms (such as search and merge algorithms) which require input data to be in sorted lists; it is also often useful for canonicalizingdata and for producing human-readable output. More formally, the output must satisfy two conditions:

1. 
   The output is in nondecreasing order (each element is no smaller than the previous element according to the desired total order);
   
2. 
   The output is a permutation (reordering) of the input.
   

Since the dawn of computing, the sorting problem has attracted a great deal of research, perhaps due to the complexity of solving it efficiently despite its simple, familiar statement. For example, bubble sort was analyzed as early as 1956.^[1] A fundamental limit of comparison sorting algorithms is that they require linearithmic time – O(n log n) – in the worst case, though better performance is possible on real-world data (such as almost-sorted data), and algorithms not based on comparison, such as counting sort, can have better performance. Although many consider sorting a solved problem – asymptotically optimal algorithms have been known since the mid-20th century – useful new algorithms are still being invented, with the now widely used Timsort dating to 2002, and the library sort being first published in 2006.

Comparison sorts
Name	Best	Average	Worst	Memory	Stable	Method	Other notes
Quicksort				on average, worst case is; Sedgewick variation is  worst case	typical in-place sort is not stable; stable versions exist	Partitioning	Quicksort is usually done in place withO(log n) stack space.[citation needed]Most implementations are unstable, as stable in-place partitioning is more complex. Naïvevariants use an O(n) space array to store the partition.]Quicksort variant using three-way (fat) partitioning takes O(n) comparisons when sorting an array of equal keys.
Merge sort				worst case	Yes	Merging	Highly parallelizable(up to O(log n) using the Three Hungarians' Algorithm[2] or, more practically, Cole's parallel merge sort) for processing large amounts of data.
In-place merge sort	—	—			Yes	Merging	Can be implemented as a stable sort based on stable in-place merging.[3]
Heapsort					No	Selection
Insertion sort					Yes	Insertion	O(n + d), in the worst case over sequences that have dinversions.
Introsort					No	Partitioning & Selection	Used in several STLimplementations.
Selection sort					No	Selection	Stable with O(n) extra space, for example using lists.

Sorting is the process of placing elements from a collection in some kind of order. For example, a list of words could be sorted alphabetically or by length. A list of cities could be sorted by population, by area, or by zip code. We have already seen a number of algorithms that were able to benefit from having a sorted list (recall the final anagram example and the binary search).

There are many, many sorting algorithms that have been developed and analyzed. This suggests that sorting is an important area of study in computer science. Sorting a large number of items can take a substantial amount of computing resources. Like searching, the efficiency of a sorting algorithm is related to the number of items being processed. For small collections, a complex sorting method may be more trouble than it is worth. The overhead may be too high. On the other hand, for larger collections, we want to take advantage of as many improvements as possible. In this section we will discuss several sorting techniques and compare them with respect to their running time.

Before getting into specific algorithms, we should think about the operations that can be used to analyze a sorting process. First, it will be necessary to compare two values to see which is smaller (or larger). In order to sort a collection, it will be necessary to have some systematic way to compare values to see if they are out of order. The total number of comparisons will be the most common way to measure a sort procedure. Second, when values are not in the correct position with respect to one another, it may be necessary to exchange them. This exchange is a costly operation and the total number of exchanges will also be important for evaluating the overall efficiency of the algorithm.

1. 
    Demuth, H. Electronic Data Sorting. PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1956.
   
2. 
   J Ajtai, M.; Komlós, J.; Szemerédi, E. (1983). An O(n log n) sorting network. STOC '83. Proceedings of the fifteenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing: 1–9. doi:10.1145/800061.808726. ISBN 0-89791-099-0. edit
   
3. 
   Auran & charya Huang, B. C.; Langston, M. A. (December 1992). "Fast Stable Merging and Sorting in Constant Extra Space" (PDF).Comput. J. 35 (6): 643–650. doi:10.1093/comjnl/35.6.643. CiteSeerX: 10.1.1.54.8381. edit
   
4. 
   http://www.algolist.net/Algorithms/Sorting/Selection_sort
   
5. 
    http://dbs.uni-leipzig.de/skripte/ADS1/PDF4/kap4.pdf
   

United Nations Development Programme Undp India http://www.undp.org.in/ UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We work in 166 countries through a network of 135 country offices worldwide, workin  Resources Centre For Sustainable Development (rcsd http://www.rcsdin.org RCSD is an S&T NGO based in Northeast India and undertake scientific research and extension for promotion of sustainable development addressing issues relating to energy, water, environment degradation, biodiversity and climate change. Seek out and s.  Pfi Foundation India http://www.pfifound.org PFI FOUNDATION is an international NGO based in Assam with its HQ in Guwahati and branches in Silchar, Patherkandi (Karimganj) and Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). The Foundation focuses on various kinds of socio-economic welfare activities and work to promot  Omeo Kumar Das Institute Of Social Change And Development Okdiscd http://www.okd.in The Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development (OKDISCD), originally called the Institute for Social Change and Development, came into being on March 30, 1989 in Guwahati under the joint initiatives of the Government of Assam and the I  Centre For Rural Development Crd http://www.crdev.org Centre for Rural Development (CRD) is a professional Developmental Organisation registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 in the year 1994-95; the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act of 1976 vide no. 020780083 in the year 2003;  Bosco Reach Out, Bro http://www.boscoreachout.org Bosco Reach Out (BRO), the development organization of the Salesian Province of Guwahati committed to the integral and holistic development of the human being and rooted in the charism of the Salesian within the church and in the society, is a non-profit organization.

The "inner" bremsstrahlung (also known as "internal bremsstrahlung") arises from the creation of the electron and its loss of energy (due to the strong electric field in the region of the nucleus undergoing decay) as it leaves the nucleus. Such radiation is a feature of beta decay in nuclei, but it is occasionally (less commonly) seen in the beta decay of free neutrons to protons, where it is created as the beta electron leaves the proton.

In electron and positron emission by beta decay the photon's energy comes from the electron-nucleon pair, with the spectrum of the bremsstrahlung decreasing continuously with increasing energy of the beta particle. In electron capture, the energy comes at the expense of the neutrino, and the spectrum is greatest at about one third of the normal neutrino energy, decreasing to zero electromagnetic energy at normal neutrino energy. Note that in the case of electron capture, bremsstrahlung is emitted even though no charged particle is emitted. Instead, the bremsstrahlung radiation may be thought of as being created as the captured electron is accelerated toward being absorbed. Such radiation may be at frequencies that are the same as soft gamma radiation, but it exhibits none of the sharp spectral lines of gamma decay, and thus is not technically gamma radiation.

General Aspect

A measurement of inner bremsstrahlung in muon decay has been made using spark chambers, scintillators and fast oscilloscopes. The electron range distribution in graphite and the absolute rates were determined for electron-gamma-ray angles between 130 and 180 deg. For the electron and gamma-ray energies studied, the branching ratio of μ→e+γ+ν+ν¯ to μ→e+ν+ν¯ is predicted to be about 10−4 over this angular range. The total number of inner bremsstrahlung events observed was 1805±43, which is in agreement with an expected number of 1889±283. The data were found to be in accord with the predictions given by electromagnetic corrections applied to the weak interaction.

Human resource is directly attached with the term training where the resources are fetched through one of the common factor of all and that is Internship. It is not a revolutionary shift, it is an evolutionary process. While the following does not apply to all companies, it does apply to most companies that begin as domestic-only companies.

The biggest obstacle these marketers face is being blindsided by emerging global marketers. Because domestic marketers do not generally focus on the changes in the global marketplace, they may not be aware of a potential competitor who is a market leader on three continents until they simultaneously open 20 stores in the Northeastern U.S. These marketers can be considered ethnocentric as they are most concerned with how they are perceived in their home country.

After product research, development and creation, promotion (specifically advertising) is generally the largest line item in a global company’s marketing budget. At this stage of a company’s development, integrated marketing is the goal. The global corporation seeks to reduce costs, minimize redundancies in personnel and work, maximize speed of implementation, and to speak with one voice. If the goal of a global company is to send the same message worldwide, then delivering that message in a relevant, engaging, and cost-effective way is the challenge.

(1) Identify the skills needed to be effective in international marketing.

(2) identify the level of importance of each of these skills

(3) identify the degree to which these skills are present in employees of exporting companies

(4) describe the gap between the skills these employees have and the skills they need.

CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH IN FUTURE ASPECTS :

The results of this study provided a foundation that could be used to initiate several additional studies:

(a) using the skills identified for effective international marketing as the foundation for designing skill standards for effective international marketing practice
(b) using the general international marketing training priorities to establish industry-specific international marketing training modules
(c) validate the international marketing skill assessment instrument and develop additional international marketing audit tools, methods and instruments
(d) using the skills identified for effective international marketing as the foundation for addressing the merits of outsourcing options.

References :

Albaum, G., Jesper, S., & Edwin, D. (2004). International marketing and export management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times Prentice Hall

Albaum, G., & Peterson, R. A. (1984). Empirical research in international marketing. Journal of International Business Studies

Ball, D.A., Wendell, H., McCulloch, Jr. (2005). International business: The challenge of global competition. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1992). What Is a Global Manager. Harvard Business Review

Berry, D. (1990). Marketing mix for the '90s adds an S and 2 Cs to 4 Ps. Marketing News 24, no. 26 (24 December).

Borden, N. H. (1964). The concept of the marketing mix. Journal of Advertising Research.

Cateora, P. R. (1993). International marketing. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.

Cateora, P.R., & Graham, J. L. (2002). International marketing. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

Dahringer, L. D., & Hans M. (1991). International marketing: A global perspective. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Attitude in a teacher does a lot mater in the teaching line in any educational sector either of school or in colleges or universities. The measures of High and Low attitude is strictly noticed for the necessity of abasement and its all parameters. For the welfare of health & educational achievement of higher secondary school children, this research comprises the effect on children due to the physical facilities available in the school. The big role of infrastructure, atmosphere and all the physical facilities will be described to understand the reasons and the solution for the betterment of higher secondary school children. In an individual survey researcher got the way of thinking of many students and their parents for the selection of school. But it was found the all are preferably choosing the standard of teaching, previous results of school, and other academic achievements of a school. Some other problem, which a student faces in his school is not told to anyone because of a tradition of common and speechless problem for him, as others are tolerating. Apart from the teaching standards in a school this research attending the major factor of physical facilities, which sometimes play a very important role for whole career of a student. Unavoidable, Reasonable, and acceptable matter and conclusion of this research will revolutionary change the way of continuing study for students and their parents or guardians. Higher Secondary Schools Gwalior including rural urban areas is the main research area, where the description of physical facilities and all atmosphere and effect on education of students is discussed. Research is getting involved, many physical facilities such as Infrastructure, Ventilation, Water, Light, Furniture, and Maintenance too.

All the survey reports of students, parents, teachers and principals and owners of higher secondary schools, done by the researcher will be taken as main tools of the study.

For this research survey reports are obviously the main tool, as through this process the data base related to the current physical facility and problems of students can be collected. Direct visit in the schools is also a part of finding solution, amendments, and conclusions of the research.

Conclusion

Apart from the standards of teaching the main focus will be on the result of the students and their health, which is mainly affected in the school atmosphere due to the available physical facilities. The comparison between the selected International or branded and the higher secondary schools of Gwalior, will be shown to learn the way of fixing best infrastructure and other physical facilities. The result and health chart of foreign and other private branded schools will be explained through the research process to obtain the procedure of smooth running of whole study in a school. Merging all the survey reports, interview reports and articles research will elaborate the actual condition of schools where physical facilities are not upto the level and affecting the educational achievements and health of the student. All methods of removing the problems occurred in higher secondary schools will explained in the research work. The process of collecting new physical facilities by amending the available equipments, and arranging through some sources will be detailed. The process of recruiting staff for managing physical facilities of school will be mentioned and the working process will also be elaborated. In the conclusion of the research it will be explained how a school can manage and avail the physical facilities. How a student can get a hygienic atmosphere in a school? How a student can improve his study level by taking better physical facilities? What type of precautions should be taken by a student and school management to improve and manage the available physical facilities? To make learning process better in a higher secondary school physical facilities also play an important role, To improve all aspects of physical facilities for providing good health and educational achievement through this research many contents will explain the improvisation of current sitting arrangement of students, the distance matter between the teacher and students in the class, the proper light in class room, the hygienic water supply for drinking and washing too, to maintain the gardens and fields of school, where students are always spend time in their interval and sports period, to maximize the reasons attending classes as per the schedule of the school, to maintain the cleanliness and healthy atmosphere in the whole premises of the school through many equipments. The major part of the research is to create a competition in District, State and National level higher secondary schools for providing the best physical facilities.

Reports of Direct Interviews of higher secondary students of Gwalior 2009, 2010

Reports of Direct Interviews higher secondary students’ Parents/Guardians of Gwalior, 2009, 2010

Reports of Direct Interviews of teachers and principals of higher secondary schools of Gwalior 2010.

Visiting report of K.V.No.1 Gwalior 2010,

Visiting report of LAHS Gwalior 2010,

Visiting report of Scindhia School Gwalior 2010

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A COLLABARATIVE DIGITAL NETWORK APPLIED TO A BALANCED MOBILITY DISPLAY

Submitted by : ALI AKHTAR

Research scholar : Computer Science

Introduction

Mobile devices are a double-edged sword, regarded as both a worker's constant digital leash, yet also a productivity enhancer under the right conditions. However, research suggests that an enterprise's deep commitment to maintaining an effective mobile digital workforce can also have a positive impact on employee recruitment, retention and satisfaction, writes Aberdeen's Andre brew

For the benefits of collaboration to be better realized, IT leaders must take a balanced and strategic approach to mobile security that focuses more on protecting the network and proprietary data and less on implementing overly broad restrictions.

Gartner recently made three interesting predictions about mobility in the workplace. And while each of these predictions are compelling – they only offer one-side of the story and the solution:

1. 
   Twenty percent of BYOD projects will fail by 2016 due to IT’s “heavy hand.”
   
2. 
   Strict mobility policies will drive employees to want to isolate personal data from business data.
   
3. 
   Mobile browsers will gain market share for app delivery for multiple platforms, and the role of HTML5 in solving issues that arise with the multiple platform problem.
   

Mobile messaging and collaboration tools provide many benefits to the Best-in-Class enterprises that have implemented them. Among the more obvious and tangible benefits of increased productivity and customer satisfaction are the "softer" benefits of a more satisfied workforce resulting in increased employee retention. The report was based on survey data from over 233 end-user organizations worldwide, fielded in August 2008. The following are selected actions recommended by the report You Can Take it with You: Enterprise Mobile Messaging and Collaboration:

• 
  Create a cross-functional team to help identify mobile messaging best practices
  
• 
  Develop the ability to measure and track mobile messaging usage
  
• 
  Expand the usage of push e-mail
  
• 
  Extend mobile messaging and collaboration capabilities throughout the organizational value chain
  

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There are certain rules that we follow to simplify an expression involving surds. Rationalising the denominator is one way to simplify these expressions. It is done by eliminating the surd in the denominator. This is shown in Rules 3, 5 and 6.

It can often be necessary to find the largest perfect square factor in order to simplify surds. The largest perfect square factor is found by looking at any possible factors of the number that is being square rooted. Lets say that you are looking at the square root of 242. Can you simplify this? Well, 2 x 121 is 242 and we can take the square root of 121 without leaving a surd (because we get 11). Since we cannot take the square root of a larger number that can be multiplied by another to give 242 then we say that 121 is the largest perfect square factor.
Surds is one of those confusing areas that I vaguely remember but have to look at a definition to recall properly. The BBC GCSE Bitesize website has “a square root which cannot be reduced to a whole number” and says “you need to be able to simplify expressions involving surds”. Rearranging surds, then, is the business of noticing that the square root of 12 multiplied by the square root of 3 can be combined to give the square root of 36, which is 6.

Surds, then, are a part of general algebraic fluency. I expected, therefore, that one answer would be that this is the kind of manipulation that helps generally with higher mathematics; though I wonder when such neat numbers arise in reality. I also expected to hear that surds were useful in very efficient computation. I remember once speaking to someone who was programming computers to go on board aeroplanes. These had very limited computing power and needed to work in real time; the programming involved all sorts of mental arithmetic tricks to minimise the complexity of calculations.

REFERENCE

http://aperiodical.com/2012/10/surds-what-are-they-good-for-2/

double seety brand and organized surds system volume 3

Aieer mathematics data base 2009

We determine, up to a constant factor, the time complexity for finding an approximate maximum, for approximate sorting and for approximate merging for all admissible values of the three parameters n, p and ~. This implies, as a special casei all the known results about the time complexity of the corresponding comparison problems. In addition, it reveals certain surprising differences between the time complexities of some of the problems and these of their approximation generalizations. All our upper bounds are obtained by explicit algorithms that apply several known explicit expanders, and only the constants can be somewhat improved by Using random graphs instead of explicit ones. We next state our results in this futl generality. The functions appearing in these results are somewhat complicated, and/hence it is not easy to see the exact implications of the theorems below. It is thus worth mentioning, before the statements of the theorems below, one somewhat surprising special case which appears in [3] and answers a question raised by N. Pippenger and by J. Koml6s. Suppose we wish to find, among our n elements, an element which belongs to the biggest n/2, where in each round we allow n comparisons:, We show in [3] that log* n - 4 rounds are necessary and log* n + 2 are sufficient for this problem. Here log*n denotes the minimum number k such that, starting with ~, k applications of logarithms in base 2 suffice to reach a number smaller than or equal to 1.

We have determined the exact behavior, up to a constant factor, of three of the main comparison problems; sorting, merging and selecting the maximum, even when we just want to have an e-approximation for them. There is a fourth important comparison problem which is the general selection. We can define an ~-approximate selection for the rank/3n, 1 < /3 < 1, ~n < e < 89 as finding an element x in the set g whose rank is known tosat~sfy n(/3 -~ ~) -~ rN(x ) < n(/3 + c). Approximate maximum is thus the case where/3 = 1. Approximate median is the case/3 -- 1/2. It is known that the algorithms for selection are harder than the algorithms for finding the maximum. However the complexity of parallel selection in the comparison models for every n and p is the same as for the maximum and is: O (p + log log(2§176 } (see [7], [27], [121). The exact complexity of approximate parallel selection is not known. Our lower bound for approximate maximum holds, of course, for approximate selection as well. On the other hand the upper bound for ~-approximate sorting gives an upper bound for approximate selection. In fact, our methods enable us to prove a slightly better upper bound that gives, for example, for p = n the following upper bound. 1 ' log* n - log* 1/c + 2 + log* n) 0 (log log /e-log(1-~g ,n-- ~'oog ~-~/e ~ 2) Note that this is really a better bound than the one for approximate sorting. In fact it is not more than log* n~ log log* n times the approximate maximum lower bound. It is interesting to find the exact complexity of approximate selection and to decide whether it is more than the complexity for approximate maximum. Acknowledgement. We would like to thank N. Pippenger for bringing some of the problems considered in this paper to our attention.

[1] D.T. Survey 2009

[2] N. ALON, and Y. AZh: The average complexity of deterministic and randomized parallel comparison sorting algorithms, Proc. 28th IEEE FOCS, Los Angeles, CA 1987, IEEE Press, 489-498; Also: SIAM J. Comput. 17 (1988) .

[3] Armaan Belding and Toren Singh 2010.

[4] Belging and Furnandise Ever Maths Volume 2009

[5] Monty Dessin , V.R. Sharma 6996, Volume III

General Introduction

The services comprises the controlling and monitoring of all Indian government departments or its linked organization through auditing and accounting association. It is an Indian Central Government service, free of control from any executive authority, under the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. The officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department serve in an audit managerial capacity. IAAS is responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments and public sector organizations, and for maintaining the accounts of State governments. It role is somewhat similar to the USGAO and National Audit Office (United Kingdom).

We are well aware about the facts of accounting and audit. The service can be divided into officers looking after State accounts and the officers at Headquarters. The state accounts and audit offices are headed by Accountants General or Principal Accountants General. They are functionally equivalent; only the designations vary. Major states have three Principal Accountants General (PAsG) or Accountants General (AsG), each heading Accounts and Entitlement (i.e., compiling state accounts, maintaining pension accounts, loan accounts, etc.), General and Social Sector Audit (GSSA) or Economic and Revenue Sector Audit (ERSA).

Through the emulate of synchronize data the controlling and data fetching is done through the central body. The equivalent officers at the Central level are Principal Directors (PDs) or Directors General (DsG). The PDs, DsG, AsG and PAsG report to Additional Deputy CAG (also called ADAI, for historical reasons) or Deputy CAG (called DAI, again for historical reasons). The Deputy CAGs are the highest-ranked officers in the service.

After training, the Officer Trainees are posted as Deputy Accountants General (DAsG) or Deputy Directors (DDs). Subsequent to their promotion, they become Senior Deputy Accountants General (Sr.DAsG) or Directors. All officers below the rank of AG/PD are also called Group Officers as they are generally in charge of a group in the office.