Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Ferritin was crystallized in a form of hexahedron from coelomic fluid of a shellfish (Corbicula sandai) living in freshwater. In the purification and crystallization process, ammonium sulfate was used exclusively. The crystalline preparation contained 4.5% of iron and 0.6% of phosphorus. Absorption spectrum of this preparation in the ultraviolet and visible regions showed a shoulder around 280 mu and no absorption band at other wavelengths. The presence of iron core or micells characteristic of ferritin was confirmed by electron microscopy. Molecular weight of this protein determined by the sedimentation equilibrium method was approximately 43.5 x 10⁴.

Baba, K. 2000. An area-analytical zoogeographical classification of Palearctic Unionaceae species. Bollettino Malacologico 36(5-8):133-140.

The zoogeographical classification for 31 Unionaceae species is given by using the area-analytical zoogeographical approach formerly successfully applied to terrestrial snails (Baba 1982). Studied species belong to the following genera: Margaritifera, Margaritana, Unio, Potamida, Lanceolaria, Pseudanodonta, Anodonta, Cristaria and Corbicula.

Baba, A. and M. Ishimichi. 1966. Interaction between bilirubin and polysaccharide   protein complex prepared from boiled extract of Corbicula sandai. Reports of Shiga University Prefectural Junior College 7:79 82. [Japanese with English summary]

Baba, A., M. Ishimichi, S. Hida and S. Yoskioka. 1969. Preparation of a crystalline macromolecule from Corbicula. Reports of Shiga Prefectural Junior College 10:63 64.

Baba, K., T. Kawajiri, Y. Kuwahara and S. Nakao. 2004. An environmentally based growth model that uses finite difference calculus with maximum likelihood method: its application to the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, Japan. Fishery Bulletin 102(1):14-24.

A growth analysis model is presented that combines large amounts of environmental data with limited amounts of biological data and apply it to Corbicula japonica. The model uses the maximum-likelihood method with the Akaike information criterion, which provides an objective criterion for model selection. An adequate distribution for describing a single cohort is selected from available probability density functions, which are expressed by location and scale parameters. Daily relative increase rates of the location parameter are expressed by a multivariate logistic function with environmental factors for each day and categorical variables indicating animal ages as independent variables. Daily relative increase rates of the scale parameter are expressed by an equation describing the relationship with the daily relative increase rate of the location parameter. Corbicula japonica grows to a modal shell length of 0.7 mm during the first year in Lake Abashiri. Compared with the attainable maximum size of about 30 mm, the growth of juveniles is extremely slow because their growth is less susceptible to environmental factors until the second winter. The extremely slow growth in Lake Abashiri could be a geographical genetic variation within C. japonica.

Baba, A., M. E. May and W. W. Fish. 1977. The properties of Corbicula apoferritin. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 491(2):491 496.

Corbicula sandai Reinhardt, 1878, apoferritin has physical properties different from apoferritin of other species. The native molecular weight was estimated from its so 20, w 18.7 S to be about 503,000. Empirical molecular weight estimation methods in denaturing solvents yielded a molecular weight estimate for constituent polypeptide chains of 23,000. The circular dichroic spectrum of C. sandai apoferritin was significantly different from other apoferritins and it was immunologically unreactive with rabbit anti human ferritin antisera.

Baba, K., M. Tada, T. Kawajiri and Y. Kuwahara. 1999. Effects of temperature and salinity on spawning of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan. Marine Ecology Progress Series 180:213-221.

The abundance of planktonic larvae (veliger) of Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, which is near the northern limit of this species' range, was extremely low in 1995 and 1996, compared to other years (1989, 1990, 1994 and 1997). In histological examinations, the female genital tubules were filled with the atretic oocytes after the spawning season of 1995. Therefore, it was concluded that most C. japonica failed to spawn in 1995. The effects of temperature and salinity on the spawning of C. japonica were examined in a spawning induction experiment under laboratory conditions. Probability of spawning by C. japonica in the experiment was described by the equation: 1/{1+exp[-(-15.57+0.57T-12.64S-0.55Ga m+0.69T x S-0.1T x S x Gam)]} (T: temperature, S: salinity, Gam: dummy variable of 1 or 2, i.e. 1 denotes each group to which the gamete suspension was added and 2 each group to which the gamete suspension was not added). The probability of spawning within the group to which the gamete suspension was added (i.e. Gam = 1) explained well both annual and seasonal fluctuations of larval occurrence in Lake Abashiri in past years. The spawning of C. japonica may have been extremely low in 1995 and 1996 because of low temperature and low salinity. Such unfavorable conditions for spawning are not exceptional and occurred in 10 out of 21 years for which data were available. In C. japonica, reproduction succeeds less frequently in northern than in southern populations because the probability of spawning depends markedly on the temperature.

Bachmann, V., J. N. Beisel, P. Usseglio-Polatera and J. C. Moreteau. 2001. Decline of Dreissena polymorpha in the River Moselle: Biotic and abiotic key factors involved in dynamics of invasive species. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 151(2):263-281.

Macroinvertebrate communities sampled in 1994, 1995 and 1996 showed that three invasive exotic species (Dreissena polymorpha, Corophium curvispinum and Corbicula fluminalis) were well established and coexisted in the River Moselle. Results highlighted a decline of the zebra mussel population, the oldest invader considered, between 1994 and 1996. Benthic densities decreased. The recruitment of juveniles was unsuccessful and population was clearly ageing over the considered period. These results were confirmed by a decline of the veliger density (reproduction capacity) between 1994 and 1998. Biotic and abiotic factors which have probably influenced the zebra mussel population dynamics are discussed. The recent establishment of C. curvispinum in the same mesohabitat type and the massive development of Corbiculidae suggested a possible competition for habitat and/or food between these invasive species. A first abiotic factor was the hydrological regime of 1994 and 1995, which was particularly high for the 1992-1998 period. It may have removed the substratum and then favoured the settlement of an opportunistic species like C. curvispinum with a high reproductive output and a reproduction period early in the year. A second abiotic factor was the physicochemical water quality of the River Moselle. In 1993 and 1994 the high chlorophyll-a concentration probably favored the incubation of C. curvispinum, and in 1994 the pH did not reach an optimal value for the survival of D. polymorpha veligers. The results describe key factors for understanding the population dynamics of invasive species in regard to environmental changes and processes involved in future ecosystem invasions.

Bachmann, V., E. Cegielka, P. Wagner, P. Usseglio-Polatera and J. C. Moreteau. 1995. Installation de l'amphipode Corophium curvispinum et de la palourde asiatique Corbicula dans la partie francaise de la Moselle [Establishment of the amphipod Corophium curvispinum and the asiatic clam Corbicula in the French part of Mosel River]. Hydroecologie Appliquee, Paris 7(1-2):185-190. [French with English summary]

The amphipod Corophium curvispinum and the asiatic clam Corbicula sp., two new immigrants from the Rhine River, have been collected from dredging at a water depth of 1-4 meters in the French part of the Mosel River. They are already distributed over at least 287 km for C. curvispinum and 337 km for Corbicula sp. from the mouth of the river. The distributions of those new species appear to be related to the bottom substrate type. The population dynamics of those new mass invaders in this ecosystem, that are already two of the prevailing taxa in the Mosel River, and their possible impact on zoobenthic communities must be carefully observed.

Bachmann, V. and P. Usseglio-Polatera. 1999. Contribution of the macrobenthic compartment to the oxygen budget of a large regulated river: the Mosel. Hydrobiologia 410:39-46.

The contribution of the benthic compartment to the oxygen budget of three sectors of the river Mosel (France, Luxembourg, Germany) was evaluated, in terms of benthos respiration, filtration rate and sediment oxygen demand. Bottom substrates and benthic invertebrate communities were investigated using benthic dredges during six field campaigns from summer 1994 to summer 1996. Bivalvia (Corbicula fluminalis, Dreissena polymorpha, Anodonta cygnea, Unio pictorum), Prosobranchia (Viviparus viviparus), Crustacea (Gammaridae) and Diptera (Chironomidae) were the prevailing taxa of the benthic community, both in density and biomass. An original method based on multivariate analyses and a clustering approach was developed to describe the habitat mosaic in terms of substrate-type frequencies. The biomass of each taxon was recalculated for each substrate-type. The dissolved oxygen uptake and the filtration rate of the prevailing taxa of the benthic community were modeled using results of laboratory experiments. Both effects of water temperature and trophic level conditions were taken into account. Evaluations showed that benthic compartment respiration processes may have reach up to 25% of the total amount of dissolved oxygen per day, in the river Mosel. Furthermore, the macrobenthic compartment may have a great impact on phytoplankton communities, and then on primary production, by filtration activity. Indeed, the water volume daily filtered by filter-feeder macroinvertebrates potentially ranged from 26.9 to 83.8% of the total volume of a sector, in summer conditions. Consequently, respiration and filtration activities of the benthic compartment appear to be two important biological processes of the dissolved oxygen budget of a large regulated river.

Bachmann, V., P. Usseglio-Polatera, E. Cegielka, P. Wagner, J. F. Poinsaint, J. C. Moreteau, F. Bergot and E. Vigneux. 1997. Premieres observations sur la coexistence de Dreissena polymorpha, Corophium curvispinum et Corbicula spp. dans la riviere Moselle [Preliminary observations about the coexistence of Dreissena polymorpha, Corophium curvispinum and Corbicula spp. in the River Moselle]. Bulletin Français de la Peche et de la Pisciculture. Seminaire GIP Hydrosystemes, Ministere de l'Environnement, Paris, 13-15 February 1996.

Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at a water depth of 1-4 metres by means of benthic dredges along several transects of the River Moselle from July 1994 to September 1995. These samples revealed the recent establishment of the amphipod Corophium curvispinum and of two forms (or species ?) of the genus Corbicula (Bivalvia). The sampling program showed that the biogeographical distribution of C. curvispinum included the French part of the River Moselle at least up to Gondreville (i.e. 137.5 km newly colonized), and that Corbicula spp. colonized the River Moselle up to Dieulouard (i.e. 337 km from the confluence of the river with the Rhin.). The distribution of these species, considered as mass invaders that may cause serious fouling problems for river water users, seems to be correlated with characteristics of the substratum. Spatial and trophic competition between these new immigrants and previously established macrobenthic populations are possible. The structure and the dynamics of these populations must now be carefully obseed, in order to prevent possible economic and ecosystemic damages.

Baethe, J. 1997. Decreasing salinity in Werra and Weser (Germany): Reactions of the phytoplankton and the macrozoobenthos. Limnologica 27(1):111-119.

Salinity levels in Werra and Weser have reduced by 63 % since 1992. Corresponding to that decrease there have been changes in the species communities, phytoplankton dynamics and spatial intensity of primary production. With the changes in primary production, the benthic community has changed. The upstream region of the Weser is dominated by Hydropsychidae in average abundances of 1,000-4,000/m². The dominant species of the Mittelweser are Dreissena polymorpha, Corbicula fluminalis, Corbicula fluminea and three species of the genus Corophium. Corophium lacustre, Corophium multisetosum and Corophium curvispinum are spread throughout the Mittelweser according to the salinity-gradients. The benthic biocoenosis is dominated by filter-feeders. Other functional components of the foodweb are only rudimentarily developed.

Baker, H. B. 1930. The Mollusca collected by the University of Michigan   Williamson Expedition in Venezuela. Part VI. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). 210:1 94.

Baker, H. B. 1966. Corbicula manilensis. The Nautilus 79:144.

The correct spelling of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is presented and discussed.

Baker, J. R. 1978. Extensions of the known range of Corbicula manilensis (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae) in Texas. Southwestern Naturalist 23(3):536.

Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) is reported from the Concho River at Lake Nasworthy where fouling of a power plant is noted. Populations are also reported from the Colorado River at Lake Brownwood.

Baldwin, B. S., M. Black, O. Sanjur, R. Gustafson, R. A. Lutz and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1996. A diagnostic molecular marker for zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and potentially co-occurring bivalves: Mitochondrial COIMolecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 5(1):9-14.

Diagnostic differences are reported in the nucleotide sequences of a 710-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and potentially co-occurring bivalves: the quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis); the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), the dark false mussel (Mytilopsis leucophaeata), and the wedge clam (Rangia cuneata). The COI sequence of the deep-water "profunda" phenotype of the quagga mussel was nearly identical to that of shallow-water quagga mussels. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in this portion of COI produced species-specific differences in fragment numbers and sizes that could be used as diagnostic markers to distinguish the free-living larvae produced by these bivalves.

Balinski, A. 1979. Brachiopods and conodonts from the Frasnian of the Debnik anticline, southern Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica 39:3 97.

Banarescu, P. 1973. On Tethys marine remnants in fresh waters. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Zoologie 18(6):15 21.

A Tethyan origin can be assumed with more certitude for freshwater taxa with marine tropical affinities occurring in circum Mediterranean countries and Middle Asia; areas which are now no longer tropical. A Tethys origin and age is probable for Corbicula. Only hypogeous animals are true Tethys relicts; the epigenous ones having speciated and dispersed by continental routes since their old adaptation to freshwater life.

Baraibar, B. C. 1959. Shell structure, biometrics, histology, reproduction ecology and geographic distribution of Corbicula limosa. Actas Trabajos I Gepgrapjoca Sundamerica, Zoology 1959(2):3 13.

Baraibar, B. C. 1960. Estudio sobre Corbicula limosa (Maton). Actas Primer Congresso Sudamericano de Zoologia. La Plata (Invertebrados) 2:2 13.

Barattini, L. P. 1951. Malacología Uruguayana. Puglicacíon Cientas SOYP 6:181 293.

Uruguayan species of Corbicula are included.

Barfield, M. L., J. L. Farris and M. C. Black. 2001. Biomarker and bioaccumulation responses of Asian clams exposed to aqueous cadmium. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 63(7):495-510.

Measured responses of biochemical or physiological indicators have been suggested to reflect thresholds where pollutants exert their initial effect. Responses in cellulolytic enzyme activity and DNA strand breakage of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea exposed to cadmium in the laboratory were measured and metal body burdens were determined concurrently. Clams were exposed to aqueous cadmium concentrations of 3, 6, 12, or 25 ppb for 23 and 28 d. Cadmium concentrations in clam tissue were highest in lower cadmium treatments, and body burdens increased with length of exposure in only the 28-d experiment. Cellulolytic enzyme activity decreased with increasing cadmium concentrations for clams in the 28-d experiment. Induced enzyme activities were observed in cadmium treatments for both experiments and are thought to precede declines in activity through the length of exposure. Significant reductions in DNA strand lengths of cadmium exposed clams were observed by wk 3 in the 23-d exposure and by wk 2 in the 28-d exposure. Reduced DNA strand lengths in these cadmium treatments for the 28-d exposure precede significant declines in cellulolytic activity at subsequent sampling events. Combining these data with observations of mortality in higher cadmium treatments suggests that impairment of DNA structural integrity and reduced digestive enzyme activity may indicate metal-induced stress in clams.

Bargar, T. A. and S. W. Fisher. 1997. Molluscicide acute and sub-chronic toxicity to the three non-target organisms Hexagenia limbata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Pimephelas promelas, and neutralization of that toxicity by bentonite clay. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58(2):275-282.

Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have caused problems for raw water users along the shores of the Great Lakes by clogging pipes and decreasing water flow within water systems of raw water users. The molluscicide H-130 (didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride) has been proposed to both remove and prevent colonization of water systems by zebra mussels. Briefly, the water in the systems would first be treated with H-130. Then, just prior to releasing it into receiving waters, the water would be treated again with bentonite clay to neutralize H-130. Other pesticides have been used in a similar manner against related mussels such as the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Three non-target organisms were used in this study to investigate H-130 toxicity; Hexagenia limbata (larval mayfly nymphs), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and larval Pimephelas promelas. Hexagenia limbata was chosen as a representative benthic organism likely to come into contact with and ingest adsorbed molluscicide. C eriodaphnia dubia and Pimephelas promelas were chosen as representative pelagic organisms. Both the toxicity of H-130 and the effectiveness of bentonite clay in neutralizing H-130 toxicity were investigated in acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests.

Bartos, L. F. 1979. Littoral benthic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tarpon, Florida. Florida Scientist 42 (Supplement):31. (Abstract)

A four year study to investigate the effects of lake level fluctuation on the limnology of Lake Tarpon included an analysis of littoral zone benthic macroinvertebrates. No significant changes were attributable to the fluctuating water levels. A significant change in the benthos did occur from the introduction of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in 1975. An estuarine isopod (Munna sp.) was collected sporadically. Distinct vertical distribution patterns within the littoral zone were exhibited by the major benthic organisms.

Basack, S. B., M. L. Oneto, N. R. Verrengia Guerrero and E. M. Kesten. 1997. Accumulation and elimination of pentachlorophenol in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58(3):497-503.

Assessment of the toxicological risks posed by the introduction of a chemical into the aquatic environment requires the integration of biological effects with time and concentration in tissues of the living organisms. Species of the genus Corbicula have been used as biological monitors in freshwater environments. However, there are no data available about the time course of organic compounds in bivalves of the species Corbicula fluminea from the coast of the La Plata River. The accumulation and elimination of organic compounds depend on the species and the system, and it is very difficult to extrapolate results from other authors. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the feasibility to use this bivalve species for bioconcentration experiments. Therefore, we obtained the accumulation and elimination curves at different concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in C. fluminea. While many classes of toxicants could have been selected, PCP was chosen because it is a well-studied organic substance whose widespread use -mainly as fungicide and wood preservative- has led to environmental contamination (IPCS 1987).

Basack, S. B., M. L. Oneto, J. S. Fuchs, E. J. Wood and E. M. Kesten. 1998. Esterases of Corbicula fluminea as biomarkers of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61(5):569-576.

Bass, D. 1981. Dispersion patterns of benthic macro invertebrates in a stream riffle. American Zoologist 21(4):1035. [Abstract]

Dispersion patterns of a macrobenthic population in a stream riffle were determined by taking 64 systematic core samples from a quadrat (at an undisclosed locality). Dominant taxa collected included Dugesia dororocephala, Limnodrilus sp., Cheumatopsyche sp., Stenelmis sp., Chironomidae, and Corbicula fluminea. Analysis of dispersion patterns to determine the presence and size of aggregations was done using the mean square method. The benthic community exhibited a clumped distribution within the quadrat, caused by the non homogenous conditions of the stream bottom.

Basseres, A. 2003. La pratique de tests biologiques en canaux artificiels (mesocosmes) au service des industriels [The practice of the biological tests in pilot rivers in the service of the industry]. Techniques Sciences Methodes. Genie Urbain-Genie Rural 5:55-59. [French with English summary]

The regulation changes bring to characterize the impacts of aqueous industrial wastes, on the biological component of the ecosystem. In addition to standardized ecological indicators (IBGN: based on the benthic invertebrates; IBD: based on the diatoms; IOBS: based on the oligochaete), new biological tools are under development today: the biomarkers. Exposure biomarkers or effect biomarkers, they ate measured in sentinel organisms, which are exposed to pollution. These biomarkers need a validation to use them under adequate conditions and to facilitate their interpretation. The Pilot Rivers, of dynamic mesocosms, constitute an ecosystem perfectly controlled, in which this validation can be considered. Located in the southwest of France, they consist of 16 channels, 40 m length each one, in parallel, supplied with untreated and not filtered water river: the colonization of the mesocosms is thus done naturally, by drift. A research program is currently engaged in partnership with the French Adour Garonne Water Board on the validation of the biomarker responses in a fresh water bivalve: Corbicula fluminea. This validation is done by exposing the ecosystems in the mesocosms to several substances, initially, pure, then in mixture. An integrated approach of the biocoenotic responses and biomarker responses will allow their validation. In addition to the research carried out in these mesocosms, a later use would be to characterize the ecotoxicity of substances or effluents in an ecosystem very close to the natural conditions, with an aim of carrying out studies on risk assessment.

Basseres, A., F. Simonet, M. Lafont, M. Costeand J. F. Narbonne. 2004. Validation of biomarkers for impact evaluation of aqueous industrial waste in mesocosms. Water Science And Technology : A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research 49(1):123-130.

The use of exposure biomarkers in measuring the impact of aqueous waste holds promise because such tools have short response times, are flexible in use and may give an indication about the type of pollution. However, their ecological significance has not yet been demonstrated. It is necessary to validate these responses under controlled conditions before using such biomarkers for biomonitoring. The TotalFinaElf company has developed a pilot scheme incorporating such controlled conditions. This pilot is a dynamic open mesocosm (16 channels 40 m in length supplied with river water). The research programme currently carried out in the Pilot Rivers aims at validating biochemical parameters (components of phases I and II (de)toxication metabolism and propionylcholinesterase activity), measured in a fresh water bivalve Corbicula fluminea as a biomarker of water quality. The comparison between biomarker responses and community ones (reference) gives information about the precocity and sensitivity of these biomarker responses. Pure substances (trichloroethylene (TCE), cadmium (CD) and anthracenic oil (AO)) have been injected during one month. Biomarker responses are as sensitive as the most sensitive community response in the presence of CD and AO. With TCE, community responses are more sensitive. Precocity of biomarker response is observed only in the presence of CD.

Basseres, A. and B. Tramier. 2001. Characterisation of the impact of aqueous industrial waste in mesocosms: biological indicators and pilot streams. 1st World Water Congress: Operation and Management, Landfill and Sludge Management. Water Science and Technology 44(2-3):135-143.

The use of exposure biomarkers in measuring the impact of aqueous waste holds out promise because such tools have short response times, are of flexible use and give an indication of the type of pollution. However, their ecological significance has not yet been demonstrated. During field studies focusing on aqueous industrial waste, the correlations obtained between several biocoenotic indicators and biomarkers measured in a fresh-water bivalve (Corbicula fluminea), demonstrate the need for work to be carried out under controlled conditions. Working in partnership with the Adour Garonne Water Board, the ELF company has developed a pilot scheme incorporating such controlled conditions. This pilot is made up of 16 canals 40 m in length supplied by river water. The pilot scheme, which is currently at the validation stage, makes it possible to reconstitute an aquatic ecosystem which, once established, will be exposed to perfectly controlled pollution conditions. The responses provided by all the indicators - biocoenotic and microbiological indicators, biomarkers - will then be correlated in order to attribute an ecological significance to the biomarkers.

Bates, J. M. 1962. The impact of impoundment on the mussel fauna of Kentucky Reservoir, Tennessee River. American Midland Naturalist 68(1):232 236.

The invasion of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Tennessee River is reported. Environmental changes resulting from the activities of man may cause the extermination of the native bivalve populations.

Bates, J. M. 1962. Extension of the known range of Corbicula fluminea within the Ohio drainage. The Nautilus 76(2):35 36.

Large numbers of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were collected in the Green River from below Central City, Kentucky, to above Paradise, Kentucky (100 miles above the confluence of the Ohio and Green Rivers), in September 1961.

Bates, J. M. 1970. Ohio Mussel Fisheries Investigation. Part I: Mussel Studies. Ohio Division of Wildlife, Columbus; and National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C., Completion Report 4-28-R. 14-17-0004-433, November. 108 pp.

The Muskingum River, Ohio today supports what are probably the finest fresh water mussel stocks in the world. Other streams and rivers in Ohio do not at present support mussel populations of any potential commercial importance. the location and extent of mussel beds, species composition and density, rate of harvest, rate of recruitment, sex, age, and size composition of populations, and other basic biological information were determined. Investigations into the basic phenomena of shell formation, particularly the composition of the extrapallial fluid, were undertaken. The present high market demand for shells has developed largely during the past two decades due directly to demand created by the Japanese cultured pearl industry. Harvesting methods are described. histological studies indicate normal patterns of gametogenesis in all species. it is completely possible that stocking programs could be instituted to reconstitute commercially valuable populations in certain streams, as the viable nature of the mussel populations of the Muskingum River has been established. the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, has invaded the lower stretches of the Muskingum river.

Bates, J. M. 1987. Mussel kills: a thirty year perspective.