Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Die offs of Corbicula are noted to be relatively instantaneous events, particularly in the northern limit of its range, when a change in water temperature occurs.

Bates, J. M. and S. D. Dennis. 1977. The mussel fauna of the Clinch River, Tennessee and Virginia. Sterkiana 69 70:2 23.

Baudrimont, M. 1998. Field study of metallothionein concentrations in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), along a polymetallic pollution gradient (Lot River, France). 8th Annual Meeting of SETAC-Europe, Bordeaux (France), 14-18 April

Baudrimont, M., S. Andres, G. Durrieu and A. Boudou. 2003. The key role of metallothioneins in the bivalve Corbicula fluminea during the depuration phase, after in situ exposure to Cd and Zn. Aquatic Toxicology 63(2):, pp. 89-102.

An experimental study of the role of metallothioneins (MTs) in Cd and Zn depuration processes in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea was conducted after in situ exposure on the river Lot (France). Specimens of adult C. fluminea were first transplanted from a lacustrine reference site to a polymetallic polluted station (Bouillac, B) for a 42-days' exposure period from September to November 1996. They were then depurated after transfer to the laboratory, and were sub-sampled periodically until May 1997. During the first phase, MT concentrations measured with the Mercury-Saturation Assay were induced for a factor of 3.5 compared with time 0, whereas metal uptake showed accumulation factors of 17 and 4 for Cd and Zn, respectively. During the depuration phase, Cd and Zn concentrations decreased by 18 and 70%, respectively, giving estimated biological half-lives of 500 and 40 days. During the same period, MT concentrations decreased by 37% after transfer under unpolluted conditions, especially between 0 and 3 days, suggesting that MTs play a predominant role in Cd depuration. The quantity of Cd sequestered by the MT fraction, after size-exclusion liquid chromatography, represents on average 40% of the total Cd bioaccumulated in the soft body of the molluscs, compared with only 4-9% for total accumulated Zn. This essential metal was principally bound to low molecular weight proteins, which represented 20% of total Zn. Furthermore, it was observed that MTs had a key role in Cd remanence in the bivalves, and it was also reported that other proteins or small peptides were involved in the depuration of Zn.

Baudrimont, M., S. Andres, J. Metivaud, Y. Lapaquellerie, F. Ribeyre, N. Maillet, C. Latouche and A. Boudou. 1999. Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea along a polymetallic contamination gradient (River Lot, France): II. Metallothionein response to metal exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(11):2472-2477.

Specimens of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were transplanted from a clean lacustrine site to four stations along a polymetallic pollution gradient in the river Lot, France, downstream from an old Zn ore treatment facility (see Part I). From April to September 1996, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation and the metallothionein-like metal-binding protein (MT) concentrations were studied by subsampling the cages at t = 0, 21, 49, 85, 120, and 150 d. Marked differences were observed among the four stations. At the most polluted station Riou-Mort, MT concentrations did not increase despite very rapid metal accumulation; all mollusks died between days 49 and 85, suggesting that the metal detoxification mechanisms were overwhelmed at this station. At the next station downstream, the final levels of bioaccumulated metal after 150 d were as high as those at the Riou-Mort station (t = 21 d), but in this case the MT concentrations also increased progressively with positive correlations between MT and metal concentrations; no mortality was observed, but a significant growth inhibition was revealed in comparison to the reference site, with a lack of correlation between MT (as a stress response) and reduced growth. Subcellular metal partitioning, as determined by size-exclusion chromatography, revealed that most of the Cd was sequestered by MT (70% of cytosolic Cd). In contrast, most of the Zn was bound to low molecular weight proteins (70%, less than or equal to 6.5 kD), the MT fraction representing only 12% of cytosolic Zn. These data show the marked role of MT toward Cd bioaccumulation and toxic effects on this freshwater bivalve species.

Baudrimont, M., S. Lemaire-Gony, F. Ribeyre, J. Metivaud and A. Boudou. 1997. Seasonal variations of metallothionein concentrations in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 118C(3):361-367.

Natural variations of metallothionein (MT) concentrations in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were analyzed over a 1-year period in specimens collected from an unpolluted site (Cazaux-Sanguinet lake, southwest France). Sampling was carried out from November 1994 to December 1995, one to three times per month, according to the season. At each sampling time, lake temperature was measured and concentrations of MTs, Cd, Hg, Zn and Cu were determined in the whole soft body and in four organs or tissue samples. A histological study was conducted simultaneously to follow the development of the gonads in relation to the reproductive cycle of this bivalve. Results showed very high fluctuations in MT concentrations over the whole year, with a maximum value measured in the middle of May and ratios of around 4 at the whole organism level between extreme MT values. The tissue compartment presenting the most important variations was the visceral mass, which contains the gonads. Metal accumulation in the organisms did not seem to be involved among the factors likely to account for these variations in MT concentrations; metal concentrations remained at low and relatively constant levels throughout the whole year. The histological study revealed one spawning period from late May to the middle of June, appearing just after the MT "peak," with maximum incubation of the embryos in the gills in late June. Because MT biosynthesis can be induced by hormonal secretions implicated during reproductive phenomena, the variations in MT concentrations appeared to be directly related to the biological cycle of this freshwater mollusc rather than to the direct or indirect effects of metal bioaccumulation.

Baudrimont, M., J. Metivaud, R. Maury-Brachet, F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou. 1997. Bioaccumulation and metallothionein response in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) after experimental exposure to cadmium and inorganic mercury.

The involvement of metallothioneins (MTs) in cadmium (Cd) and inorganic mercury (Hg[II]) bioaccumulation by the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea was experimentally investigated after 0, 15, 30, and 45 d of exposure from the water column source. Three levers of contamination were studied for each metal: 0, 5, and 35 mu g Cd/L and 0, 1.45, and 5 mu g Hg/L, with two replicates per condition. Forty eight experimental units (EUs) were conducted simultaneously. The mollusks were fed twice a week by additions of phytoplanktonic algae. Quantification of MTs was done by Hg-saturation assay, using cold Hg(II). A partial purification of these proteins was conducted gel-filtration chromatography, followed by Cd determinations in the different eluted fractions. Results at the whole organism (soft tissues) and organ or tissue group (gills, mantle, foot, visceral mass) levels show high metal concentrations, with a fourfold greater accumulation of inorganic Hg than Cd after 30 d exposure at the same concentration of 5 μg/L. Gills and visceral mass were the principal storage compartments. A significant increase in MT concentrations was revealed in these two organs after exposure to Cd: ratios between the MT concentrations in contaminated and control mollusks were 2.4 and 2.8, respectively, for 5 and 35 μg Cd/L. Cd burdens in the cytosol and in less than or equal to 18-kDa protein fractions, similar to purified mammal MTs, correspond to 30 and 14% of the total Cd accumulated in the whole organisms. No significant increase in MT biosynthesis was observed after exposure to inorganic Hg, despite the high metal concentrations in the organs.

Baumberger, E. 1938. Bivalves aus dem subalpinen Stampien des Vorarlbergs mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Deformations problems. Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae 30(2):361 401.

The paleontology of the genus Corbicula is discussed.

Bavay, A. 1908. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Nova Guinea, (Zoologie) 5:269 292.

The systematics, taxonomy, and distribution of Corbicula debilis (Gould, 1850) in New Guinea is presented.

Bavay, A. and P. Dautzenberg. 1901. Description de deux Union et d'un Corbicula nouveaux, provenant de l'Indo Chine. Journal de Conchyliologie 49:5 10.

Corbicula messageri sp. nov. is described (p. 4) and figured (pl. 1, figs. 5 7) from Lang Son and That Khe, Vietnam.

Beaver, J. R., T. L. Crisman and R. J. Brock. 1991. Grazing effects of an exotic bivalve (Corbicula fluminea ) on hypereutrophic lake water. Lake and Reservoir Management 7(1):45-51.

This preliminary study evaluates the ability of the widespread, exotic clam Corbicula fluminea to influence the characteristics of plankton in eutrophic Florida lakes. Effective clam densities of 1310/m² and 2621/ m² reduced chlorophyll a concentrations in hypereutrophic lake water > 60 per cent over 7 days. Clam filtration rates were estimated to be approximately 500 ml/hr/clam. Zooplankton communities shifted to dominance by copepods in all treatments, although rotifer populations declined more rapidly in clam treatments. Although clams stimulated dissolved nitrogen concentrations, phytoplankton populations were reduced. Potential effects of Corbicula fluminea on plankton characteristics of subtropical lakes are discussed.

Becker, G., C. Krause and J. Schwarz. 1991. Beiträge zur Biostratigraphie von Hessen. Geologische Abhandlungen Hessen, Bd. 93. 81 pp. [German]

Begum, F. and S. N. Rizvi. 1987. Biological studies on freshwaters of Pakistan. 13. Some fresh water bivalves of Sind. Biologia (Pakistan) 33(1):1-14.

A systematic account is presented of some specimens belonging to six species of three genera of freshwater bivalves which have been collected from various ponds and lakes of Sind. Among them one species of genus Corbicula and two species of genus Parreysia are the new records from Pakistan.

Behr, A. G. 1983. The Upper Tertiary and Quaternary deposits on the Ishim and lower Tobal rivers. Bulletin de la Société Naturelistes Moscou, Section Helologie 46(1):73 96.

Corbicula fluminalis is discussed from the deposits along the Ishim and Tobal Rivers, USSR.

Behrens, D. W. 1975. Use of disposable beverage containers by the freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis. The Nautilus 89(1):13.

Belanger, S. E. 1985. Functional and pathological responses of selected aquatic organisms to chrysotile asbestos. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg). 229 pp.

Functional and pathological responses of larval, juvenile, and adult Corbicula sp., juvenile and adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and egg, larval, and juvenile Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) to chrysotile asbestos were investigated in 96 hr to 91 day tests. Chrysotile significantly reduced siphoning activity and shell growth of adult clams and siphoning, shell growth, and weight gain of juveniles at 10 fibers/L during 30 day tests. Larval Corbicula suffered significantly greater mortality and lower release by brooding adults at 10²   10⁸ fibers/L. Adult and juvenile Corbicula exposed to 10⁸ fibers/L for 30 days exhibited deteriorated gill tissue and significantly greater tissue water content. Corbicula accumulated up to 1000 fibers/mg in visceral tissue at 10⁸ fibers/L. Clams collected from the California Aqueduct System exposed to 10⁹ fibers/L accumulated up to 10⁵ fibers/mg in viscera. Corbicula can be used as a monitor for chrysotile contamination due to its ability to concentrate fibers.

Belanger, S. E. 1991. The effect of dissolved O₂, sediment, and sewage treatment plant discharges upon growth, survival and density of Asiatic clams. Hydrobiologia, 218:113-126.

The biology of Corbicula fluminea, the Asiatic clam, in the Vermilion River, Louisiana, as affected by sediment, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents was investigated. A point source of high DO water in the Vermilion River established a gradient of DO that decreased as the river moved toward the Gulf of Mexico. Lowering DO levels were exacerbated by municipal sewage treatment plant discharges in the 20 km reach studied. Low dissolved oxygen was associated with reduced Corbicula density in the river and 30-day in-stream growth studies (weight and length) demonstrated that low DO inhibited growth. Generally, if DO was < 1.0 mg/L in sediment pore water and/or < 3.0 mg/L at the sediment-water interface, growth was significantly impaired (p < 0.05). Corbicula experienced substantial mortality near the STP discharges (up to 70% in 30 days) and laboratory toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia, a sensitive cladoceran, also strongly suggested discharges were chronically toxic at 6.25-25.0% effluent. Respiration experiments along with environmental measurements of DO, temperature, and STP discharge chemistry support a hypothesis that clam populations are adversely affected by the suite of environmental conditions present in the Vermilion River. Further, growth studies were consistent with observed population densities in situ.

Belanger, S. E. 2000. Responses of aquatic communities to 25-6 alcohol ethoxylate in model stream ecosystems. Aquatic Toxicology 48(2-3):135-150.

A model stream ecosystem evaluation of the non-commercial alcohol ethoxylate 25-6 alcohol ethoxylate (AE) was performed in 1994. Algal, heterotrophic microbial, protozoan, and invertebrate communities were assessed over an 8-week exposure period that followed an 8-week colonization period. Streams were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 12, 37, 111, 333 and 1000 μg AE/l. Confirmed concentrations (8-week means) were 7 (at the detection limit), 13, 36, 76, 259, and 760 μg AE/l as measured at the head of streams on a weekly basis. Microbial communities were initially enhanced by AE exposure (first 2 weeks of exposure), but by the conclusion of the study autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities were similar across treatments. In contrast, invertebrate populations and communities responded strongly to AE exposure with adverse effects indicated at 259-760 μg/l by 4 weeks and at 36-760 mu g/l by 8 weeks. Key affected groups were the sensitive mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly fauna. Species richness and abundance of selected populations such as Stenonema (mayfly), Chimarra (caddisfly), and Corbicula (Asiatic clam) were affected. These data indicated a model ecosystem no-observed effect concentration of 13 μg /l for 25-6 AE. In contrast to other published AE model ecosystem studies, 25-6 appears more toxic. Structure-activity-relationships at the model ecosystem level still demonstrate good relationships across a range of surfactants with calculated K_ows of 3-6. Importantly, the collective information on fate and effects measured in laboratory and field systems confirms low risk to the environment.

Belanger, S. E., J. W. Bowling, E. M. Leblanc, B. B. Price, R. R. Herzog and E. Bozso. 2005. Comprehensive assessment of aquatic community responses to a new anionic surfactant, high-solubility alkyl sulfate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62(1):75-92

High-solubility alkyl sulfate (HSAS) is a new anionic surfactant for use in consumer product applications that provides enhanced water solubility and improved water hardness tolerance. A comprehensive model stream ecosystem investigation was conducted to assess ecological and toxicological effects of HSAS on stream invertebrates. Model streams were dosed with HSAS for a period of 56 days following 56 days of colonization in a single-pass, flow-through system. Exposures were control and 9.1, 24.1, 64.0, 165.8, and 426.5 μg/L based on specific analytical detection methods. Benthic abundance on gravel substrates, drift, and insect emergence were assessed. Several taxonomically unrelated taxa were found sensitive to HSAS and formed the basis of toxicological conclusions. Abundance or biomass of a limpet (Ferrissea), a bivalve (Corbicula), flatworms (Turbellaria), and a mayfly (Stenonema) was reduced at concentrations ranging from 165.8 to 426.5 μg/L. Principal response curve analysis, a constrained form of principal components analysis, demonstrated consistency with univariate analyses and identified similar populations as being sensitive to HSAS. Comparison with historical studies from the same testing site, streams, and experimental design, but with structurally related alkyl sulfate and alkyl ethoxysulfate anionic surfactants, revealed several similar trends in response profiles at the population level for both tolerant and sensitive species. Based on the comprehensive nature of the study, strength of data trends, and demonstrated sensitivity of the aquatic communities contained in the experimental system, the no-observed-effect concentration for HSAS was concluded to be 64.μg/L. An application factor of 1 is justified for deriving a predicted no-effect concentration) for HSAS in aquatic systems.

Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. n.d. Functional responses of Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) exposed to chrysotile asbestos: Growth, behavior, and fiber uptake. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5th Annual Meeting, Arlington, Virginia, 4-7 November 84.

Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Seasonal, behavioral and growth changes of juvenile Corbicula fluminea exposed to chrysotile asbestos. Water Research 20(10):1243 1250.

Juvenile Corbicula fluminea (5.2   8.6 shell length) were collected in winter (8   12^oC) and summer (17   23^oC) conditions and tested for responses to chrysotile asbestos at concentrations of 0   10⁸ fibers/L for 30 days. Growth, siphoning activity, fiber uptake and gill tissue ultrastructure were evaluated. Siphoning activity was significantly reduced by 30 days of exposure at 10²   10⁸ fibers/L in summer and winter compared to controls and was paralleled by significant reductions in shell growth at 10⁴   10⁸ fibers/L in summer and 10⁵   10⁸ fibers/L in winter. Differences in shell:tissue growth were apparent with lower values in all groups in the winter compared to their counterparts in the summer due to energy allocations to tissue growth in the winter. Therefore, C. fluminea were more susceptible to asbestos in winter conditions due to differences between robust, summer vs. inherently weakened winter collected clams. Clams exposed to 10⁸ fibers/L accummulated approximately 150 fibers/mg in gill and 110 fiber/mg in viscera after 30 days in both seasons. The presence of asbestos in tissue was consistent with significantly greater water content and total gill locule surface area in 10⁸ fibers/L exposed clams relative to controls. Small asbestos fibers were preferentially accumulated in gill and visceral tissues. C. fluminea may become a useful biomonitor for asbestos contamination in the United States and abroad due to its ability to accumulate asbestos fibers efficiently.

Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Uptake of chrysotile asbestos fibers alters growth and reproduction of Asiatic clams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43(1):43 52.

The effects of chrysotile asbestos on siphoning activity, shell and tissue growth, fiber uptake, and gill ultrastructure in adult Corbicula sp. and on larval release and mortality patterns from reproductively active adults were evaluated in 96 hr to 30 day experiments at 0 to 10⁸ fibers/L. Adult siphoning activity was significantly (á = 0.05) depressed in 96 hr asbestos exposures when no food was offered or after 30 days when food was available. Shell growth was significantly inhibited in accordance with reduced siphoning. Corbicula exposed to 10⁸ fibers/L accumulated 69.1 fibers/mg dry weight if food was offered. Fiber uptake was not observed at lower concentrations in 96 hr or 30 day tests. Adults exposed to 10⁸ fibers/L for 30 days accumulated 147.3 and 903.7 fibers/mg in gill and viscera, respectively. Gill tissue was significantly altered at 10⁸ fibers/L and fibers were observed in gill locules and in ctenidial tissue. Fiber dimension analysis suggested that small, thin fibers were preferentially accumulated by both gill and visceral tissues. Significant increases in mortality of larvae exposed to asbestos and decreases in larvae per milligram of adult dry weight were observed in reproductive adults exposed to asbestos at 10⁴   10⁸ fibers/L. Corbicula is an efficient accumulator of chrysotile asbestos and may be considered for use as an indicator of asbestos contamination.

Belanger, S. E., D. S. Cherry, J. Cairns and M. J. McGuire. 1987. Using Asiatic clams as a biomonitor for chrysotile asbestos in public water supplies. Journal of the American Water Works Association 79(3):69-74.

Comparisons of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) exposed to chrysotile asbestos in the laboratory and the field were undertaken in 1983 and 1984 to evaluate the usefulness of 30-day laboratory exposures for predicting the accumulation of chrysotile by clams in the field. Clams exposed in the laboratory accumulated fibers that were shorter and had greater aspect ratios (length to width) than those found in water. In the field, fibers in clam tissues were approximately the same size as those found environmentally. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for asbestos were low in the laboratory (slightly greater than 1). In the field, however, viscera BCFs were as high as 100, and whole clam homogenates ranged from 1,400 to 5,000. These data are consistent with the theory that asbestos fibers are difficult to depurate. It is concluded that Corbicula is a good candidate for use as a biomonitor for chrysotile asbestos contamination.

Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1985. Response of Corbicula fluminea to low levels of zinc in artificial stream systems. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Sixth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, 10-13 November.

Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Sediment preference of the freshwater Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. The Nautilus 99(2 3):66 73.

Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1986. Growth of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) during and after long term zinc exposure in field located and laboratory artificial streams. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15(4):427 434.

Juvenile and adult clams were exposed to 0.025   1.0 mg Zn/L for 30 days in artificial stream systems in an outdoor field laboratory and formal laboratory setting. All exposures ( 0.050 mg/L), except 0.025 mg/L, significantly reduced total weight gain between days 20 to 30. Exposures to 10.0 mg/L resulted in 10   50% mortality by day 30 in outdoor artificial streams. Significant increases in tissue water content of Zn exposed clams indicated tissue degradation or osmoregulatory impairment. Bioaccumulation of Zn occurred at all levels of exposure and reflected growth inhibition. Clams from the higher Zn exposured (0.50 and 1.0 mg/L) remained significantly different from controls due to earlier growth inhibition by Zn. Corbicula is a sensitive indicator of Zn stress.

Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns. 1990. Validation of Corbicula fluminea growth reductions induced by copper in artificial streams and river systems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Journal Canadien des Sciences Halieutiques et Aquatiques 47(5):904-914.

Studies designed to evaluate impacts of copper (Cu) on Asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea, in artificial stream and field environments were conducted. Adult and juvenile responses (survival and growth) to Cu, relevance to Cu bioaccumulation, site-specific comparisons, and the relation to observed densities of resident clams at an impacted site were assessed. Juveniles were more sensitive than adults; however, clam tissue and shell growth were significantly impaired (p<0.001) for both juveniles and adults at 8.4-26.7 micrograms Cu/L in artificial streams. Tissue levels of Cu were 2.5-6 times greater at 8.4-26.7 μg/L exposure concentrations compared with background body burdens in unexposed clams. In studies conducted at the Clinch River, Virginia powerplant, clam growth was reduced at 22.5-104.8 micrograms/L at a water hardness (180 mg/L) that was more than two times the hardness in artificial streams. Clam population densities in the river were well correlated with outcomes of field growth studies. Asiatic clam growth patterns are a clear and interpretable indicator of Cu contamination in natural and artificial streams and represent a viable alternative to contemporary chronic testing protocols.

Belanger, S. E., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, K. G. Sappington and J. Cairns. 1991. Sensitivity of the Asiatic clam to various biocidal control agents. Journal of the American Water Works Association 83(10):79-87.

The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, has become well known for fouling industrial water lines throughout the United States. The biocidal potential of total residual chlorine (TRC), monochloramine, monochloramine plus excess ammonia, ammonia, bromine, and copper for controlling the Asiatic clam was investigated. Monochloramine with excess ammonia was found to be most effective for controlling Corbicula at 30^oC. Although copper appeared to be the most toxic biocide, plant studies indicated that laboratory tests had overestimated clam sensitivity. Chlorination at 0.25-0.40 mg TRC/L at 20-25^oC controlled clams of all sizes in two to four weeks but had minimal effect at 12-15^oC. The toxicity of all the biocides was highly dependent on temperature and clam size. Thus, it is clear from this study that biocidal effectiveness is more than the choice of toxicant. The efficiency of the biocide is altered by the size of the individuals comprising the target population, the acclimation (primarily thermal) history of the clams, the exposure temperature, the timing of the biocidal application, and, perhaps, the genetic makeup of the exposed population. Monochloramine in the presence of a small excess of un-ionized ammonia appears to be a good candidate for future control practices.

Belanger, T. V., C. G. Annis, Jr. and D. D. VanEpps. 1990. Growth rates of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the upper and middle St. Johns River, Florida. The Nautilus 104(1):4-9.

Growth rates and population densities of Corbicula fluminea were studied over a two year period in the Upper and Middle St. Johns River, Florida. Measured growth rates were compared with published data from other systems, and factors influencing growth rates were identified. Growth rates of C. fluminea were affected by flow rate and sediment type, and ranged between 0.0043 and 0.0437 mm/day in this study. Corbicula were found to dominate the sandy sediment regions, usually characterized by higher flow rates, while unionid mussels inhabited the more flocculent organic sediments present in slower moving water. Of the 1,650 bivalves collected from dredge samples, 79.3% were C. fluminea and 20.7% were unionids. Unionid growth was adversely affected by the presence of Corbicula, as mussel growth rates decreased when numbers of C. fluminea increased.

Belanger, T. V. and R. Vanepps. 1985. Corbicula manilensis population studies in the St. Johns River System, Florida. Ecological Society of America and American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Joint Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN (USA), 17-21 June 1985.

Bellardi, L. 1854. Catologo ragionato dei fossili nummultici d'Egitto della raccolta de regio museo mineralogico di Torino. Stamperia Reale (Torino).

Corbicula crassula sp. nov. is described (p. 54) and figured (fig. 12) from Syria.

Benke, A. C. 2001. Importance of flood regime to invertebrate habitat in an unregulated river-floodplain ecosystem. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20(2):225-240.

Unlike most large rivers of the northern hemisphere, several medium-sized rivers in the southeastern USA Coastal Plain remain unregulated. These smaller rivers possess 2 habitat types (snags and floodplain) that were historically important for invertebrate assemblages in many rivers and are strongly dependent on flood regime. Two models of habitat inundation (snags and floodplain) that were developed for the Ogeechee River (Georgia, USA) were reviewed and compared so as to understand the ecological significance of these habitats. These models showed that snag habitat surfaces varied from only similar to 20 to 50% of channel bottom surfaces, but floodplain inundation varied from 0 to 37 times the width of the channel at 100% inundation. Long-term analysis of inundation patterns from a 58-y record of discharge demonstrated that substantial flooding occurred almost annually for 1 to 2 mo/y. Habitat-specific invertebrate biomass was highest on snags (mostly aquatic insects), followed by the main channel (dominated by Corbicula), and then the floodplain (oligochaetes, crustaceans, aquatic insects). After correction for total amount of habitat surface area, invertebrate biomass contributions were highest in the floodplain > main channel > snag. However, arthropods and oligochaetes, the most likely prey of higher trophic levels, were clearly dominant on snags and in the floodplain. In many rivers around the world, invertebrate productivity from snags and floodplains is likely to have been significantly diminished because of snag removal, channelization, and floodplain drainage for > 2 centuries. Understanding the interaction between flood regime and invertebrate habitat in unregulated rivers like the Ogeechee River can serve as a benchmark in restoration efforts.

Benke, A. C. and D. L. Stites. 1994. Production dynamics of the exotic bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, in a coastal plain blackwater river. 45th Meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee, 7-11 August.

Benson, W. H. 1842. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9:490.

Corbicula fuscata is deecribed.

Benson, W. H. 1855. Chusan shells, collected by Dr. S. Cantor. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 24(1 7):119 140.

Benson, W. H. 1864. Note on some shells of southern India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 13:496 497.

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1929. A list of land and freshwater Mollusca from Java. Treubia 11:76 88.

The distribution and systematics of Corbicula gracilis Prime, 1860, Corbicula javanica Mousson, 1849, Corbicula ovaline Deshayes, 1854, Corbicula pulchella (Mousson, 1848), Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850), Corbicula subrostrata Bullen, 1904, and Corbicula sulcate Deshayes, 1854, from Java are presented.

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1933. Non marine Mollusca from Dutch North New Guinea. Nova Guinea (Zoology) 17:71 150.

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1937. Non marine Mollusca from fossil horizons in Java with special reference to the Trinil fauna. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 20:83 180.

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1941. Non marine Mollusca from the satellite islands surrounding Java. Archives Neerlandiases de Zoologie 5:251 348.

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1953. Systematic studies on the non marine Mollusca of the Indo Australian Archipelago. 4. Critical revision of the freshwater bivalves of Java. Treubia 22:19 73.

The systematics and distribution of Corbicula javanica Mousson, 1849, Corbicula pulchellea (Mousson, 1848), and Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850) in Java are presented and discussed.

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1959. Catalogue of the non marine Mollusca of Sumatra and its satellite islands. Beaufortia 7:41 191.

The systematics and zoogeographic distribution of Corbicula gustaviana von Martens, 1900, Corbicula lacustris von Martens, 1897, Corbicula moltkiana Prime, 1878, Corbicula pullata Philippi, 1850, Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850, Corbicula rivalis (`Busch' Philippi, 1850), Corbicula sumatrana Clessin, 1887, Corbicula tobae von Martens, 1900, and Corbicula tumida Deshayes, 1854, in Sumatra are discussed.

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van. 1963. Non marine Mollusca of west New Guinea. Part I. Mollusca from fresh and brackish waters. Nova Guinea (Zoology) 20:409 512.

Bequaert, J. C. and W. B. Miller. 1973. The Mollusca of the Arid Southwest with an Arizona Check List. University of Arizona Press (Tucson). xvi + 271 pp.

The zoogeography and ecology of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in Arizona is discussed. C. manilensis is reported as common in the Colorado, Gila, and Verde river drainages of the state. Other records for California, New Mexico, and northern Mexico, and northern Mexico are presented.

Beran, L. 2000. First record of Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Czech Republic. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 64(1):1-2.

A non-native species of aquatic molluscus, bivalve Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774), was found in the Czech Republic in 1999. The species is native to eastern and south-eastern Asia. Altogether 8 specimens were found at 4 localities of the Elbe River in north Bohemia.

Berg, H., M. Kiibus and N. Kautsky. 1992. DDT and other insecticides in the Lake Kariba ecosystem, Zimbabwe. Ambio (Stockholm) 21(7):444-450.

Although DDT and other persistent pesticides are now banned in most industrialized countries, they are still used or have only recently been discontinued in many developing countries. Organochlorine pesticides, mainly DDT and metabolites were analyzed in fish, mussels, prawns and birds from different localities and trophic levels and are compared to two other Zimbabwean man-made lakes. sDDT seemed to be both bioaccumulating and biomagnifying and levels were generally relatively high, but did not differ much from temperate lakes. The algae feeder, Redbreast Tilapia (Tilapia rendalli ), had 1900 ng sDDT/g fat, while the levels in the predatory tigerfish (Hydrocynus forskahlii) were 5000 ng sDDT/g fat. The highest levels were found in bottom living species, i.e. the mussel (Corbicula africana) (10 100 ng sDDT/g fat) and benthos feeding fish, e.g. Labeo altivelis (5700 ng sDDT/g fat).

Berge, F. 1855. Conchylienbuch oder Allegemeine und Besondere Naturgeschichte der Muscheln und Schnecken nebst der Anweigsung sie zu Sammeln, Zuzubereiten und Aufzubewahren. Krais and Hoffman (Stuttgart). 263 pp.

Berry, A. J. 1974. Freshwater bivalves of Peninsular Malaysia with special reference to sex and breeding. Malayan Nature Journal 27(3 4):99 110.

In the Unionidae, Contradens ascia is common in mining pools and ponds. The smaller Pseudodon vondembuschianus is found in clean, sandy bottomed streams and small rivers. Rectidens perakensis lives in the muddier bottoms of ponds, lakes, and slow moving rivers. Two species of Corbiculidae, Corbicula javanica Mousson, 1849, and Corbicula malaccensis Deshayes, 1854, are common.

Betz Laboratories, Inc. 1991. Asiatic clam workshop: life cycle, monitoring, control strategies, environmental considerations. Betz Industrial, the Water Management Division of Betz Laboratories, Inc. (Granger, Indiana). Loose-leaf Notebook.

Bickel, D. 1966. Ecology of Corbicula manilensis Philippi in the Ohio River at Louisville, Kentucky. Sterkiana 23:19 24.

Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) populations in the Ohio River at Louisville, Kentucky, were studied from July 1963   July 1964. Spawning activity in late summer and fall increased the population to its yearly maximum in winter, but the population density was diminished by high mortality in March 1964. Mortality affected all age classes and seemed to be the result of increased suspended sediment loads accompanying spring floods. Spawning increased the number of clams in late summer. Qualitative observations in 1965 and 1966 showed spring mortalities occur annually in the Ohio River.

Bickel, D. 1967. Preliminary checklist of Recent and Pleistocene Mollusca of Kentucky. Sterkiana 28:7 20.

Bibliographic references to Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) in Kentucky are given.

Bidwell, J. R. 1993. Control strategies for the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea: comparative stress responses and nontarget impact. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg). xi + 184 pp.

Bidwell, J. R., J. L. Farris and D. S. Cherry. 1995. Comparative response of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, to DGH/QUAT, a nonoxidizing molluscicide. Aquatic Toxicology 33(3-4):183-200.

In a series of laboratory and field experiments, zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, and Asian clams, Corbicula fluminea, were exposed to the cationic surfactant-based molluscicide DGH/QUAT under both static and flow-through conditions. Cumulative mortality of the two bivalves was comparable after 24-h treatments, but zebra mussels experienced significantly higher mortality in 6-h exposures conducted at 20-25^oC. The rate at which mortality occurred was greater for the zebra mussel in all experiments. The molluscicide induced an increase in tissue water and a decrease in whole body glycogen levels of both organisms, although these changes occurred at a faster rate in the zebra mussel. While greater sensitivity of zebra mussels to DGH/QUAT may have been due to a longer time spent siphoning during the exposure periods, it may also indicate an enhanced ability of the Asian clam to tolerate the biochemical stress associated with exposure.

Bij de Vaate, A. 1991. Colonization of the German part of the River Rhine by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea Müller, 1774 (Pelecypoda, Corbiculidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam 13:13-16.

The freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea, new to the aquatic fauna of the Federal Republic of Germany, is recorded for the first time on four localities in the German part of the River Rhine.

Bij de Vaate, A. and M. Greijdanus-Klaas. 1990. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Pelecypoda, Corbiculidae), a new immigrant in The Netherlands. Bulletin of the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam 12:173-178.

Corbicula fluminea (Mueller, 1774), a freshwater bivalve new to the Netherlands, has been recorded recently in two localities in the downstream area of the river Rhine and the river Meuse.

Bills, T. D., L. L. Marking and J. H. Chandler, Jr. 1977. Formalin, its toxicity to non target aquatic organisms, persistence and counteraction. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Investigations in Fish Control No. 73:1 7.

The acute toxicity of formalin to selected fishes and aquatic invertebrates was determined in standardized laboratory tests. Lethal concentrations are reported for Corbicula leana. The toxicity of formalin was unchanged in solutions aged as long as 3 weeks; the biological half life could not be determined. Formalin was not detoxified by oxidation or reduction, and filtration through activated carbon did not significantly reduce toxicity.

Bills, T. D., L. L. Marking and J. H. Chandler, Jr. 1977. Malachite green: Its toxicity to Aquatic organisms, persistence and removal with activated carbon. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Investigations in Fish Control No. 75:1 6.

The acute toxicity of malachite green was determined in standardized laboratory tests for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (S. trutta), rainbow trout (S. gairdneri), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieui), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), snails (Pleurocera sp.), Asiatic clams (Corbicula leana), ostracods (Cypridopsis sp.), freshwater prawns (Palaemonetes kadiakensis), larval midges (Tanytarsus dissimilis), naiads of mayflies (Callibaetis sp.), adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), larval leopard frogs (Rana pipiens), and larval toads (Bufo sp.). Bluegills were the most sensitive (96 h LC₅₀, 0.0305 mg/L), and coho salmon the most resistant (0.383 mg/L). The TILC₅₀ (lethal concentration producing 50% mortality independent of time) for rainbow trout was 0.0998 mg/L. The responses of frog and toad larvae (96 h LC₅₀, 0.173 and 0.0680 mg/L) were similar to those of fish, whereas adult newts were more resistant (1.03 mg/L). The invertebrates exposed were generally more resistant than the fish and amphibians; the 96 h LC₅₀'s ranged from 0.510 to 3.45 mg/L, except for Corbicula leana which was extremely resistant (122 mg/L), and the mayfly naiad, which was very sensitive (0.0790 mg/L). Malachite green was very persistent in aqueous solutions; it did not detoxify after 3 weeks of aging in glass containers. The chemical is readily adsorbed from aqueous solutions (pH 7.5, total hardness 44 mg/L, temperature 12^oC) by filtration through activated carbon; the capacity was 23.4 mg of malachite green per gram of carbon.

Bilos, C., J. C. Colombo and M. J. R. Presa. 1998. Trace metals in suspended particles, sediments and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) of the Rio de la Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Pollution 99(1):1-11.

Suspended particulate matter (SPM), sandy sediments and Asiatic clams were collected at seven sites along 150 km of the Rio de la Plata coast to assess the magnitude of trace metal pollution in the area. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu: 7.4-109; Cr: 75-408; Mn: 525-1341 μg^-1), sediments (Cr: 16-27; Zn: 26-99; Mn: 221-489 μg^-1 and bivalves (Cd: 0.5-1.9; Ni: 1.3-6.4; Cr: 1.3-11; Mn: 15-81; Cu: 28-89; Zn: 118-316 μg^-1) are comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted world rivers. Cu levels in Asiatic clams are among the highest, similar to those reported for heavily polluted sites. SPM Cu and Cr concentrations displayed a clear geographical trend with values increasing with proximity to major urban centers. Sediments showed a less clear pattern possibly due to their coarse nature (98% sand) and higher proportion of mineral-associated residual metals. The clams showed a complex pattern due to the variability introduced by size-related factors and the natural dynamics of SPM in the estuary. Cr and Mn showed an apparent reverse industrial trend with higher concentrations in clams collected at distant stations near the turbidity maximum zone, possibly reflecting enhanced particle retention. Cu, Cd and Ni showed no clear geographical pattern, whereas Zn increased in the clams collected in the most industrialized area. A significant relationship with clam size was observed for Cu (positive) and Zn (negative) suggesting different physiological requirements for both metals with age. A principal component analysis confirmed these geographical and size-related trends.

Bin-yun, Z. 2003. A primary study on artificial breeding experiment of Corbicula sp in Lianhu Lake. Modern Fisheries Information 18(3):23-25.

Bingham, R. D., C. S. Duke and J. Geisey. 1978. Changes in adenylate energy charge of Corbicula manilensis (Pelecypoda) foot muscle tissue due to cadmium exposure. Association of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 25(2):39. [Abstract]

Adenylate charge in Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1844) foot muscle tissue was dependent on animal size and acclimation to laboratory conditions and exposure to cadmium chloride. Larger clams (3.1   4.0 g shell weight; in second year of growth) extracted in the field, immediately after collection have lower energy charges than smaller (1.6   2.1 g shell weight, in first year of growth). The mean energy charges and 95% confidence intervals (n = 4) of these two groups were 0.700 ± 0.61 and 0.844 ± 0.38 respectively. The energy charge of larger animals, acclimated and fed in the laboratory, increased to 0.91   0.94. Exposure to cadmium chloride significantly decreases energy charge.

Black, M. C. 1997. Biomarker assessment of environmental contamination with freshwater mussels. Journal of Shellfish Research 16(1):323.

Bivalves are effective pollution biomonitors in marine and freshwater environments because of their ability to bioconcentrate many environmental pollutants to levels that greatly exceed those contained in water and sediments. However, most research efforts have focused on monitoring chemical accumulation by mussels, and have not examined the toxic effects of accumulation or exposure to toxic chemicals. In addition, different phases of the mussel life cycle have been sparingly employed for toxicity evaluation. A recent focus in environmental toxicology has been the development of biomarkers - rapid, toxicological assays that detect sublethal biochemical, physiological and organismal changes following exposure to chemical contaminants. Biomarkers can be screening tools to detect exposure to environmental contaminants and can also quantify specific toxicological responses in exposed organisms. Our research has focused on developing biomarker assays for adult and larval freshwater mussels. We have conducted laboratory and in-situ studies with Anodonta grandis, Quadrula quadrula, Utterbackia imbecillis and Corbicula fluminea (the Asiatic clam), primarily using DNA strand breakage (an indicator of genotoxicity) and the nonspecific biomarkers, growth and condition index to detect exposure and effects of environmental pollution. Current projects include the development of these biomarkers in newly transformed larval U. imbecillis and testing additional biomarker assays on adult and larval mussels exposed to heavy metals, agricultural and urban runoff. Ultimately, biomarker data with mussels will be used to develop exposure and effects assessment protocols for use in risk assessments.

Black, M. C. and J. I. Belin. 1998. Evaluating sublethal indicators of stress in Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) caged in an urban stream. 7th Symposium on Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Ultraviolet Radiation and the Environment, St. Louis, Missouri, 7-9 March 1997.

Freshwater bivalves have been used extensively to monitor chemical accumulation in field exposures, although little information is available on the use of biomarker measurements in field exposures with bivalves. DNA strand breakage, growth rate, condition index and percentage tissue water were measured in freshwater Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) exposed in-situ in a stream that receives urban and industrial stormwater runoff and in a non-impacted reference stream. After 4 weeks exposure, DNA strand lengths in foot tissue from Trail Creek-exposed clams were significantly shorter than DNA from reference clams. These results suggest a reduction in DNA integrity in Trail Creek-exposed clams, possibly indicating exposure to genotoxic chemicals. No significant differences were observed in the growth rates of clams. However, a significant inverse relationship was detected between condition index and % tissue water for all clams. Furthermore, site-specific differences in percentage tissue water and condition indices were observed after 2 and 10 weeks exposure. For this study DNA strand breakage, condition indices, and tissue hydration appear to be more sensitive indicators of sublethal toxicity than growth.

Blainville, H. M. 1816 1830. Vers et Zoophytes.