-- H -- Haas, F. 1912. IN

Haas, F. 1922. Bemerkungen über asiatische Najaden, im Anschlusse an die von Dr. M. Kreyenberg in der cinesischen provinz Tschili gesammelten Binnenmollusken. Sonderdruck aus Abhandlungen Berlin der Museum Naturhistorisches und Heimatkunde Magdeburg 3(4):1 30.

Haas, F. 1932. Die Kobeltsche Bearbeitung der von C. v. Erlanger in Nordost Afrika gesammelten Mollusken. Berichtigungen and Nachtrage. Senckenbergiana 14(3):173 185.

Haas, F. 1936. Binnen mollusken aus Inner Afrika. Abhandlungen Senckenberg Gesellschaft No. 431:1 156.

Haas, F. 1939. Binnen Mollusken aus Inner Afrika, hauptsacklieck gesammellt van Dr. F. Haas, wahrend der Schomburgk.   Expedition in den jahren 1931 1932. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Abhandlungen 431 (Frankfurt am Main).

Haas, F. 1951. Non marine shells from Borneo collected by the Borneo Zoological Expedition, 1950. Fieldiana: Zoology 31(52):623 628.

Notes are given on Corbicula (Corbicula) pullata from Borneo.

Haas, G., M. Brunke and B. Streit. 2002. Fast turnover in dominance of exotic species in the Rhine River determines biodiversity and ecosystem function: An affair between amphipods and mussels. IN: Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe: Distribution, Impacts and Management, E. Leppakoski, S. Gollasch and S. Olenin, Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: ISBN 1402008376). pp. 426-432.

A high turnover in macro invertebrate composition took place between 1993 and 2001 in the Upper and Middle Rhine because of successful invasion of exotic invertebrates. At the end of the 1980s, the Ponto-Caspian crustacean Corophium curvispinum and the Asiatic clam Corbicula spp. invaded and colonized rapidly the Rhine. In the middle of the 1990s, another Ponto-Caspian crustacean, Dikerogammarus villosus, colonized predominantly the littoral riprap. Today, the predatory D. villosus dominates the macro invertebrate fauna throughout the navigable sector of the Rhine. Before its invasion, C. curvispinum, Gammarus tigrinus and Echinogammarus ischnus were the co-occurring non indigenous amphipods. Since 1996, all gammarid species declined, except D. villosus, which nowadays occurs in high densities of more than 3,000 ind/m². D. villosus interfered into the competition for space between the two filter-feeders C. curvispinum and Dreissena polymorpha. The impact of these exotics on biodiversity is species-specific: Dreissena provides new substrate for other invertebrates, Corophium reduces available habitat areas by transferring coarse and hard surfaces to fine and muddy areas, and Dikerogammarus exerts a strong predatory effect, in particular on C. curvispinum. The exotic mass invaders C. curvispinum, D. polymorpha and Corbicula spp. strongly influence ecosystem functions by linking pelagic and benthic processes by their intense filter feeding activity and thereby enhance the capacity for self-purification of the river system.

Habe, T. 1964. Freshwater molluscan fauna of Thailand. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia 3:45 66.

Corbicula (Corbiculina) siamensis Prashad, 1929, is reported from Chieng Mai, northwestern Thailand. The distribution of the species in Asia and a discussion if its morphology and systematics are presented. The species is synonymized with Corbicula episcoparis (sic for episcopalis) Morlet, 1875, Corbicula erosa Morlet, 1889, and Corbicula nevilli Morlet, 1889.

Habe, T. 1974. Systematics of Mollusca in Japan: Bivalvia and Scaphopoda. (Tokyo). xiii + 372 pp. [Japanese]

Habel, M. L. 1970. Oxygen Consumption, Temperature Tolerance, and Filtration Rate of the Introduced Asiatic Clam, Corbicula manilensis from the Tennessee River. Master of Science Thesis, Auburn University (Auburn, Alabama). 91 pp.

Hachiri, S. and S. Higashi. 1970. Speriogenesis in the freshwater mussel Corbicula sandai. Journal of the Education Department of Shiga University of Natural Sciences 20:35 59.

Hackney, P. A., W. M. Tatum and S. L. Spencer. 1970. Life history study of the river redhorse, Masostoma carinatum (Cope), in the Cahaba River, Alabama, with notes on the management of the species as a sport fish. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 40(2):81 89.

River redhorse in the Cahaba River spawned on gravel shoals in late April with water temperatures ranging from 71 76 F. Early egg development was observed in January. Stomach analyses made during March indicated that the river redhorse fed largely on bivalve molluscs, including Corbicula spp. At present, the Cahaba River affords a sport fishery for this fish.

Haertel, L. and C. Osterburg. 1967. Ecology of zooplankton, benthos and fishes in the Columbia River estuary. Ecology 48:459 477.

Fauna of the Columbia River estuary were sampled regularly for 21 months. Analyses of plankton samples indicated that three distinct populations existed in the estuary: a freshwater group, a marine group, and an indigenous estuarine group. The latter consisted principally of a large population of Eurytemora hirundoides. Changes in the salinity of the estuary were reflected in the composition of the plankton. The majority of the fish and benthic invertebrates found in the estuary are euryhaline. The largest numbers of fish species, as well as the largest numbers of individuals, occupy the slightly brackish waters of the central portion of the estuary. The major plankton blooms occur in this area. Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and sand shrimp (Crangon franciscorum) use the upper estuary as a nursery ground. Extensive analyses of fish stomach contents (which include Corbicula manilensis) confirm that food habits of fishes generally reflect the availability of prey.

Haesloop, U. 1992. Establishment of the Asiatic clam Corbicula cf. fluminalis in the tidal Weser River. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Stuttgart 126(2):175-180.

The brackish water clam Corbicula cf. fluminalis, which is native to Southeast Asia, has successfully established a population in the tidal Weser River of northern Germany. So far the species is distributed over at least 30 river kilometers, it also occurs in connected harbors, the mouth of a tributary and in ditches on the territory of an industrial plant that uses river water for cooling purposes. Several recently published reports on Corbicula in other European rivers and estuaries indicate a rapid range extension and/or multifold introduction of possibly more than one Corbicula species. The fate and effects of a related species (C. fluminea ), which was introduced to North America where it causes severe damage to hydroinstallations and probably also affects indigenous bivalves, stresses the importance of further investigations on the spread of Corbicula in Europe as well as on the ecological demands of the introduced species.

Haines, K. C. 1979. The use of Corbicula as a clarifying agent in experimental tertiary sewage treatment process on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 165 176.

Hakenkamp, C. 1997. Oxygen Consumption in Streambeds: Examining the Impacts of Environmental Factors and Hyporheic Fauna. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Maryland College Park. 153 pp. [see Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering 58(6):2819.]

This study examines how oxygen consumption rates of streambed sediment communities vary, focusing on identifying abiotic factors that influence oxygen consumption rates, and on the importance of different invertebrate groups to these rates. Tthe rate of oxygen consumption was measured in streambed sediments because it is a measure of community activity. While studies measuring benthic (surficial streambed sediments) oxygen consumption rates have greatly aided our understanding of streams as dynamic ecosystems, few measurements of hyporheic (deeper streambed sediments) oxygen consumption exist. The results of field and laboratory experiments that quantify the important role of an introduced species of bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) in a stream ecosystem are presented in the first chapter. Corbicula is found to likely be the single most important invertebrate species influencing carbon and food web dynamics in this stream. The results presented show both how important individual species can be to ecosystem functioning, as well as the large impact that nonnative species can have when introduced to a new habitat. In the second chapter Several environmental factors were examined that influence the spatial and temporal variability of community oxygen consumption rates in a streambed and find that floods may have an important temporal influence on these rates.

Hakenkamp, C. C., A. E. Fuller and M. E. McCoy. 2000. Effect of Corbicula presence and density on native bivalves in streams. 48th Annual North American Benthological Society Meeting, Colorado, 28 May-1 June

Hakenkamp, C. C. and M. A. Palmer. 1999. Introduced bivalves in freshwater ecosystems: the impact of Corbicula on organic matter dynamics in a sandy stream. Oecologia 119(3):445-451.

Previous research on Corbicula fluminea (a well-established, non-native bivalve) has clearly shown that this single species impacts ecosystem processes such as nutrient and dissolved organic carbon cycling in the water column of streams. Surprisingly, little was known about how Corbicula might influence similar processes in streambed sediments. Here, both laboratory and field experiments were used to determine how filter- and pedal-feeding by Corbicula impact organic matter dynamics in the sandy streambed (Goose Creek, Virginia). Corbicula consumed significant quantities of organic material in the streambed when conditions favored pedal-feeding but increased buried organic matter stores when filter-feeding promoted deposition of organic matter (by production of feces and pseudofeces). Corbicula contributed significantly to total benthic community respiration (and thus carbon dioxide production), and used pedal-feeding on benthic organic material to grow at a faster rate than that possible by filter-feeding alone. Corbicula should be an important coupler between benthic and pelagic processes because this bivalve uses organic matter from both the water column and the stream sediments. Given the widespread occurrence of this species, we speculate that the introduction of Corbicula may have had major implications for organic matter dynamics in this and many other streams in the United States.

Hakenkamp, C. C., G. S. Ribblett, A. M. Palmer, M. C. Swan, W. J. Reid and R. M. Goodison. 2001. The impact of an introduced bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) on the benthos of a sandy stream. Freshwater Biology 46(4):491-501.

The effect of an exotic, burrowing bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) on the benthic fauna of a sandy-bottomed stream was assessed by field and laboratory experiments. Corbicula differs from other freshwater, non-native bivalves in that it both filter- and pedal-feeds and thus has the potential to influence the streambed community in different ways. In the field, cages were used to vary the abundance of Corbicula in the streambed. Increasing abundance of Corbicula was negatively associated with the abundance of benthic bacteria and flagellates but had no apparent effect on other protists or meiofauna. In the laboratory, we compared the effect of Corbicula on the benthic community when the bivalves were able both to filter- and pedal-feed with that when they were able only to filter-feed. Bivalves restricted to filter-feeding were placed in sediment lacking benthic fauna and organic matter, then the benthos in nearby natural sediment was compared with the community present when Corbicula was able to move freely through the sediment and both to filter- and pedal-feed. Corbicula able to pedal-feed were again associated with a decreased abundance of benthic flagellates and bacteria, as well as diatoms.

Halarnkar, P. P., J. D. Chambers, E. J. Wakayama and G. J. Blomquist. 1987. Vitamin B₁₂ levels and propionate metabolism in selected non-insect arthropods and other invertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 88B(3):869-873.

Vitamin B₁₂ levels were determined in centipede, milipede, isopod, leech, earthworm, (Lumberga terrestra) tubifex worm, (Lumbriculus variegatus) snail, Clam (Corbicula fluminea) and shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). All contained appreciable amounts of vitamin B₁₂, which ranged from 19 to 4013 pg/mg dry wt. The results presented here indicate that many invertebrates use vitamin B₁₂ in the metabolism of propionate and are different from many insect species, which lack vitamin B₁₂ and convert propionate directly to acetate.

Halbrook, C. A. 1995. A laboratory study of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea Müller) as influenced by substrate, food source and water type. Master of Science Thesis, University of North Texas. vi+51 pp.

Halet, F. 1933. Sur la presence de couches a Corbicula fluminalis Müller aux environs de Saint Denis Westrem. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Geologie de Paleontologie et d'Hydrobiologie Bruxelles 43(1):111 116.

Fossil beds containing Corbicula fluminalis at Saint   Denis   Westrem, Belgium, are described.

Halet, F. 1939. Sur le presence de "Corbicula fluminalis" dans le Pleistocene des environs d'Escanaffles. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Geologie de Paleontologie et d'Hydrologie Bruxelles 49(3):233 234.

Hall, D. 1991. Comparative toxicity of ammonia in sediment and elutriate of a cooling pond to Corbicula fluminea and other aquatic species. American Society of Testing and Materials, First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 14-16 April.

Hall, J. J. 1983. The life history and production of immature Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: Bivalvia), in Lake Norman, North Carolina. American Malacological Bulletin 1:96. [Abstract]

The life history and annual production of Corbicula fluminea were determined in the littoral (ca. 4 m) and sublittoral (ca. 8 m) zones of Lake Norman, North Carolina, from February 1978 through January 1979. C. fluminea were collected from four locations in each zone using a modified Petersen grab (258 cm²). In Lake Norman, C. fluminea had a growing season greater than 9 months, from 22 March 1978 to 8 January 1979. Due to insignificant numbers of large clams (> ± 6.5 mm) collected, production estimates and mean densities were estimated only for Corbicula < ± 6.0 mm; estimates were therefore probably conservative. Production estimates were multiplied by 2 to account for two generations produced each year (based on one year growth study). Higher annual production (516 mg/m²/yr) and P/B ratio (26.4) of C. fluminea occurred in the littoral zone, compared to the annual production and P/B in the sublittoral zone, which were 182 mg/m²/yr and 16.4, respectively. C. fluminea in the littoral zone had the higher mean annual density (2040/m²) and mean annual biomass (20 mg/m²) compared to the mean annual density (891/m²) and mean annual biomass (11 mg/m²) of C. fluminea in the sublittoral zone.

Hall, J. J. 1984. Production of immature Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in Lake Norman, North Carolina. The Nautilus 98(4):153 159.

The annual production of the immature specimens of the Asiatic clam, C. fluminea , was determined in littoral and sublittoral zones of Lake Norman, from February 1978 through January 1979. C. fluminea had a growing season greater than nine months, from 22 March 1978 to 8 January 1979. The higher mean annual production (516 mg/m²) and P/B ratio (26.4) of Corbicula) occurred in the littoral zone, while mean annual production and P/B of Corbicula in the sublittoral zone were 182 mg/m² and 16.4, respectively. The littoral zone had the higher mean Corbicula) biomass (20 mg/m²) and density (3040/m²) compared to the mean Corbicula) biomass (11 mg/m²) and density (891/m²) in the sublittoral zone.

Hall, J. R. 2005. Development of an ion-loss bioassay using the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea. Senior Honors Thesis, Arkansas State University. 40 pp.

Hall, L. W., Jr and W. D. Killen. 2005. Temporal and spatial assessment of water quality, physical habitat, and benthic communities in an impaired agricultural stream in California's San Joaquin Valley. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 40(5):959-89.

The goal of this study was to characterize and discuss the relationships among water quality, physical habitat, and benthic community data collected annually over a three-year period (2000-2002) in an impaired agricultural stream (Orestimba Creek) in California's San Joaquin River watershed. Conductivity, pH, and turbidity were the most important water quality conditions influencing the various benthic metrics. Significantly higher flow conditions and lower dissolved oxygen values were reported in Orestimba Creek in 2001; increased turbidity conditions were reported in 2002. Channel alteration, riparian buffer, sediment deposition, and channel flow were the most important physical habitat metrics influencing the various benthic metrics. Higher total physical habitat scores were reported in 2001 when compared with 2002. The most dominant benthic taxa collected during all three years of sampling were oligochaetes and chironomids. Oligochaetes are found in stressful environments while chironomids can be either sensitive or tolerant to environmental stressors depending on the species. Populations of both daphnids and the exotic clam Corbicula were reported to increase over time. Both of these taxa are generally tolerant to most types of environmental degradation. The exception is that daphnids are highly sensitive to organophosphate insecticides. The % filterers increased over time, which suggests an increase in environmental disturbance. The % collectors decreased from 2000 to 2002, which suggests an improvement in environmental conditions. The presence of approximately 100 taxa in Orestimba Creek during each of the three years of sampling implies that benthic communities in this stream are fairly diverse, considering their ephemeral environment, but without a clear definition of benthic community expectations based on established reference conditions it is unknown if this water body is actually impaired.

Ham, K. D. and M. J. Peterson. 1992. Effect of fluctuating low-level chlorine concentration on valve movement behavior of the Asiatic clam [Corbicula sp.]. 13th Annual Meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Abstracts, (SETAC 92), Cincinnati, Ohio, 8-12 November.

Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) exposed to an industrial effluent containing fluctuating low-level chlorine concentrations were monitored for valve movement behavior changes that would indicate stressful conditions. Individual clams were attached to an automated monitoring apparatus and suspended in flow-through tanks located stream-side. Clams exposed to raw effluent remained closed for a greater percentage of time than clams in dechlorinated effluent. The average hourly chlorine concentrations in raw effluent fluctuated between 0.02mg/L TRC minimum during daylight and 0.07mg/L TRC maximum during dark, due in part to photolysis of chlorine by sunlight. Clams exposed to raw effluent opened for a short period near midday when chlorine concentrations were near the daily minimum. Clams exposed to dechlorinated effluent were open most of the time monitored, though closure increased during dark hours. The responsiveness of valve movement to small daily changes in water quality demonstrates the sensitivity of this method in detecting stressful conditions. Valve closure behavior should be considered when designing bivalve fouling control schemes and when using bivalves as monitors of contaminant accumulation.

Ham, K. D. and M. J. Peterson. 1994. Effect of fluctuating low-level chlorine concentrations on valve-movement behavior of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(3):493-498.

Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) exposed to water from the upstream section of East Fork Poplar Creek (Oak Ridge, Tennessee), a stream receiving chlorine-containing industrial discharges, were monitored for changes in valve movement patterns. Individual clams were attached to an automated valve-movement monitoring apparatus and suspended in flow-through tanks located streamside. Valve-closure behavior of two clams exposed to untreated water was compared to that of two clams exposed to dechlorinated water for two 18-d periods. Chlorine concentrations in untreated water exhibited a pronounced diurnal cycle, fluctuating between a mean daily minimum of 0.02 mg/L total residual chlorine (TRC) during the day and a mean daily maximum of 0.07 mg/L TRC at night during the second monitoring period. In over 2,300 fifteen-minute intervals, clams closed for 0.70 of the intervals while exposed to untreated water, but closed for only 0.22 of the intervals while exposed to dechlorinated water. Treatment differences in valve closure were tested by repeated-measures ANOVA. A significant treatment effect (p = 0.026) on valve closure was found in the first monitoring period. Graphical analysis of valve-closure records revealed diel cycles that differed between treatments. Clams in untreated water usually opened only near midday, when TRC concentrations were lowest. Clams in dechlorinated water opened more often, for longer periods, and appeared to respond to dawn and dusk changes in light. The valve-closure behavior of clams in untreated water effectively minimized tissue exposure to waterborne TRC, presumably reducing toxic effects. Valve-closure monitoring in conjunction with other studies may help estimate the effect of tissue isolation on the toxicity or bioaccumulation of waterborne chemicals. Such estimates could improve prediction of toxicological or ecological consequences of stressful conditions on bivalves.

Hancock, E. T. 1920. Geology and oil and gas prospects of the Huntley field, Montana. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 711 G:105 148.

Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1956) is reported from the Judith River Cretaceous, Huntley Oil Field, Montana.

Hancock, E. T. 1920. The Lance Creek oil and gas field, Niobrara County, Wyoming. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 716 E:91 122.

Hancock, E. T. 1925. Geology and coal resources of the Axial and Monument Butte Quadrangles, Moffat County, Colorado. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey 757:1 134.

Hancock, E. T. and J. B. Eby. 1930. Geology and coal resources of the Meeker Quadrangle, Moffat and Rio Blanco counties, Colorado. Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey 812 C:191 242.

Handwerker, Thomas S., Clement L. Counts, III, and Roman V. Jesien. 1990. Distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Chesapeake Bay drainage of the Delmarva Peninsula and its use in Aquaculture. New Perspectives in the Chesapeake System: A Research and Management Partnership: Chesapeake Research Consortium Publication No. 157:567-574.

Hanley, S. 1843 1844. An Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Bivalve Shells.

Cyrena orientalis, Cyrena fuscata, Cyrena fluminea, and Cyrena woodiana are discussed.

Hanley, S. 1856. Index Testaceologicus, an Illustrated Catalogue of British and Foreign Shells, Containing about 2800 Figures Accurately Coloured after Nature, by W. Wood, F.R.S., F.L.S. A New and Entirely Revised Edition, with Ancient and Modern Appellations, Synonyms, Localities. Willis and Sotheran (London). 234 pp.

Hanley, S. and W. Theobald. 1875. Conchologia Indica. Parts 6 and 7. (London). pp. 41 56.

The following species are figured: Corbicula bensoni (Deshayes, 1854) [River Jumna], Corbicula cashmirensis (Deshayes, 1854) [Cashmire, India], and Corbicula regularis (Prime) [Madras].

Hanley, S. and W. Theobald. 1876. Conchologia Indica   Illustrations of the Land and Freshwater Shells of British India. I XVIII. pp. 1 65.

Hanna, G. D. 1923. Upper Miocene lacustrine mollusks from Sonoma County, California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th Series, 12:31 34.

Hanna, G. D. 1966. Introduced mollusks of western North America. Occasional Papers, California Academy of Sciences 48:1 108.

Hanzawa, S., K. Asano and F. Takai. 1961. Catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossils in Japan. Palaeontology Society of Japan (Tokyo). vii + 422 pp.

Literature citations, figure citations, type localities, and institutional collection data for type materials are given for the following fossil species of Corbicula from Japan and East Asia: Corbicula amagashiraensis Kobayashi and Suzuki, 1937; Corbicula (Leptesthes?) coreanica Kobayashi and Suzuki, 1936; Corbicula hizensis Ueiji, 1934; Corbicula hukayai Otatume, 1943; Corbicula kobelti Yokoyama, 1922; Corbicula matsuitai Suzuki, 1941; Corbicula nakayamana Ueiji, 1934; Corbicula sachalinensis Suzuki, 1943; Corbicula (Veloritina ?) sanchuensis Yabe and Nagao, 1926; Corbicula sandaiformis Yokoyama, 1922; Corbicula shimizui Suzuki, 1943; Corbicula sitakarensis Suzuki, 1941; Corbicula sungawaensis Nagao and Otatume, 1943; Corbicula takasago Nomura, 1933; and Corbicula tetoriensis Kobayashi and Suzuki, 1937.

Hao, Y, D. Su, Y. Li, J. Yu, W. Zhang, P. Li, H. Qu, S. Guan and F. Guo. 1982. Stratigraphical division of non marine Cretaceous and the Juro Cretaceous boundary in China. Acta Geologia Sinica 56(3):187 199.

An account of the lower Cretaceous in China that includes a report of Corbicula (Mesocorbicula) tetoriensis Kobayashi and Suzuki from the lower series (Juro Cretaceous boundary).

Harada, E. and M. Nishino. 1995. Differences in inhalant siphonal papillae among the Japanese species of Corbicula (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 36(5-6):389-408.

Three common species of Japanese Corbicula are shown to differ in their morphology of the inhalant siphonal papillae. They are predominantly simple and least in number in freshwater Corbicula leana, predominantly simple but more numerous in brackish Corbicula japonica, and variable in shape and decisively most numerous in Corbicula sandai of Lake Biwa-ko. Corbicula insularis from Shirahama and Corbicula fluminea from Hong Kong are also compared. Shell morphometries are provided for the representative samples of four species from Japan. The taxonomy of the three Japanese species is reviewed briefly.

Harada, K. 1983. Statistical approach to finding probable feeding attractants for oriental weatherfish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 49(4):521 526.

The attraction index a, which is one of the coefficients of a logistic curve y=g/(1+exp[ r(j a)]) in the remaining time course of test compartment, was examined for 42 specimens of aquatic and terrestrial test organisms. Two species of oligochaete worms, Corbicula leana, two species of saw tooth caridina and the lake prawn, and beef, were effective in attracting the oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The oligochaetes (Pheretima communissima, Eisenia fetida, and Macrothrix rosea) were the most effective attractants.

Behavioral observations led to the hypothesis that attraction by Corbicula leana, the oligochaetes, and saw tooth caridina, depended on three chemical constituents: non proteinaceous nitrogen, amino acids, and volatile base nitrogen. The validity of the hypothesis was confirmed by the significance or correlation coefficients between the attraction index a and the contents of these constituents. Thus, the three chemical constituents listed above from the test organisms appear to be the most probable components in feeding attractants for the oriental weatherfish.

Harada, K., J. Takeda and K. Yamada. 1970. Distribution of trimethylamine oxide in fishes and other aquatic animals, 2. Bivalvian Mollusca. Journal of the Shimonoseki University of Fisheries 18(3):287-295. [Japanese with English summary]

In the succession of a survey on the distribution of trimethylamine oxide in spp of decapod Mollusca, the content of trimethylamine oxide in Bivalvia belonging to the same phylum was examined. The results obtained are as follows: (1) 22 spp were analysed and found to contain trimethylamine oxide from 0 -50.2, 0 -15.3 and 0 -2.3 mg N/100 g of wet tissue in the adductor, foot and mantle, and viscera respectively. Of the shells studied, only one sp, namely Pecten albicans was proved to contain an appreciable amount of trimethylamine oxide, but the others were found either to contain a small amount of it or not any. (2) The trimethylamine content of the shells varied considerably between spp. However, as a rule, the values obtained were rather high as the content of trimethylamine in living aquatic animals. In the case of Solen gordonis, the adductor was found to contain such a high amount of trimethylamine as 35.4 mg N/100 g of wet tissue. (3) It was found by TLC that trimethylamine was apparently present in tissues of all shells except in Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana awajiensis, The latter 2 are inhabitants in fresh and brackish waters.

Harrell, M. R., R. B. Harrell and H. H. Bailey. 1977. Assessment of Corbicula manilensis (Pelecypoda: Corbiculidae) as an intermediate host for Digenea in Lake Texoma, Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist 22(2):280 281.

Corbicula manilensis has not been implicated in helminth life cycles of public health importance in the United States, but in its native habitat it has been shown to be the transmission agent for locally heavy infections of a digenetic trematode (Echinostroma lindoensis) in humans of several central Celebes villages. Except for cursory observations, the investigation of C. manilensis as a possible intermediate host for digenetic trematodes which occur in endemic vertebrates of the United States apparently has been overlooked.

The University of Oklahoma Biological Station (UOBS) helminth collection includes five species of digeneans which normally utilize unionid and sphaeriid molluscs as their first intermediate host in Lake Texoma: Phyllodistomum lacustri   Ictalurus punctatus, Bucephalus elegans Morone crysops, Crepidostomum cooperi Lepomis macrochirus, and Paurorhynchus hiodontis and Crepidostomum illinoiensis Hiodon alosoides. Several others also utilize these molluscs as sites for cercarial encystment.

A study was initiated to ascertain if Corbicula manilensis has become involved in native trematode life cycles in Lake Texoma. 1865 live clams taken from the environs of UOBS and ranging in length from 4 32 mm were separated into groups of 12 30 individuals then placed in culture dishes in lake water which has been filtered through a No. 20 mesh plankton net. After 24 48 hrs of illumination at 24^oC, the water and dishes were scanned microscopically for the presence of cercariae. The clams were then placed in darkness and the same procedure repeated. Additionally, necropsies were performed on 318 clams to disclose any non patent or quiescent infections.

No intramolluscan larval stages, metacercariae, or cercariae were observed in the clam tissues or in the water. While the clam does not now harbor digenetic trematodes in Lake Texoma, it cannot be stated with certainty that Corbicula manilensis and/or native trematodes and other helminths do not possess the genetic plasticity necessary to evolve new symbiotic relationships. This study was restricted in geographic and taxonomic scope; therefore suggesting that similar surveys be conducted in aquatic systems with different parasitic faunas to more completely assess the Asian clam's role as an intermediate host and to further define the ecological effects resulting from its introduction.

Harris, G. D. 1897. The lignitic stage. Part I. Stratigraphy and Pelecypoda. Bulletins of American Paleontology 2(9):1 102.

The fossil species Corbicula cornelliana sp. nov. is described (p. 65) and figured (pl. 13, fig 3) for Hatchetigbee Bluff of the Alabama Eocene.

Harrison, F. L. 1979. Chemical Effluents in Surface Waters from Nuclear Power Plants. Quarterly Report. U.S. Department of Energy, University of California Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. 13 pp. (NTIS No. UCID 17744 79 3]

Harrison, F. L., J. P. Knezovich, and D. W. Rice, Jr. 1981. Effect of Copper on Adult and Early Life Stages of the Freshwater Clam, Corbicula manilensis. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR 1379. 34 pp.

The copper sensitivity of adult and larval stages of Corbicula manilensis was evaluated. In addition, copper concentrations were determined in adult clams exposed for 4 to 10 weeks in high volume, flow through bioassay. The response of the clams to copper depended on life stage. Copper sensitivity of larvae decreased markedly in successive developmental stages. The 24 hr LC₅₀s of veliger and juvenile larvae were 20 and 600 ìg Cu/L, respectively. The mortality of trochophore larvae exposed to 10 ìg Cu/L for 1 hr was 91.5%. The sensitivity to copper decreased with the amount of larval shell deposition. Adult clams were resistant to copper; the 96 hr LC₅₀ was greater than 2600 ìg Cu/L. By comparison, the incipient lethal concentration (ILC) was low    less than 10 ìg Cu/L. Adult clams accumulated more copper as copper concentrations in the water increased. Evidence for copper loss near or at death was obtained. Labile and total copper, as well as the copper complexing capacity, in the bioassay water were determined. Copper toxicity appeared to depend on the quantities of labile copper in the water.

Harrison, F. L., J. P. Knezovich, and D. W. Rice, Jr. 1981. Toxicity of copper to the adult and early life stages of the freshwater clam, Corbicula manilensis. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13(1):85 92.

See above.

Harrison, G. 1984. A survey of the trace-metal content of Corbicula fluminea and associated sediments in the tidal Potomac River. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-558.

Harrison, J. R. 1972. The Asiatic clam (Corbicula manilensis Philippi) in South Carolina. Bulletin of the South Carolina Academy of Science 34:86.

Hartfield, P. and D. Ebert. 1986. The mussels of southwest Mississippi streams. American Malacological Bulletin 4(1):21 24.

Bayou Pierre, Cole's Creek, Homochitto River and Buffalo River are major tributaries of the Mississippi River in southwest Mississippi. With the exception of a small portion of Bayou Pierre, all are marked by a paucity of mussels. Three years of collecting have revealed 13 species from Bayou Pierre, two from Cole's Creek, seven from Homochitto River, and none from Buffalo River. Mussels are present in these streams only in localized populations. The predominantly sandy substrata appears to limit density and diversity of unionid molluscs in these rivers. Corbicula fluminea was found only in Bayou Pierre.

Hartfield, P. D. and C. M. Cooper. 1982. Notes on the distribution of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula manilensis) in Mississippi. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Science 27 (Supplement):63. [Abstract]

The distribution of the Asiatic clam in the state of Mississippi is determined from the literature, the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science collections, and personal observations of the authors. Since the first collection of this exotic species at Vicksburg 20 years ago, it has become established and penetrated deeply into every major drainage of the state. However, it has not been collected in two general regions in the southern part of the state. One of these areas drains into the lower Mississippi River and includes Bayou Pierre, Homochitto River and Buffalo Bayou. These stream systems are all generally characterized by wide river channels, sandy substrata, and a tendency to be shallow. The second area consists of the rivers and streams that drain into the Mississippi Sound between (but not including) the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers, i.e. Jourdan, Wolf, Biloxi, and Tchoutacabouffa rivers. These drainages are generally small, and they are characterized by relatively low flow except where they come under tidal influence. Unionid fauna are also relatively rare in all of the discussed drainages, probably because of the nature of the substrata. Although Corbicula manilensis has not been collected, it has been proven to be extremely adaptable and may yet be found in these streams.

Hartfield, P. D. and C. M. Cooper. 1983. Distribution of Corbicula fluminea the Asiatic clam, in Mississippi. The Nautilus 97(2):66 68.

Hartfield, P. D. and R. G. Rummel. 1985. Freshwater mussels (Unionidae) of the Big Black River, Mississippi. The Nautilus 99(4):116 119.

Collections of freshwater mussels made in 1980 1981 along 31 km of the Big Black River of Mississippi produced 31 species of unionids and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). This study is compared with a 1904 and 1969 survey of the unionid fauna of the river system.

Hartley, D. M. 1981. The use of the freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis as an in situ monitor of freshwater quality. Master of Science Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. vi+104 pp.

Hartley, D. M. 1987. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the freshwater bivalve, Corbicula manilensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, Comparative Biochemistry 88(2):471 474.

G6PDH activity was measured in all tissues of Corbicula manilensis with the following order of activity; visceral mass < mantle < digestive gland < gill. The K_m of G6P and NADP for G6PDH was determined to be 20 and 88 uM respectively in whole clam. G6PDH in C. manilensis undergoes thermal inactivation above 50^oC and E_a was estimated to be 9.82 x 10³ cal/mol. G6PDH activity increased proportionately with an increase in pH. Maximal activity was obtained under alkaline conditions. The addition of EDTA produced no significant change in enzyme activity. C. fluminea kept 30 weeks in an aquarium without food showed a 36% decrease in G6PDH activity compared to clams taken directly from their natural habitat.

Hartley, D. M. and J. B. Johnston. 1983. Use of the freshwater clam Corbicula manilensis as a monitor for organochlorine pesticides. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31(1):33 40.

The bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides by Corbicula manilensis. Aldrin, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, alpha chlordane, gamma chlordane, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were bioconcentrated in the fat of C. manilensis. The intent of the study was to determine the suitability of C. manilensis as a temporary monitor of persistent pesticides in freshwater environments.

Hartog, C den, F. W. B. van den Brink and G. van der Velde. 1992. Why was the invasion of the river Rhine by Corophium curvispinum and Corbicula species so successful? Journal of Natural History 26(6):1121-1129.

Harvey, R. S. 1981. Recolonization of reactor cooling water systems by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. The Nautilus 95(3):131 136. [Also NTIS Document No. CONF 790490 1 (DP MS 78 91)]

Recolonization rates for Corbicula fluminea ranged from 3.0 to 5.6 metric tons per year in cooling water basins for a nuclear production reactor at the Savannah River Plant. However, a 10 month cleaning cycle for each basin (flow area, 6100 m²) keeps the depth of the silt/clam layer low. With this cleaning frequency, C. fluminea are not reaching heat exchangers at sufficient size or in sufficient numbers to restrict flow. Data are presented on the size/age distribution for clams recolonizing cooling water basins between cleanings.

Harvey, R. S. 1983. Annual harvests of Corbicula populations prevent clogging of nuclear reactor heat exchangers. U.S. Department of Energy DPSPU 82 30 15. 15 pp. [NTIS No. DE83012581]

Hatsumi, M.; M. Nakamura, M. Hosokawa, S. Nakao and S.; Shigeru. 1995. Phylogeny of three Corbicula species and isozyme polymorphism in the Corbicula japonica populations. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology, Tokyo 54(3):185-193.

Six populations of Corbicula japonica, three populations of C. leana and one population of C. sandai were electrophoretically analyzed at twelve isozyme coding loci in order to approach the phylogenetic relationship among the three species and the level of intra-specific differentiation within C. japonica and C. leana. Among them, C. japonica was the most variable with most of the examined loci being polymorphic. It was also most geographically differentiated. Genetic differentiation among populations of C. japonica was not large enough to regard the geographic morphs as subspecies. C. sandai, endemic to Lake Biwa, was more variable than C. leana, a triploid species. Most of the examined loci of C. leana were monomorphic. A phylogenetic tree constructed from Nei's genetic distances between populations indicated that C. japonica diverged from the ancestral species first, with C. sandai and C. leana subsequently differentiating from each other.

Hattin, D. E. 1967. Stratigraphic and paleoecologic significance of macroinvertebrate fossils in the Dakota Formation (upper Cretaceous) of Kansas.