Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Previous growth studies on bivalve molluscs have generally centered around estuarine and marine species. The introduction of the pest clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841), has created a need for a suitable technique for in situ growth studies of freshwater species of molluscs. A study was initiated on the Clinch River, Tennessee, to determine long term growth rates of C. manilensis in this riverine system. A description of the holding chamber design as related to site selection is discussed. The clam marking technique and methods used for field measurement of growth are also presented.

Eagleson, K. and E. L. Morgan. Growth rate of Corbicula manilensis in the Clinch River, Tennessee. Association of Southeastern Biologists, Bulletin 24(2):48. [Abstract]

A one year growth study initiated in November 1975 has been completed on Corbicula manilensis(Philippi, 1841) in the Clinch River and two small tributaries near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. One tributary, Grassy Creek, served as a reference stream, receiving no agricultural, industrial or municipal discharges. A second tributary, Bear Creek, did receive considerable runoff from multiple sources, including industrial and land use management from forestry activities. At all sites, replicate holding chambers containing 21 clams each, were positioned immediately above the bottom and filled with substratum typical of the individual site. Clams were divided into three size classes having seven members per class contained in each chamber. Growth rates will be discussed in light of physical and chemical water quality parameters and the specific ecological setting. A comparison of growth rates between size classes will also be made.

Eckbald, J. W. 1975. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula, in the upper Mississippi River. The Nautilus 89(1):4.

Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) was collected in the effluent channel of an unnamed power plant on the Mississippi River at Lansing, Alamakee County, Iowa, during the summer of 1974.

Edoux, F. 1835. Mollusques du voyage de la Favorite. Magazin de Zoologie. p. 11.

Ehlers, S. 1972. Fresh water clams. Florida Wildlife, July:14 19.

Eichwald, E. 1841. Fauna Caspio Caucasia (Petropoli). 264 pp.

Corbicula fuscata is discussed from the Caucasus as Cyrena fuscata.

Eikamp, H. 1977. Morone aequalis (Koken)   ein Wolfsbarsch aus dem Untermiozan der aquitanen Corbicula Shichten von Dexheim Oppemheim/ Rhein. Aufschluss 28(3):15 18.

Elder, J. F. and H. C. Mattraw, Jr. 1984. Accumulation of trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and the clam, Corbicula manilensis of the Apalachicola River, Florida. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13(4):453 469.

A survey of trace element and synthetic organic compound concentrations in bottom materials was conducted on the Apalachicola River in northwest Florida in 1979 1980 as a part of the Apalachicola River Quality Assessment. Substances analyzed included trace elements (predominantly heavy metals), organochlorine insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Three kinds of materials were surveyed: fine grained sediments, whole body tissue of Corbicula manilensis, and bottom load organic detritus. No hazardous levels of any of the substances were found. Concentrations in the fine grained sediments and clams were generally at least ten times lower than maximum limits considered safe for biota of aquatic systems. A comparison of trace substance data from the Apalachicola River with data from Lake Seminole (upstream) and Apalachicola Bay (downstream) showed lower concentrations in riverine clams. Sediment concentrations in all parts of the system were comparable. Most trace substances in the Apalachicola River enter the river from the upstream part of the basin (the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers in Georgia and Alabama) and from nonpoint sources throughout the basin. There are no major point discharges along the Apalachicola. Trend analysis was limited by the scope of the study, but did not reveal any spatial or temporal trends in concentrations of any of the substances analyzed. Concentrations of organic compounds and most metals in C. manilensis did not correlate with those in sediments.

Eldridge, G. H. 1896. Mesozoic geology. U. S. Geological Survey, Monograph 27:51 150.

Eley, T. J. and S. W. Harris. 1976. Fall and winter foods of American coots along the lower Colorado River. California Fish and Game 62(3):225 227.

Ellis, A. E. 1946. No. 4. Freshwater bivalves (Mollusca) (Corbicula, Sphaerium, Dreissena). Linnean Society of London, Synopses of British Fauna No. 4. pp. 1 15.

A revision of the British species (fossil and recent) in the above named genera.

Emerson, W. K. and M. K. Jacobson. 1976. The American Museum of Natural History Guide to Shells. Land, Freshwater, and Marine, from Nova Scotia to Florida. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (New York). 482 pp.

The history of the invasion of the United States by Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) is reviewed. A description of the species is presented and it is distinguished from Polymesoda caroliniana and Pseudocyrena floridana.

Emmons, E. 1858. Report of the North Carolina Geological Survey (Raleigh). [Reprinted in part, Bulletins of American Paleontology 56(249):57 230. 1969]

Eng, L. L. 1974. Biological Studies of the Delta Mendota Canal, Central Valley Project, California. California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco). ix + 46 pp.

The biology of the Delta Mendota Canal was studied from August 1972 to March 1974. Samples were collected biweekly from 15 stations located from milepost 3.5 to 110.12. A total of 4189 samples were analyzed to provide information on species composition, seasonal and geographic abundance and ecology of canal organisms. Thirty four benthic invertebrates and twenty three fish species have been identified from canal samples. The canal also supports sizeable plankton populations. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841), frequently exceeding several thousand individuals per square foot in sediment beds, is the most important organism in the canal. Beds of clam bearing sediment may reach three feet in depth and are important in the reduction of canal delivery capacity. Although most of the clam bearing sediments were removed during the November 1972   January 1973 dewatering, they had become re established markedly during the study in apparent correlation with the velocity of water transport. Asiatic clams release young into the Delta Mendota Canal during most of the months of the year. While many fishes feed on these young clams, none are known to preferentially select them.

Eng, L. L. 1975. Biological Studies of the Delta Mendota Canal, Central Valley Project, California II. Final Report of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco). xviii + 178 pp.

The biology of the Delta Mendota Canal was studied from August 1972 to November 1974. Samples were collected biweekly from 15 stations located from milepost 3.5 to 110.12. Additional samples were taken during two dewaterings to provide data on organisms missed or incompletely sampled under operation conditions. These dewatering samples also provided additional information on lateral distribution of benthic invertebrates and provided an opportunity to check conclusions derived from biweekly samples.

A total of 5239 samples were analyzed to provide information on species composition, and geographic abundance, ecology and life history of canal organisms. Thirty six benthic invertebrates and twenty three fish species were identified from the canal. An additional 9 species were reported from earlier studies. The canal also supports sizable plankton populations. Special attention was also given to the occurrence and life history of the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841), in the canal. This species was the most predominant organism in the canal and occurred at densities much higher than reported elsewhere. The amphipod, Corophium spinicorne, another important fouling organism in the canal, builds extensive tube encrustations on the concrete side lining in Pools 1 to 3. These encrustations are subsequently invaded by other organisms and appear to function as a "nursery area" for juvenile Asiatic clams. Most species exhibited seasonal and annual variation in occurrence. Water velocity and temperature were the two most obvious factors influencing this variation. Width of clam bearing sediments on the canal bottom fluctuated markedly apparently in relation to water velocity.

Eng, L. L. 1976. A note on the occurrence of a symbiotic oligochaete, Chaetogaster limnaei, in the mantle cavity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis. The Veliger 19(2):208.

Chaetogaster limnaei von Baer, 1827, was found as a symbiont in the mantle cavity of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) inhabiting the Delta Mendota Canal in central California in 1974. This is the first report of this oligochaete in C. manilensis.

Eng, L. L. 1977. Biology and Population Dynamics of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) in the Delta Mendota Canal, San Joaquin Valley, California. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California (Davis). xv + 175 pp.

The concrete lined Delta Mendota Canal (DMC) in California's San Joaquin Valley, sustains populations of Asiatic clams (Corbicula manilensis [Philippi, 1841]) at densities much higher than reported elsewhere. These populations were studied between January 1973 and November 1974, primarily to determine distribution and reproduction, recruitment and growing seasons. Two primary habitats for C. manilensis occur in the canal: 1) Thin biological encrustations formed by the tube building amphipod, Corophium spinicorne, and the hydrozoan, Cordylophora lacustris, on the side lining; 2) Disjunct sediment bars on the canal bottom. The side lining encrustations serve as a facultative nursery area for the clams in sediment bars. The major environmental factors affecting these clams are water temperature and current. Biannual reproductive peaks result in recruitment of two distinct size classes annually. Growth of Asiatic clams in the DMC varies from slightly to markedly less than that reported in other areas. The high population densities encountered (over 100,000 per square meter) are believed to be the product of hydraulic accumulation rather than exceptionally favorable conditions.

Eng, L. L. 1978. The freshwater entoproct, Urnatella gracilis Leidy, in the Delta Mendota Canal, California. Wassmann Journal of Biology 35(2):196 202.

Eng, L. L. 1979. Population dynamics of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), in the concrete lined Delta Mendota Canal of central California. IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 39 68.

Ettinger, W. S. 1982. Macrobenthos of the freshwater tidal Schuylkill River at Philadelphia. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 1(6):599 606.

Monthly benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected in the freshwater tidal Schuylkill River at Philadelphia September 1975 August 1976. A total of 22 genera was collected, 10 of them Dipteran. However, 99.2% (number) and 98.2% (biomass) of total specimens were Tubificidae. Monthly mean numerical and biomass densities were 6204.2/m² and l.29 g/m², respectively. Population densities plummeted in February 1976 following the maximum Schuylkill River discharge measured during the study period. Although Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) was reported present in the nearby Delaware River no specimens appeared in Schuylkill collections.

Evans, L. P., Jr., C. E. Murphy, J. C. Britton and L. W. Newland. 1979. Salinity relationships in Corbicula fluminea (Müller). IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 193 214.

The salinity tolerance of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (= C. manilensis [Philippi, 1841]) was studied with respect to: 1) salinity shock without acclimation and, 2) acclimation to gradually increasing salinities. In shock tests, 50% mortality occurred consistently within 10 days after exposure to salinities greater than 10 ppt. However, C. fluminea was capable of surviving to 22 ppt salinity after 80 days exposure in waters with gradually increasing salinity. Therefore, C. fluminea displays variable survival in saline waters depending upon the degree of acclimation provided. Sodium uptake by C. fluminea tissues was determined. The clam attains a 50% Na saturation in tissues at 4.5 ppt Salinity (72 mM Na/L), a value considerably higher than that reported for most freshwater organisms.
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Fabre Taxy S. 1951. Faune langunaires et continentales du Cretace superieur de Provence. II. Le Campanien fluvio lacustre. Annales de Paleontologie 37(2):81 122.

An historical review of work in the Campanian formation is presented with descriptions of the stratigraphy and of 13 specific localities. Distribution data for 13 Unionidae, including Unio galloprovincalis queirardi ssp. nov. and Corbicula globosa corroyi ssp. nov. are presented with descriptions of the new taxa. Distribution tables are given for the species of lamellibranchs and gastropods with remarks on the paleobiology and paleo oceanography of the region. The essential part of the fluvial lacustral molluscs of the Campanian is made up of a fauna of penetration.

Farris, J. L. 1988. Cellulolytic responses to heavy metal accumulation in Corbicula fluminea and Mudalia dilatata. Docytor of Philosophy Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg).

Cellulolytic responses of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea and a snail, Mudalia dilatata, to selected constituents of power plant effluents (i.e., zinc, cadmium, acidic and alkaline pH, individually and paired) were investigated in 30-day exposures. Exposures were conducted in both laboratory and field-oriented artificial streams and then validated in the river receiving system of a power plant. Cellulolytic activity was reduced by laboratory and field exposures to cadmium and zinc at all levels tested from 0.012 to 0.10 mg cadmium/L and generally at 0.025 to 1.0 mg zinc/L. Clams detected acute lethal levels of metal and used valve closure as an avoidance mechanism for 14 days. Snails, however, did not effectively avoid exposures and were more sensitive to acute stress during all exposures.

Farris, J. L., S. E. Belanger, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1989. Cellulolytic activity as a novel approach to assess long-term zinc stress to Corbicula. Water Research 23(10):1275-1283.

Thirty-day exposures of ZnSO₄ to Corbicula sp., the Asiatic clam, were determined comparing cellulolytic activity, organismal growth, and bioaccumulation. Cellulase indices are reported for clams exposed in both laboratory and field-laboratory artificial streams. In general, enzyme activity was strongly reduced at 34-1100 μg Zn l^-1. Detection of an inferior laboratory diet was also elaborated by reduced cellulase activity, while this was not the case

in the field-laboratory setting. A decline in growth of Corbicula in levels tested was inversely related to length of exposure. The cellulase index declined following weight and shell loss between days 20 and 30 in 34 μg l^-1 dosed clams, while 1100 μg l^-1 dosed animals did not grow after day 5 and had a rapidly declining cellulase index.

Farris, J. L., J. L. Grudzien, S. E. Belanger, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1994. Molluscan cellulolytic activity responses to zinc exposure in laboratory and field stream comparisons. Hydrobiologia 287(2):161-178.

Changes in cellulolytic activity of Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) and snails (Mudalia dilatata) were monitored throughout 30-d exposures to constant additions (0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/l) of zinc (Zn). All exposures of 0.05 mg Zn/l or greater significantly reduced enzyme activity (exo- and endocellulase) in both molluscs as early as 10 d following exposures in outdoor laboratory streams incorporating New River water as diluent. More sterile laboratory stream exposures were less consistent in yielding quantifiable differences that could be attributed to metal induced stress apart from effects of nutritional stress. Tests conducted under natural field conditions during all seasons did not differ significantly with respect to changes in annual energetics of either clams or snails. However, evidence of differing uptake routes, with respect to two ecologically and physiologically distinct molluscs, was apparent in bioaccumulation, growth, and enzyme activity throughout exposure and following 60-d recovery.

Farris, J., C. Milam and J. Van Hassel. 1995. Relating threshold responses of Corbicula fluminea to assess damage in resident mussel populations of the Ohio river basin. Second World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 5-9 November.

Farris, J. L., F, G. Doherty, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns, Jr. 1984. Use of an improved artificial stream system for testing the control of Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea ) with chlorine. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5th Annual Meeting, Arlington, Virginia, 4-7 November.

Farris, J. L., J. H. Van Hassel, S. E. Belanger, D. S. Cherry and J. Cairns. 1988. Application of cellulolytic activity of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) to in-stream monitoring of power plant effluents. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7(9):701-713.

Rigorous testing schemes in field located artificial streams and in-stream monitoring provided evidence for the use of Corbicula cellulolytic activity as a highly sensitive and efficient approach to effluent assessment. Cellulolytic (exo- and endocellulase) activity of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp., determined in 30-day, field located artificial stream exposure at New River, Virginia to single components of power plant effluents (Cu, and Zn, separately) was compared with cellulolytic responses in caged clams from within an impacted area of the Clinch River, Virginia below power plant effluents. Cellulolytic responses were compared to conventional biomonitoring responses (Hester-Dendy macroinvertebrate community structure), water quality monitoring in the Clinch River, and laboratory artificial stream bioassays. Clam enzyme activity was significantly reduced in 10 to 20 days at 16 and 87 μg Cu and Zn/L, respectively, in field located artificial streams. Cellulolytic activity of clams caged at stations within power plant outfalls was significantly reduced to levels as low as 9 to 52% of upstream activity levels. Reduction in cellulolytic activity in Corbicula was more sensitive after 14 days of in-stream monitoring than reduction in diversity of macroinverbtebrate assemblages after 28 days. Bioassay exposures as long as 30 days were needed to provide toxicity data comparable to enzyme impairment seen as early as ten days.

Fast, A. W. 1971. The invasion and distribution of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula manilensis) in a southern California reservoir. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 70:(2):91 98.

Fast, A. W. 1973. Effects of artificial destratification on primary production and zoobenthos of El Capitan Reservoir. Water Resources Research 9:607 623.

El Capitain Reservoir was continually and artificially mixed by using compressed air during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Mixing and reservoir volume increases resulted in more uniform physical and chemical conditions, aerobic conditions throughout the lake, increased primary production, increased depth distributions of zoobenthos (including Corbicula sp.), and zoobenthos population increases. Increased primary production was related to a decrease in algal depth distribution. This decrease was caused by incomplete destratification, since thermal microstratification persisted near the lake surface. Zoobenthos were distributed throughout the lake during mixing, whereas they were confined to shallow depths during well stratified times. Water volumes increased three fold during the study and greatly confounded interpretation of the mixing effects.

Fernandez, M. A., S. C. Thiengo and L. R. L. Simone. 2003. Distribution of the introduced freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculatus (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in Brazil. The Nautilus 117(3):78-82.

This article describes the alarming spread and current distribution of the introduced thiarid gastropod Melanoides tuberculatus in Brazil. The first record of this species in Brazil was in 1967 in Santos, state of Sao Paulo, and since then has been recorded, in the states of Ceara, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Rio de Janeiro, Parana, Santa Catarina, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Para, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte and Tocantins. Records concerning the latter ten states are reported for the first time. M. tuberculatus has been studied as the intermediate host of some diseases, and is known as displacing native species. The rapid spread of this species, the lack of any control or monitoring, and the scarce knowledge of the Brazilian freshwater mollusks indicate that serious damage to the ecosystem with probable implications to public health are to be expected. Two other detected species of invasive freshwater mollusks in Brazil are the bivalves Corbicula fluminea and Limnoperna fortunei.

Ferriz, R. A., C. A. Villar, D. Colautti and C. Bonetto. 2000. Alimentacion del Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes) (Pisces, Doradidae) en la baja cuenca del Plata [Feeding habits of Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes) (Pisces, Doradidae) in the lower Plata basin]. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Nueva Series) 2(2):151-156. [Spanish with English summary]

The feeding biology of Pterodoras granulosus (armored catfish) was studied in an extensive area comprising two environments of different characteristics, a typical lotic system, the lower Parana River (Argentina) and an environment transitional towards estuarine system on the right margin of the Rio de la Plata. The relative importance of the different feeding items observed in the stomach content of P.granulosus represented the relative abundance of them in the environment. Therefore, P. granulosus appeared as a bentophagous, strongly euriphagic and hardly selective organism consuming vegetation and molluscs, with little selectivity, its diet being dominated by vegetation in the lower Parana River and molluscs on the right margin of the Rio de la Plata. The molluscs Corbicula flaminea and Limnoperna fortunei showed a high percentage of occurrence in all sampling sites. The eventual importance of the feeding habits of P. granulosus on the population density of C. fluminea and L. fortunei is discussed.

Fetchner, F. K. 1962. Corbicula fluminea (Müller) from the Ohio River. The Nautilus 75:(3):126.

Fetchner, F. K. 1966. Corbicula from the Mississippi River. The Nautilus 79(4):138 139.

The published records for Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) in the Mississippi River are reviewed and a new record at Wickliffe, Ballard County, Kentucky, is presented.

Figueiras, A. 1965. La Malacofauna dulceacuicola del Uruguay (Parte II). Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacologia del Uruguay 1(8):223 270.

Figueiras, A. 1965. La malacofauna dulceacuicola del Uruguay. Correcciones y adiciones. Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacologia del Uruguay 1(9):289 299.

Filice, F. P. 1958. Invertebrates from the estuarine portion of San Francisco Bay and some factors influencing their distribution. Wassmann Journal of Biology 16(2):159 211.

Filice, F. P. 1959. The effects of wastes on the distribution of bottom invertebrates in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Wassmann Journal of Biology 17(l):1 17.

Fischer, P. 1863. Sur l'anatomie des Cyrenes. Journal de Conchyliologie 11:5 10.

The anatomy of Corbicula largillierti Philippi, 1850, is presented and discussed in comparison to other members of Cyrenidae.

Fischer, P. 1872. Note sur l'anatomie des Cyrénes Américaines. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 10(8):191 197.

These two subgenera are peculiar to America and the American species of Corbicula differ from those of the old world in having a evident pallial sinus.

Fischer, P. 1878. Coquilles du Sahara, provenant du voyage de M. L. Say. Journal de Conchyliologie 18:74 81.

Corbicula saharica is described (p. 77) and figured (pl. 2, fig. 2) from the Sahara near Tamassinin, southwest of Ghadames.

Fischer, P. 1887. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique. (Paris).

Fischer, P. 1891. Catalogue et distribution geographique des mollusques terrestres, fluviatiles, et marins, d'une partie de l'Indo Chine. Bulletin Society Autun 4:87 279.

Fischer, P. and P. Dautzenberg. 1904. Catalogue des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la Indo Chine. Mission Pavie Indo Chine III. p. 442.

Fischer Piette, E. 1949. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles subfossiles recoltes par Th. Monod dans le Sahara Occidental. Journal de Conchyliologie 89:231 239.

Corbicula fluminalis (Müller, 1774) is reported from Adrar, Timbuctu at Teghaza. Corbicula saharica P. Fischer, Corbicula consobrina Cailliaud, and Corbicula lacoini are considered synonyms of Corbicula fluminalis.

Fischer Piette, E. and B. Metivier. 1974. Sur divers mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de Sanalie et d'Abyssinie. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Zoologie) No. 133:9 53.

Fisher, S. W., K. R. Polizotto and B. Schneider. 1992. The toxicity of potassium chloride to zebra mussel veligers and select nontarget organisms. Journal of Shellfish Research 11(1):225.

The toxicity of potassium chloride was measured in static tests to zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) veligers. In addition, the toxicity of continuous, low-level (25-50 ppm) exposure to KCl was measured in flow-through tests. In addition to assessing veliger settling and survival in each pipe, the number and condition of the veligers being pumped into the pipes were analyzed daily. The concentration of potassium in the effluent of each pipe was assessed daily using an ion specific potassium electrode and verified weekly with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Veliger abundance in the lake water was also monitored on a daily basis. The toxicity of KCl was tested in several benthic nvertebrates, which included juvenile Anodonta imbecillus with and without sediment, adult Corbicula fluminea and fourth instar larvae of the midge, Chironomus riparius.

Fisk, L. O. and T. R. Doyle. 1962. Sacramento River water pollution survey. Appendix D. Benthic Biology. California Department of Water Resources Bulletin No. 111. 78 pp.

Population peaks are found for Corbicula fluminea in the San Francisco estuary in January. Densities were reported as 3l2 clams/square meter in 1961 and 1962.

Fitch, J. E. 1953. Letter to Dr. J. Q. Burch (Corbicula fluminea in the Imperial Valley). Minutes, Conchological Club of Southern California 130:9 10.

The distribution and fouling of southern California irrigation systems by Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is described.

Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1981. Growth and reproductive pattern of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in the lower Sacramento   San Joaquin Delta. Estuaries 4(3):280. [Abstract]

The growth and reproduction of three populations of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were followed as part of a larger population dynamics study. The clam exhibits two major spawning periods per year. The first occurred in April and May, the second in July and August. Differences in larval production during the second period led to significant annual differences in the size specific reproductive output of individuals from each population. Typical reproductive rates (larvae/parent) for clams in each 5 mm size class between 10 and 45 mm shell length were 2,169, 14,971, 24,254, 37,945, 46,486, 46,748, and 19,154. All populations exhibited evidence of reproductive senescence in larger animals. The growth rate of tagged clams was similar at each study site. Size specific absolute and relative growth curves are presented for seasonal changes in both shell length and tissue weight. These data suggest that spring spawned C. fluminea grow to a mean annual shell length of 11, 19.2, 23.7, 27.6, 30.5, 32.9, 34.4, 36.0, 37.5, and 38.3 mm in successive winters. During the same time period, fall spawned clams reach a mean annual size of 3, 16, 21.0, 24.8, 27.7, 30.5, 32.8, 34.3, 36.0, and 37.4 mm.

Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1982. Effect of phytoplankton and suspended sediment on the growth of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union and the Winter Meeting of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, San Francisco, California, 7-15.

Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1985. The effect of phytoplankton and suspended sediment on the growth of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia). Hydrobiologia 127(2):105 116.

Juvenile Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) were cultured at 15.3^oC in the laboratory on eight combinations of suspended sediment and phytoplankton. Sediment concentrations were 2.6, 25, 50, and 100 mg/l. Chlorophyll a levels were 15.6 and 62.5 ìg/l. Clam tissue growth was found to be independent of silt concentration but increased at the higher chlorophyll level (p<0.05). The growth experiment was repeated at 24^oC with chlorophyll a concentrations of 18.9 and 112.6 ì/l. Growth was again greater at the higher phytoplankton level (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that Asiatic clam populations are food limited most of the growing season in the northern and western portions of California's eutrophic Sacramento San Joaquin Delta where chlorophyll a levels average less than the lower experimental values. Comparisons of clam growth in the laboratory and estuary support the food limitation hypothesis as at the higher food concentration laboratory tissue growth was 2.3 and 3.8 times greater during high and low temperature evaluations than in the estuary.

Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1986. Growth of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) fed artificial and algal diets. Hydrobiologia 133(2):155 164.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the growth of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) fed mixed diets of the green alga Ankistrodesmus and five artificial foods (nine grain cereal, rice flour, rye bran, denatured brewer's yeast, and Ralston Purina trout chow). Clams lost weight after 30 days on each artificial diet; however, weight losses were significantly less than those of control clams which were not fed (p<0.05). In contrast, clam growth was positive in each treatment which included Ankistrodesmus. There was no significant difference in the tissue growth of clams fed on an Ankistrodesmus monoculture and Ankistrodesmus supplemented with each artificial diet (p>0.2). Therefore, it is concluded that all of the artificial diets evaluated were of nutritional value. However, the alga Ankistrodesmus appears to be a superior food item. In subsequent experiments, clams were fed on diets consisting of various combinations of six genera of green algae (Pedinomonas, Ankistrodesmus, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Selenastrum). All trialgal combinations of Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Ankistrodesmus and a dialgal culture of Chlamydomonas and Chlorella resulted in strong positive tissue growth. No other dialgal or monoalgal culture resulted in similar growth. Cultures of Selenastrum were found to be toxic, and their filtrate was determined to inhibit Corbicula filtration.

Foe, C. and A. Knight. 1986. A method for evaluating the sublethal impact of stress employing Corbicula fluminea.